愈伤灵胶囊的质量控制

目的建立愈伤灵胶囊质量控制方法。方法采用显微鉴别法检出其中红花、当归、三七、续断、土鳖虫；采用薄层色谱法检出其中当归、冰片、三七；采用高效液相色谱法测定三七中人参皂苷Rgl的含量，色谱条件为Kromasil C18柱（4.6 mm×150 mm，5 μm），流动相为甲醇 0.05%磷酸溶液（100∶400），检测波长为203 nm，流速为1.0 mL·min 1，柱温为25 ℃，进样量10 μL。结果人参皂苷Rgl在50～500 mg·mL 1范围内线性关系良好（r＝0.999 9）；平均回收率为98.72%（RSD＝0.68%，n＝6）。结论该法专属性强，简便、准确性高、重现性好，为愈伤灵胶囊的质量评价提供了新的依据。     

真人妇科宝胶囊质量控制研究

建立了真人妇科宝胶囊中当归、川芎、延胡索、白术、木香薄层鉴别方法 ;探索了薄层扫描法测定胶囊中人参皂苷 Rg1含量的方法 ;结果表明试品需经乙醚脱脂 -甲醇提取 -氧化铝 -大孔树脂混和柱精制 ,双波长反射锯齿扫描定量 (λR=680 nm,λs=5 40 nm) ,回收率 98.1 3% ,RSD为 1 .5 4%。试品平均含人参皂苷 Rg10 .1 5 mg/粒     

HPLC法测定愈伤灵胶囊中人参皂苷Rg_1的含量

目的建立愈伤灵胶囊中人参皂苷Rg1含量测定方法。方法应用高效液相色谱法,采用色谱柱为kromasil C18柱(5μm,4．6 mm×150 mm),流动相为甲醇-0．05％磷酸溶液(100:400),检测波长为203 nm,流速为1．0 mL·min-1;柱温为25℃;进样量10μL。结果人参皂苷Rg1在0．047 6～0．476 g·L-1范围内线性关系良好,且相关系数良好, r=0．999 9(n=5);平均回收率为98．72％(n=6), RSD为0．68％。结论本法简便、准确、重现性好,为愈伤灵胶囊的质量评价提供了新的依据。     

薄层扫描法测定益康胶囊中人参皂苷Re的含量

采用薄层扫描法测定益康胶囊中人参皂苷 Re的含量 :λS=5 75 nm,λR=5 2 2 nm。试样先经氯仿处理、甲醇提取 ,再经氯化铝柱层析 ,正丁醇萃取 ,平均回收率 96.1 5 % ,RSD =1 .2 0 %。 3批益康胶囊中人参皂苷 Re含量分别为 0 .5 34mg/g,0 .486mg/g,0 .5 0 0 mg/     

脑得生片含量测定方法的改进

目的:建立脑得生片中人参皂苷 Rgl 的含量测定方法。方法:采用超声波提取,以 RP-HPLC 测定人参皂苷 Rgl 的含量,流动相乙腈-0.05%磷酸溶液(99:400),流速1ml·min~(-1),柱温25℃,检测波长203nm。结果:人参皂苷 Rgl 在1.032～6.192μg 范围内呈良好的线性关系,回归方程为 Y=371169X+7638,r=0.9999;平均回收率为100.42%(RSD1.09%),重复性 RSD 为1.27%。结论:该方法准确、快捷,重复性好。     

高效液相色谱法测定康尔心胶囊中人参皂苷Rg1的含量

目的建立康尔心胶囊中人参皂苷Rgl的含量测定方法.方法采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC法)测定.色谱柱为Lichrospher 5-C18柱(5μm,200 mm×4.6 mm),流动相为乙腈-水(2575),流速为1.0 mL/min,柱温为30℃,检测波长为203nm.结果人参皂苷Rgl在1.005 6～10.056μg范围内进样量与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,r=0.999 8.平均回收率为99.9%,RSD为1.03%.结论HPLC法简便、准确、重现性好,可用于康尔心胶囊含量测定和质量控制.     

益气降糖胶囊的质量标准研究

目的建立益气降糖胶囊的质量标准。方法采用TLC法对处方中的黄芪、人参、黄连进行定性鉴别;采用HPLC法测定制剂中人参皂苷Rgl和Re的含量。结果TLC法可检出黄芪、人参、黄连的特征斑点;人参皂苷Rgl的线性范围为0．4020-4．0200μg（r=0.9999）,平均回收率为99．5l％（R．妨=1．21％,n=6）;人参皂苷Re的线性范围为0．2040-2．0400μg（r=0．9999）,平均回收率为99．26％（RSD=1．33％,n=6）。结论本质量标准可有效地控制益气降糖胶囊的质量。     

舒脉宁注射液中人参皂苷Rg1和Re的含量测定

目的用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定舒脉宁注射液中人参皂苷Rgl、Re的含量。方法色谱柱为十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶,流动相为乙腈-0．05％磷酸。结果人参皂苷Rgl在0．05～0．45mg／ml时呈良好的线性关系;人参皂苷Rg1的平均回收率为99．84％（RSD=1．35％）。人参皂苷Re在0．04～0．36mg／ml时呈良好的线性关系;人参皂苷Re的平均回收率为100．36％（RSD=1．01％）。结论该方法简便、准确、分离效果良好,专属性强,可用于舒脉宁注射液的质量评价。     

HPLC法测定开心散中人参皂苷Rg1的含量

目的建立开心散中人参皂苷Rg1的含量测定方法。方法采用HPLC法测定人参皂苷Rg1的含量,乙腈-水（21：79）为流动相;检测波长为203nm。结果人参皂苷Rgl在0.406～3.654μg范围内线性关系良好。加样回收率为99.4%,测定结果的RSD=1.63。结论本法可用于测定中人参皂苷Rg1的含量。     

高效液相色谱法测定脑脉泰胶囊中人参皂苷Rgl的含量

目的:建立以高效液相色谱法测定脑脉泰胶囊中(红参、田七)人参皂苷Rgl的含量测定方法。方法:色谱柱为SHIP-PACK VP ODS(150mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相:乙腈-水(28∶72),流速:1.0mL.min-1,检测波长:210nm,柱温:25℃,进样量:20μL。结果:人参皂苷Rgl在40.0~200.0mg.L-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),平均加样回收率为99.95%(RSD=6.780%,n=6)。结论:该方法可靠、灵敏、准确、易行。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.