北京2012—2015学年大中小学生乙类传染病流行特征分析

目的 了解2012-2015学年北京市大中小学生乙类传染病流行病学特征,为北京市各阶段学校乙类传染病防控提供数据支持和决策依据。方法 学生乙类传染病数据来源于"中国传染病报告信息管理系统",采用描述流行病学方法,对北京市2012-2015学年大中小学生乙类传染病资料进行分析。结果 北京市2012-2015学年大中小学生报告乙类传染病病例共18种9 918例,3学年平均报告发病率为162.99/10万。报告发病数居前5位的病种依次为猩红热、痢疾、肺结核、艾滋病（含HIV）和梅毒。其中小学生报告发病率最高,为238.64/10万;初中生发病率最低,为76.16/10万。结论 北京市大中小学生乙类传染病发病趋势近3年总体趋势一致,乙类传染病防控重点人群为小学生,重点病种为猩红热;大学生中艾滋病（含HIV）病例近年来逐年升高,应开展性教育工作。     

平塘县2004-2012年法定乙类传染病流行特征分析

目的分析2004-2012年平塘县法定乙类传染病疫情流行情况。方法利用国家疾病监测信息报告系统中的数据资料,采用描述流行病学方法对平塘县2004-2012年法定乙类传染病疫情资料进行分析。结果 2004-2012年平塘县共报告法定乙类传染病14种,共8 790例,死亡70例,年均报告发病率为310.38/10万,死亡率为2.47/10万,发病率居前三位是肺结核(159.78/10万)、细菌性痢疾(61.51/10万)、乙型肝炎(55.22/10万),其中,农民占75.57%、学生占6.83%、散居儿童占5.90%。结论该县法定乙类传染病主要以肺结核为主,其次是细菌性痢疾、乙型肝炎;重点人群众是农民,其次是学生、散居儿童,是今后传染病防控工作的重点。     

2011-2016年全国6~22岁学生人群法定传染病监测数据分析

目的 分析2011-2016年全国6~22岁学生人群法定传染病发病特征,为法定传染病防控提供依据。方法 分析2011-2016年全国6~22岁学生人群法定传染病发病、死亡监测数据,对其发病主要特征进行阐述和分析。结果 2011-2016年全国6~22岁学生人群甲乙丙类传染病发病率整体呈下降趋势,从2012年最高发病率248.24/10万降至2016年158.57/10万。甲乙丙类传染病死亡率也呈下降趋势,从2011年最高死亡率0.12/10万降至2016年0.07/10万。甲乙类传染病年均发病率居前4位的病种为肺结核（16.24/10万）、猩红热（9.39/10万）、乙型肝炎（乙肝）（7.69/10万）及细菌性和阿米巴性痢疾（痢疾）（7.15/10万）。年均死亡率居前4位的病种为狂犬病（0.044 8/10万）、艾滋病（0.027 7/10万）、肺结核（0.008 0/10万）和流行性乙型脑炎（乙脑）（0.005 9/10万）。同期丙类传染病年均发病率居前4位的病种为流行性腮腺炎（75.81/10万）、手足口病（28.55/10万）、其他感染性腹泻病（22.41/10万）和流行性感冒（15.67/10万）。报告死亡的病种有手足口病（11例）、流行性感冒（9例）、流行性腮腺炎（1例）和风疹（1例）。大学生、高中生以艾滋病、乙肝、肺结核发病率较高,而小学生、初中生则以流行性腮腺炎、流行性感冒、手足口病发病率较高。结论 2011-2016年全国6~22岁学生人群法定传染病发病、死亡水平均有明显下降。学生人群面临传染病防控新的挑战,艾滋病成为大学生人群的流行传染病,肺结核在大学生、高中生人群的流行也不容忽视。     

2010年四川省隆昌县法定报告传染病疫情分析

目的了解四川省隆昌县法定传染病的流行特征,为疫情预警监测和制定传染病防控措施提供科学依据。方法用描述性流行病学方法对隆昌县2010年各类法定报告传染病疫情资料进行统计分析。结果隆昌县2010年无甲类传染病报告;报告乙、丙类传染病22种2276例,发病率305.08/10万;死亡14例,死亡率1.88/10万,病死率0.62%。发病率居前5位的传染病依次为乙肝(115.14/10万)、肺结核(85.39/10万)、流行性腮腺炎(38.47/10万)、急性出血性结膜炎(12.73/10万)、其他感染性腹泻病(12.47/10万);死亡率居前4位的依次为艾滋病、肺结核、狂犬病、疟疾;病死率居前4位的依次为狂犬病、艾滋病、疟疾和肺结核。血液及性传染疾病报告991例,占发病总数的57.02%;呼吸道传染病,占传染病发病总数的36.88%;肠道传染病占5.58%;自然疫源及虫媒传染病占0.52%。结论预防和控制血液及性传播疾病、呼吸道传染病、肠道传染病是隆昌县今后传染病防治工作的重点,同时还应加强对乙肝、肺结核和艾滋病的防治与监测。     

西城区6～14岁儿童传染病流行特征分析

目的分析北京市西城区6~14岁儿童传染病流行特征,为儿童传染病防制提供依据。方法收集2014—2017年北京市西城区6~14岁儿童传染病发病资料,采用描述性流行病学方法对年发病情况,病种及猩红热、流行性感冒、水痘和手足口病4种重点传染病的流行特征等进行分析。结果 2014—2017年西城区共报告6~14岁儿童传染病3 995例,年均报告发病率为1 568.43/10万,是全人群的2.62倍,无传染病死亡病例报告。病种以呼吸道传染病为主,占73.47%;其次是肠道传染病,占26.46%。发病率居前四位的传染病依次为猩红热、流行性感冒、水痘和手足口病,全年各月均有病例报告;6岁组发病率最高,且随年龄增长呈下降趋势(P0.05);猩红热、水痘和手足口病发病率男童均高于女童(465.58/10万vs.338.37/10万,318.91/10万vs.263.63/10万,333.20/10万vs.237.35/10万,均P0.05),流行性感冒发病率男女童差异无统计学意义(374.57/10万vs.385.18/10万,P0.05)。聚集和暴发疫情以群体性发热/流行性感冒、诺如病毒引起的急性胃肠炎为主,占79.25%;多发生在小学一、二年级,占41.13%。结论西城区6~14岁儿童传染病防控重点应以呼吸道传染病为主,关注低年级学生群体。     

2012年北京市大兴区法定传染病监测情况

目的通过了解北京市大兴区2012年法定传染病发生情况及流行特征,为制定防制对策和措施提供科学依据。方法采用描述流行病学方法对大兴区2012年法定传染病疫情监测资料进行统计分析。结果大兴区2012年共报告法定传染病20种7 690例,报告发病率为544.12/10万,较2011年上升9%;死亡12例,死亡率0.85/10万,比2011年下降27.56%。报告发病数居前5位的病种依次为手足口病、其他感染性腹泻、肺结核、痢疾、猩红热。结论对重点疾病、重点地区和重点人群进行干预,可减少传染病的危害,保障人民群众身体健康。     

2016—2020学年上海市闵行区中小学传染病监测分析

目的：了解上海市闵行区2016—2020学年中小学传染病报告情况，为学校传染病防控提供依据。方法：在中国疾病监测信息报告管理系统中选择2016—2020学年(2016年9月1日—2021年8月31日)报告的中小学学生病例进行描述性分析。结果：2016—2020学年闵行区中小学报告传染病19种，共12 321例，无甲类传染病和死亡病例，年报告发病率逐年下降，法定传染病和重点监测传染病发病率差异有统计学意义(χ2值分别为1 290.610、1 325.494,P值均<0.01)。乙、丙类传染病分别以猩红热、手足口病为主，重点监测疾病以水痘为主，发病率均逐年下降，差异有统计学意义(χ²值分别为1 231.357、680.991、1 261.883,P值均<0.01)。发病前5位依次为水痘、猩红热、手足口病、流行性感冒和其他感染性腹泻病。不同类型传染病发病率均表现为男生高于女生，小学生发病率最高，以猩红热和水痘为主，初中和高中发病率最高者均为水痘。结论：2016—2020学年闵行区中小学生传染病发病率明显下降，水痘、猩红热和手足口病发病居前3位，小学应重点关注...     

启东市2004-2010年法定传染病疫情分析

目的了解2004-2010年启东市法定传染病流行情况,为制定防控措施提供依据。方法对国家疾病监测信息报告管理系统中相关疫情数据进行描述性流行病学分析。结果 2004-2010年共报告法定传染病24种11 873例,年均发病率151.16/10万;其中呼吸道传染病发病最多(占54.48%),其次是血液及性传播疾病(占26.29%)和肠道传染病发病(占19.10%);发病居前三位的依次为肺结核(占50.60%)、病毒性肝炎(占20.81%)、梅毒(占9.90%),其年均发病率分别为76.49/10万、31.46/10万、14.96/10万。乙型肝炎、甲型肝炎、痢疾的发病率呈下降趋势,梅毒、艾滋病/HIV、戊肝、手足口病的发病率呈上升趋势。结论肺结核、艾滋病、梅毒、手足口病等是启东市的主要和重点传染病,今后应加强相关传染病的防治与监测工作。     

北京市2004-2008年青少年法定传染病流行特征分析

目的了解北京市6～24岁青少年法定传染病的流行特征,为北京市青少年传染病的防控提供依据。方法采用描述流行病学方法对北京市青少年法定传染病流行特征进行分析。结果北京市2004-2008年共报告6～24岁青少年法定传染病173434例,年平均发病率为830.8/10万。2004-2008年每年发病率分别为952.7/10万,847.4/10万,871.1/10万,839.1/10万,650.4/10万。发病较高的传染病病种为其他感染性腹泻、细菌性痢疾、流行性腮腺炎、肺结核、病毒性乙型肝炎。结论本研究表明,5年来青少年法定传染病发病变动总体呈下降趋势,传染病的主要病种变化不大。细菌性痢疾、其他感染性腹泻、流行性腮腺炎、肺结核、病毒性乙型肝炎、淋病为防控重点。     

高唐县1992-2010年法定传染病流行病学分析

目的 分析高唐县1992-2010年法定传染病流行特征,为制订防控措施提供依据.方法 采用描述流行病学方法对法定传染病报告资料进行分析.结果 1992-2010年高唐县共报告法定传染病20种13 046例,年均发病率140.61/10万.发病率2010年最高(332.37/10)万,1993年最低(107.17/10万).9年间呼吸道传染病居高不下,占总病例数的50.5％;其次是肠道传染病占24.1％,血源及性传播疾病占23.5％.结论 病毒性肝炎、肺结核、痢疾、流行性感冒、手足口病和流行性腮腺炎是重点传染病,应加强监测和防治.     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

Changes in immune function in asthma in the elderly

Asthma is an inflammatory disorder of the airway. The airway inflammation of asthma is typically an allergic inflammation characterized by cells and mediators described as a "Th2" inflammatory response. There is a growing body of evidence describing changes in the function of immune cells upon aging, a phenomenon referred to as "immunosenescence". Several studies utilizing animal models and human subjects with asthma have begun to explore age-related effects on the airway inflammation in asthma. This review explores the existing data on the presence and effects of immunosenescence or age-related changes in immune function in asthma.     

Changes in Fatty Acid Composition in Beef in Italy

Results from a study conducted in Italy concerning the updating of composition data of beef consumed in Italy are reported here. The study required a very wide sampling plan with regard to both animals and cuts to analyse. Data related to lipid composition of the most widely used type of beef consumed in Italy (young bull, 16–22 months old) show a reduction in total lipid content (which, according to the cuts, ranges between 1.8 and 10.2%) and a substantial change in fatty acid composition, with a high % of polyunsaturated fatty acids (mean 20% of total fatty acids). Such data have been confirmed by other studies conducted in Italy, and are in contrast with data reported in the tables of food composition from other countries, reporting a fatty acid composition characterized by a high fatty acid saturation degree. The occurrence of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid is probably due to the high ratio of phospholipids: triglycerides, occurring when the content in intramuscular lipid is very low; to the young age of animals; to the reduced activity of the rumen, where saturation of fatty acids occurs. It may be concluded that a fatty acid composition, which is particularly rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, seems typical for Italian products.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.