自杀死亡与自杀未遂病人自杀原因及自杀方式比较

自杀死亡与自杀未遂病人自杀原因及自杀方式比较谢巧明四川绵阳精神卫生中心自杀是比较文化精神病学的重点研究课题之一，有报告自杀是人类十大死因之一［１］，自杀行为包括自杀死亡和自杀未遂。本文收集我院记载完整的自杀住院病例１１６例，按是否救治成功分为自杀死亡...     

自杀及其危机干预

自杀不是一种疾病，也不是一种诊断名称，而是一种特有的死亡原因。据统计，在某些医院有7％的病人是因自杀抢救入院的。自杀行为在美国和大多数欧州国家是十种最常见的致死原因之一，在大学生中自杀是仅次于意外事故的死亡原因。在我国自杀身亡的情况并非少见，但人们对自杀问题的严重性认识不足，许多；临床工作者也缺乏对自杀问题的了解，如何对自杀者进行危机干预缺乏足够的知识。本文对自杀的一般问题和自杀危机的干预进行探讨。1自杀的一般问题1．1自杀原因：引起自杀的原因是多方面的，基本上可分为社会心理因素和生物学因素。1．1．…     

山东省自杀死亡率流行病学研究

目的： 调查山东省自杀死亡率、自杀原因和自杀方式。方法： 在全省范围内采用分层整群随机抽样方法抽取８４６７６ 人, 对样本人群中１９８９年～１９９４年间自杀死亡者进行线索和逐户调查。结果： 调查人群６年中共自杀死亡６６人, 全人口年平均自杀死亡率为１３．３５／１０万, ≥１５岁人群年平均自杀死亡率为１６．６６／１０万。农村自杀死亡率高于城市。主要自杀诱因为家庭纠纷（４５．４５％ ）和精神疾病（２４．２４％ ）,主要自杀方式为服毒（６６．６７％ ）和自缢（１９．７０％ ）。结论： 山东省自杀死亡率与国内资料一致, 与国外资料相比处于中等水平。     

自杀的概念及其危险因素

自杀是人类十大死亡原因之一，全世界每年大约有４０－６０万人自杀死亡，其中青少年自经逐年上升。导致自杀杀的因素是多方面的，重点是自杀的预防。本文系统地讨论了自杀的基本概念、概念的变 自杀的有关危险因素。     

“前自杀尝试”替代“自杀意图”：对自杀人际理论的全路径验证

目的：用“前自杀尝试”替代“自杀意图”对自杀人际理论的核心假设进行进一步探索和验证。方法：采用人际需求量表、自杀行为筛查问卷和获得性自杀能力量表对862名大学生施测。结果：（1）累赘感知、归属受挫和获得性自杀能力与自杀意念、前自杀尝试和自杀尝试显著正相关；（2）自杀意念和前自杀尝试在累赘感知/归属受挫与自杀尝试的关系中起链式中介作用；（3）该链式中介作用受到获得性自杀能力的调节。结论：使用“前自杀尝试”替代“自杀意图”后，自杀人际理论的核心路径均被验证。     

自杀尝试者的内隐自杀意念：来自死亡/自杀内隐联想测验的证据

目的：探讨自杀尝试者的内隐自杀意念及其本质,并考察内隐自杀意念对自杀尝试的解释作用。方法：采用死亡/自杀内隐联想测验范式、自杀行为筛查问卷以及Beck抑郁问卷对45名自杀尝试者和48名无自杀尝试者进行测量。结果：（1）自杀尝试组的内隐自杀意念显著大于无自杀尝试组;（2）相比于无自杀尝试组,自杀尝试组的自我与活着的内隐联系更弱,而两组被试的自我与死亡的联系强度无显著差异;（3）在控制抑郁、外显自杀意念后,内隐自杀意念仍能显著解释自杀尝试的变异。结论：自杀尝试者的内隐自杀意念表现为自我与活着的内隐联系较弱。内隐自杀意念和自杀尝试行为之间关系密切,有可能成为识别未来自杀尝试风险的有效指标。     

律师,佛教徒,医务人员对自杀态度的研究：自杀系列研究之二

目的： 了解社会人群对自杀的态度, 为自杀预防工作提供资料和信息。方法： 采用二阶段分层随机抽样与选点抽样相结合的方法获取样本,用自编自杀态度调查问卷进行调查,自杀态度问卷涉及４个方面的内容,即对自杀行为性质的态度、对自杀者的态度、对自杀者家属的态度和对安乐死的态度。每一条目从完全赞同到完全不赞同按１－ ５ 级评分, 每一因子分以２．５ 分和３．５分为两个分界值划分为肯定 （即对自杀持肯定、宽容、理解的态度）、矛盾或中立和否定（即对自杀持否定、排斥、歧视的态度） 三种态度。然后对三组人群的态度进行对照观察。结果： 共完成调查４２９ 例, 其中律师７７例、佛教徒５６ 例、医务人员２９６ 例; 三组之间在对自杀的态度上存在差异, 差异与职业和文化背景有关。结论： 三组人群对自杀各维度的态度有所不同, 同一群体对自杀态度的不同维度反应也不相同。     

病人自杀（死亡与未遂）原因及方式的比较

本文对１１６例两组住院自杀病例进行了回顾性分析，结果显示，自杀死亡组独身居多，未遂组已婚居多，危机干预在自杀遂组中起重要作用，服毒和服药已成为最流行的自杀手段，应引起社会足够的重视。     

自杀预防模式的研究

在当前全球自杀率急剧上升的严峻环境下,自杀已成为全世界共同关注的问题,自杀不仅造成巨大经济损失,更严重影响人类的心身健康。本文在总结自杀相关危险因素的基础上,探索自杀预防模式研究的新进展,为自杀预防提供有效的综合措施。     

军校学员自杀意念和自杀态度的调查与分析

目的 了解军校本科学员对自杀的态度和存在自杀意念的状况。方法 随机抽取4个年级共413名学员，施测自杀态度问卷（QSA）。结果 总体上军校学员对自杀持中立态度，年级间存在显着差异，20．34％的学员存在自杀意念，有自杀意念的学员与无自杀意念的学员在自杀态度上存在显著差异。结论 加强对军校学员的生命教育，提高生命质量。     

Secular change in menarche in women in Madrid

The age at menarche was estimated by recollection in 1617 women between the ages of 18 and 60 in Madrid and a nearby suburb, Pinto. The population of Pinto is working-class and the Madrid group, taken from residential neighbourhoods , belongs to the upper middle class. In both groups we found a diminution in average age at menarche, from 14.04 to 13.02 years in Madrid and from 14.55 to 13.16 years from about 1935 to about 1965 in Pinto. These changes have been more intense in the group which is less well-off economically, where living conditions have varied much more drastically.     

Intestinal helminthiasis in school children in Haiti in 2002

A survey on intestinal helminths in school children was conducted in Haiti in 2002. This first nationwide study involving the entire country was stratified by department according to urban and rural zones using the cluster method. Focusing on elementary school children (n=5792; age range 3 to 20 years), it involved 26 urban and 49 rural schools randomly selected. Stools were preserved in formalin and examined by the Ritchie technique. Thirty-four per cent of stools (1981/5792) tested positive for intestinal helminths with the following parasites identified: Ascaris lumbricoides (27.3%), Trichuris trichiura (7.3%), Necator americanus (3.8%), Hymenolepsis nana (2%), Taenia sp. (0.3%) and Strongyloides stercoralis (0.2%). The helminth prevalence was higher in rural (38.4%) compared to urban areas (30%). There was no significant difference in prevalence by sex and age. The importance of geohelminths changed from one department to another with the highest prevalence found in the Southern department of Grande Anse (73.7%) and the lowest prevalence in the Center department (20.6%). Five out of the country's nine departments had a similar prevalence varying from 25.5% to 28.2%. Intestinal helminthic polyparasitism was observed in a percentage of infested school children comprise between 3.4% and 28.6% according in relation to the geographical area. A program to fight against geohelminths in school children should be initiated as a public health priority. Albendazole is the drug of choice. Frequency of drug distribution should be based on the prevalence of geohelminths in each department.     

Experience in adult population in dengue outbreak in Delhi

A dengue outbreak has recently hit the Indian capital. We studied the clinical profile of adult patients. Five hundred and sixty patients of dengue infection were admitted in a specially created ward according to the criteria laid down by WHO. Haematemesis (28.28%), epistaxis (26.78%) and malena (14.28%) were some of the common presentations. Similarly lymphadenopathy, especially cervical (30.89%), palatal rashes (26.96%) and hepatomegaly (23.75%) were the most commonly encountered findings on physical examination. Most of the cases were of dengue fever with haemorrhage and only 2.5% cases were classified under dengue haemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome. The average hospital stay was 3.4 days but only 9.8 hours in the eleven patients who died, suggesting their late arrival in preterminal situation giving little time for resuscitation. Thrombocytopenia was not a feature and only 12.85% patients had platelet count less than 70,000/cmm. Most of the patients who were admitted with thrombocytopenia, showed normalization in their platelet counts in next few days. Serological examination demonstrated evidence of recent dengue infection in 41.17% patients. Few patients required blood or platelet concentrate transfusion. Eleven patients died, three due to DIC, one of intracranial haemorrhage and seven due to massive gastric haemorrhage. Rest of the patients recovered completely. Thus we can conclude that recent outbreak in Delhi was of dengue fever with haemorrhage and mortality was very low in patients who came early to the hospital.     

Changes in the hypothalamic nuclei in in experimental allergy

Summary In rabbits subjected to prolonged sensitization and in which the Arthus phenomenon was induced there was a marked reaction of the hypothalamic nuclei. Staining by Gomori's method indicated a cellular swelling, loss of granules, and protoplasmic vacuolization in the supraoptic nucleus. There was a considerable increase in the size of the cross-sectional area of the cells. The same effects were much less well shown in the paraventricular nucleus. These results show that marked signs of increased neurosecretion developed in the animals at the height of the Arthus phenomenon.(Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR V. V. Parin) Translated from Byulleten Éksperimental'noi biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 110–113, April, 1963.     

Development in in vitro toxicology

There are three principal pressures driving the development of in vitro toxicology: (1) the need for more efficient testing systems to cope with the large number of xenobiotics currently being developed; (2) public pressure to reduce animal experimentation; and (3) a need for a better understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity. Within this, in vitro toxicology is focused on local, systemic, and target-organ toxicity. It is becoming increasingly apparent that a step or decision-tree approach using input of a variety of experimental data (physicochemical properties, biokinetics, cytotoxicity) provides the most efficient system for predicting toxicity. Examples of the use of in vitro toxicity systems for prediction of systemic toxicity and target-organ (liver) toxicity are presented.Originally presented at ECCP 93.