肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤

为了探讨肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤的疗效，对１９６０～１９９６年收治的２７例肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤（ＡＲＭＭ）进行了临床分析，其中１６例行经腹会阴联合根治术（Ｍｉｌｅ＇ｓ术），６例行局部切除术，５例行剖腹探查术。２２例获随访，随访时间为１～１２年。结果表明：中位生存时间Ｍｉｌｅ＇ｓ术组２１．５月、局部切除术组１３．５月、剖腹探查术组７．０月。Ｍｉｌｅ＇ｓ术效果优于局部切除术。提示：对ＡＲＭＭ应行Ｍｉｌｅ＇ｓ术，并对伴有腹股沟淋巴结转移或可疑者行腹股沟淋巴结清扫     

手术方式影响肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤的预后

目的:比较经腹直肠肛门切除术(AbdominoperinealResection,APR)与经肛门局部切除术(LocalExcision,LE)对肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤(anorectalmalignantmelanoma,AMM)预后的影响。方法:回顾分析1994年至2004年我院经手术治疗的8例AMM患者和1994年至2004年12月CNKI全文数据库以个案报道并有随访资料的文献共44篇107例的临床资料。根据手术方式分组应用寿命表法和KaplanMeier方法(SPSS10.0forwindows)进行统计分析。结果:根治性手术治疗AMM的1、2、3、5年生存率分别为55.26%、37.76%、31.21%、20.34%,中位生存时间为21.24个月;其中LE术后的1、2、3、5年生存率分别为48.39%、27.60%、27.60%、9.20%,中位生存时间为11.75个月;APR手术后的1、2、3、5年生存率分别为62.26%、41.62%、32.87%、25.13%,中位生存时间25.01个月。KaplanMeier法比较APR术与LE术的生存率有显著差异(P<0.05)。结论:AMM患者的预后与外科手术方式有密切关系,APR手术预后好于LE手术,提示首次治疗手术方式选择较重要,应根据患者的综合因素来选择手术方式。     

肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤的诊治进展

目的：探讨肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤的诊治进展，方法：复习相关文献并对本病病因，临床特点，早期诊断，治疗及预后作一综述报告。结果：肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤是一种发病率很低的恶性肿瘤，发病原因可能与良性黑痔史，HIV感染，太阳光照射有关，主要症有便血，局部肿块，大便习惯改变等，早期诊断主要依赖对45－80岁的高危发病人群进行常规直肠检查，CEA多克隆抗体标记阳性在病理诊断中有一定帮助，治疗方法现存在争议，多主张在手术治疗（腹会阴联合切除或局部广泛切除）的基础上辅以化疗，放疗或免疫治疗。结论：肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤早期诊断困难，预后差，应提高警惕，最佳治疗方法还有待进一步探讨。     

Locoregional Lymphadenectomy in the Surgical Management of Anorectal Melanoma

Background

The effect of lymph node metastasis on local tumor control and distant failure in patients with anorectal melanoma has not been fully studied. Understanding the significance of lymphatic dissemination might assist in stratifying patients for either organ preservation or radical surgery.

Methods

A retrospective review of all patients with anorectal melanoma who underwent surgery at our institution between 1985 and 2010. Abdominoperineal resection (APR) was performed in 25 patients (39 %), and wide local excision (WLE) in 40 (61%). Extent of primary surgery and locoregional lymphadenectomy (mesorectal vs. inguinal vs. none) and pattern of treatment failure were analyzed. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) were calculated.

Results

In patients undergoing APR, DSS was not associated with presence (29 %) or absence (71 %) of metastatic melanoma in mesorectal lymph nodes. There was a trend toward improved DSS in patients with clinically negative inguinal lymph nodes (n = 17) compared with patients with proven inguinal metastasis (n = 6; P = 0.12). Type of surgery (WLE vs. APR) was not associated with subsequent development of distant disease. Twelve patients (18 %) had synchronous local and distant recurrence. Synchronous recurrence was not associated with surgical strategy used to treat primary tumor (P = 0.28). Perineural invasion (PNI) was significantly correlated with RFS (P = 0.002).

Conclusions

Outcome following resection of anorectal melanoma is independent of locoregional lymph node metastasis; lymphadenectomy should be reserved for gross symptomatic disease. PNI is a powerful prognostic marker warranting further exploration in clinical trials.     

肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤12例临床分析

研究肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤（恶黑）的临床及病理特点。对12例肛管直肠恶黑的临床资料进行回顾性分析,用免疫组化SP法作HMB45、S-100、Vimetin、Melan-A、E-cad、CyclinD1、Ki-67、p16等染色。结果显示,12例肛管直肠恶黑临床初步诊断恶黑2例,误诊其它疾病10例。病理形态：上皮样细胞为主8例,梭形细胞为主3例,小细胞似淋巴细胞样细胞为主1例。免疫组化染色：12例HMB45、S-100均阳性,3例Melan—A阳性,9例Vimetin阳性,其中1例CK阳性,LCA阴性,3例E-cad部分阳性,3例CyclinD1部分弱阳性,9例Ki-67阳性（约10％）,6例p16部分阳性。结果表明,肛管直肠恶黑临床表现以大便带鲜血,无明显黏液,肛门异物及息肉样肿物脱出肛门为特征,临床极易误诊。形态观察支持恶黑起源于表皮基底层黑色素细胞,免疫标记提示黑色素细胞起源于神经嵴。HMPA5、S-100、Vimetin,Melan-A联合应用能提高恶黑病理诊断的准确性。     

Multiple Synchronous Anorectal Malignant Melanoma Coexisting with Adenocarcinoma of the Sigmoid Colon

Primary anorectal malignant melanoma is an exceptionally rare neoplasm associated with poor prognosis. Anorectal malignant melanoma has been very rarely described with coexisting primary tumors of the colorectum. A 56-year-old female patient was admitted with a history of rectal bleeding. She had experienced increasing constipation and a sense of obstruction in the rectum for 6 months. Flexible rectosigmoidoscopy showed a large, pedinculated polypoid lesion extending from the anal canal to the rectum. She underwent a transanal local excision and was diagnosed with a melanoma of the anorectum with positive margins. Therefore, a formal abdominoperineal resection was performed. In addition to multiple synchronous anorectal malignant melanoma, we incidentally found another primary tumor in the proximal surgical margin of the resected specimen. Histopathologically, the lesion was an intramucosal adenocarcinoma of the sigmoid colon. Postoperatively, the patient received adjuvant chemotherapy of six cycles duration. At present, the patient has completed 18 months of follow-up.     

外科治疗原发性腹膜后恶性肿瘤120例

目的探讨原发性腹膜后恶性肿瘤的外科治疗技巧。方法回顾性分析120例原发性腹膜后恶性肿瘤的临床资料,术前均行B超、CT或MRI检查,并行DSA8例,IVP 28例;行肿瘤根治性切除88例,姑息性切除18例,未切除14例。结果全组无手术死亡,术后发生肺部感染11例,切口感染9例,腹腔感染6例,切口裂开5例,术后出血4例,肠梗阻3例,并发症发生率为31．7％（38／120）。88例肿瘤根治性切除者1、3和5年累积生存率分别为100．0％、91．2％和25．1％,姑息性肿瘤切除者1、3和5年累积生存率分别为34．1％、27．7％和7．2％,两组比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论B超、CT、MRI和血管造影对判断肿瘤周围器官是否受累和切除范围有重要意义,外科手术切除肿瘤是提高原发性腹膜后恶性肿瘤生存率的最重要的手段,联合脏器切除能提高肿瘤的完整切除率,良好的手术技能是提高手术切除率的关键。     

金玄痔科熏洗散在肛肠疾病及术后并发症治疗中的应用

为观察金玄痔科熏洗散在治疗肛肠疾病及术后并发症的效果,将我院诊治的200例肛肠疾病及手术患者分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组120例采用金玄痔科熏洗散熏洗治疗,对照组80例采用苦黄洗液熏洗治疗,均在1周后进行疗效评估。结果显示,治疗组和对照组治疗1周后的总显效率分别为90．8％和68．8％,总治愈率分别为52．5％和33．8％（P〈0．05）。结果表明,金玄痔科熏洗散治疗肛肠疾病及术后并发症有显著疗效。     

The Diagnostic Value of Endoscopic Ultrasonography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Anorectal Malignant Melanoma: Report of a Case

A 74-year-old Japanese woman presented with a 3-month history of anal bleeding. Proctoscopy revealed an unusual polypoid lesion with focal pigmentation at the dentate line, which was histologically diagnosed as a malignant melanoma. Whole-body clinical and radiographic evaluations revealed no alternative primary source. Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) showed well-delineated hypoechoic tumors invading the muscularis propria, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed regional lymphadenopathy. Following this evaluation, an abdominoperineal resection with regional lymphadenectomy was performed. The excised tumor was histologically confirmed to be malignant melanoma, and its depth and metastatic lymph nodes proved to have been accurately and precisely evaluated by the preoperative examinations. Thus, EUS and MRI are useful preoperative diagnostic tools for the tumor staging of primary anorectal malignant melanomas, as for other rectal tumors. Received: February 1, 2002 / Accepted: September 3, 2002 Reprint requests to: H. Sashiyama     

骨盆恶性肿瘤的手术治疗

目的探讨骨盆恶性肿瘤手术治疗的方法.方法对16 例骨盆恶性肿瘤患者,根据术前CT或MRI表现,按Enneking分区及Enneki化疗3个疗程.先行双侧髂内动脉结扎,对能保ng骨肿瘤分期分类.对Enneking骨肿瘤分期Ⅱ期及转移瘤病人,术前留骨盆承重环的Ⅰ区、Ⅲ区、Ⅳ区肿瘤,直接手术扩大切除,不能保留骨盆承重环的Ⅰ区、Ⅲ区、Ⅳ区肿瘤,手术扩大切除肿瘤,自体或异体骨移植＋重建钢板固定.Ⅱ区肿瘤,手术扩大切除肿瘤,可调式人工半骨盆置换或瘤块切除,克式针固定骨水泥填塞.结果术后随访1～3.5 a,平均2.8 a.所有病人均能下地行走,无肢体短缩.结论根据骨盆肿瘤的部位选择相应的术式,可以最大限度地保留肢体功能.术前化疗和双侧髂内动脉结扎可提高骨盆肿瘤的切除率.     

应用生物信息学方法结合细胞实验探究 Plakophilin-1（PKP1）在皮肤黑色素瘤中的生物学作用

目的 探索PKP1在皮肤黑色素瘤（skin cutaneous melanoma,SKCM）中相关生物学功能。方法 通过实时TIME 2.0数据库分析PKP1在不同的肿瘤以及正常组织中的相对表达量;通过GEPIA以及UALCAN数据库分析PKP1在皮肤黑色素瘤组织以及正常组织的表达量以及探究PKP1的表达水平和肿瘤病人预后的关系;在SK-MEL-1细胞系中,过表达PKP1探究对于肿瘤细胞的影响。结果 TIME 2.0分析显示,多种肿瘤组织中PKP1表达水平低于正常组织（P＜0.05）;而胆管癌、肝癌以及肾透明细胞癌等肿瘤中PKP1表达水平高于正常组织（P＜0.05）;GEPIA数据库分析显示,正常组织中PKP1表达水平高于皮肤黑色素瘤组织（P＜0.05）;PKP1过表达组PKP1的蛋白水平高于NC组（P＜0.05）;PKP1高表达组OS指标优于低表达组（P＜0.05）;CCK8实验显示,PKP1过表达组与空质粒组细胞OD值比较,统计学意义显著（P＜0.01）。结论 PKP1在皮肤黑色素瘤中低表达,其表达水平下调和预后不良有关,PKP1可以抑制皮肤黑色素瘤细胞的增殖,PKP1有成为靶向治疗的关键基因的潜力。     

Malignant Melanoma of the Foot

A series of 62 cases of malignant melanoma of the foot treated during the period from 1935 to 1967 inclusive is analysed. Melanoma of the foot is twice as common in women as in men, and has highest frequency in the older age groups. The distribution of melanomata of the foot shows the greatest density on the sole of the foot and on the heel. A tendency to spare the weight-hearing areas of the foot, which has so far been thought to be a characteristic feature, was not observed in this series.

The pattern of metastases is discussed. In the vast majority of cases, the metastases first appear in the regional lymph nodes. The lymphatic spread to the skin and subcutis follows a certain pattern. Lymphostasis is a significant factor in the localization of some of these metastases, but is does not explain the pattern formed by the early metastases, occurring in the vicinity of the primary tumour. These metastases presumably spread direct through the intradermal and subdermal lymphatics.

The fully developed melanoma of the foot has a more serious outlook than those involving other regions. The potential causes of this difference is considered. In consequence of the graver prognosis, the treatment consists in excision of the lesion and a large area of the surrounding skin in a sufficient depth without regard being paid to the function of the foot, with primary amputation of the lower leg as an alternative.     

Racial Differences in Survival after Surgical Treatment for Melanoma

Background  

Surgical-treatment outcomes for melanoma in African Americans are poorly characterized as a result of low incidence of melanoma among African Americans. We examined differences by race in overall and melanoma-specific survival, stratified by receipt of surgical treatment and by specific types of surgical treatment.     

恶性胸腺瘤的外科治疗进展

胸腺肿瘤在所有恶性疾病中占0．2～1．5％，是成人较常见的前纵隔肿瘤之一，大约占50％，其中恶性胸腺瘤约占纵隔肿瘤的8％～10％。目前主要通过WHO胸腺肿瘤组织学分型进行分类，临床上常用Masaoka分期。手术治疗是目前公认的治疗胸腺瘤，尤其是恶性胸腺瘤的主要方法之一。本文对国内外有关恶性胸腺瘤的治疗方法、手术方式及预后进行综述。     

肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤

目的　总结肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤的诊断与治疗经验。　方法　回顾性分析 10例肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤的临床病例资料。　结果　出现症状至确诊时间平均 8( 2～ 12 )个月 ,首诊确诊 4例 ,误诊 6例。手术 9例 ,8例肿瘤直径 >3cm。其中 8例行腹会阴联合根治术 ,1例以直肠息肉、肛乳头肥大行局部切除 ,1例放弃手术仅行化疗 ,3月后死于肝、肺腹股沟等广泛转移。术后 8例行化疗 ,2例辅助放疗 ,化放疗联合应用 1例。术后 2年内死亡 5例 ,余 4例存活 ,存活最长者已超过 6年。　结论　肛管直肠恶性黑色素瘤恶性程度高 ,早期行腹会阴联合根治术是最优选择。长期生存有赖于早期治疗以及治疗方法的改进