腹腔镜下胆道再手术治疗肝内外胆管结石122例

目的探讨腹腔镜下胆道再手术治疗肝内外胆管结石的策略。方法回顾性分析2006年2月至2011年5月期间122例腹腔镜下胆道再手术治疗肝内外胆管结石患者的临床资料。患者均经腹腔镜下再手术治疗。结果88例术后放置T管,6～8周后,通过纤维胆道镜拔管或取石成功;34例胆管一期缝合;出现并发症8例,均经非手术治疗治愈;无围手术期死亡,全部康复出院。结论腹腔镜下再手术治疗肝内外胆管结石提高了安全性,降低了再手术率。     

Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration by choledochotomy

Background: Management of cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis usually requires two separate teams—the gastroenterologist/surgical endoscopist and the laparoscopic surgical team. This requires two separate procedures that potentially increase the overall morbidity and cost. Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration by choledochotomy (LCBDE-C) averts this problem with a single approach. Methods: In 1990–1991, unsuspected stones found at laparoscopy with intraoperative cholangiogram done routinely underwent postoperative ERCP. Residual stones had been found after ERCP in 16 of 22 preoperative ERCP patients and we began to seek an alternative technique. Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration by choledochotomy has achieved a high rate of success. Results: Technically successful LCBDE-C has been accomplished in 143 of 148 patients (96.6%). Retained bile duct stones have been found on postoperative cholangiogram in three patients (2.0%), all of which have been successfully removed by postoperative ERCP. Thus 140 or 148 patients had their bile duct successfully cleaned by the one-step technique alone (94.6%). Conclusions: We believe that most laparoscopic surgeons who have acquired the skills of intracorporeal suturing can be successful at laparoscopic common bile duct exploration by choledochotomy. The disadvantage of T-tube presence will likely be eliminated by future developments with intraoperative antegrade sphincterotomy-like procedures, but the ability to see both proximal and distal biliary tree with the choledochotomy in all cases seems to offer more than adequate results at this point in the evolution of the laparoscopic approach to calculus biliary tract disease. Received: 3 April 1997/Accepted: 18 September 1997     

Reoperation of the biliary tract by laparoscopy: an analysis of 39 cases

BACKGROUND: Previously, prior biliary tract surgery was considered a contraindication to laparoscopic biliary tract reoperation. In this paper, we present our experience with laparoscopic biliary tract reoperation for patients with the choledocholithiasis for whom the endoscopic sphincterotomy has failed or is contraindicated. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on data from the attempted laparoscopic reoperation of 39 patients, examining open conversion rates, operative times, complications, and length of hospital stay. RESULTS: Of 39 cases, 38 were completed laparoscopically: 1 case required a conversion to the open operation because of difficulty in exposing the common bile duct. Mean operative time was 135 minutes. Mean postoperative hospital stay was 4 days. Procedures included 3 cases of laparoscopic residual gallbladder resection, 13 cases of laparoscopic common bile duct exploration and primary duct closure of choledochotomy, and 22 cases of laparoscopic common bile duct exploration and choledochotomy with T-tube drainage. There was 1 case of duodenal perforation during dissection, which was repaired laparoscopically. There were 2 cases of retained stones. Postoperative asymptomatic hypermalasia occurred in 3 cases. There were no complications due to port placement, no postoperative bleeding, bile or bowel leakage, and no mortality. At a mean follow-up time of 18 months, there was no recurrence or formation of duct stricture. CONCLUSIONS: The laparoscopic biliary tract reoperation is safe and feasible for experienced laparoscopic surgeons and is an alternative choice for patients with choledocholithiasis for whom the endoscopic sphincterectomy has failed or is contraindicated.     

腹腔镜指导下纤维胆道镜胆总管探查术的临床应用

目的讨腹腔镜指导下纤维胆道镜胆总管探查术可行性及应用价值。方法对具有胆道探查指征的患者,施行腹腔镜下胆总管切开,经此切开处置入胆道镜进行检查和治疗。探查完成后,放置T管或I期缝合胆总管。结果全组施行此术式152例,发现肝外胆管结石141例,术中结石取净率为100%;探查阴性11例。胆道镜检查和/或协助取石时间为8～35 min,平均15 min。152例微创手术均成功,无1例中转开腹,腹腔镜下胆总管Ⅰ期缝合42例,放置T管引流110例,术后3～4周拔T管,无1例结石残留;并发胆瘘2例,未发现有胆道狭窄及残石病例。术后住院时间4～7 d,平均为5 d。152例均获随访,随访时间为1～17个月,平均为8个月。经B超或MRCP证实,未发现有胆道狭窄及残石者。结论腹腔镜指导下纤维胆道镜胆总管探查术是安全、有效的方法,微创效果明显,如能在取净结石的情况下行胆总管一期缝合,微创效果尤为明显。     

Gallbladder duplication successfully removed laparoscopically using endoscopic nasobiliary tube

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is sometimes difficult due to complicated biliary anatomy including gallbladder duplication, a rare anomaly of the biliary tract. We report a case of duplicated gallbladder successfully removed under laparoscopy using endoscopic nasobiliary (ENB) tube cholangiography. A 61-year-old Japanese woman presented us with right upper abdominal pain. Ultrasonography revealed two cystic structures lying in the gallbladder fossa, and the upper one contained multiple stones. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography showed two gallbladders, each of which has a cystic duct draining into the common bile duct separately. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was planned under the preoperative diagnosis of double gallbladder with gallstones in the accessory gallbladder. The ENB tube was inserted just before the operation. Laparoscopic removal of the double gallbladder was successfully done using the ENB tube to identify the biliary tree anatomy and to close the stump of the cystic duct. In this communication, we would like to stress the usefulness of the ENB tube at the time of laparoscopic biliary surgery in patients with biliary anomalies including gallbladder duplication.     

腹腔镜联合肾镜液电碎石仪在基层医院胆道结石手术的运用

【摘要】〓目的〓探讨与研究基层医院在胆道结石手术中运用腹腔镜联合肾镜液电碎石仪的可行性与实用性。方法〓选取我院于2013年1月至2014年1月在我院行手术治疗的胆囊结石合并肝内外胆管结石患者53例,均采用腹腔镜联合肾镜探查液电碎石仪治疗术式,通过观察患者手术时间、术中术后胆道出血、术后胆道结石残余、术后住院时间。结果〓53例患者均顺利完成手术,无中转开腹。术中35例采用液电碎石,每例碎石次数约3~10次,每次持续放电约2~3秒,其中2例较大者反复击打约15次。术中胆道出血者3例,没有出现难以控制的出血以及胆管穿透或胆管壁撕裂病例。术后平均住院时间7.1±2.6天,无腹腔感染病例。所有患者均得到术后半年随访,2例发现术后结石残余,经消化内镜取石。未发现胆总管狭窄病例。 结论〓腹腔镜联合肾镜液电碎石仪治疗胆道结石,在基层医院中有一定的可行性与实用性。     

腹腔镜联合十二指肠镜一期治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石

目的探讨腹腔镜联合十二指肠镜一期治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的可行性及优点。方法 2009年6月～2011年6月,采用腹腔镜联合十二指肠镜一期治疗90例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石。胆总管单发或多发结石,结石直径≤20 mm。第1例先行十二指肠镜手术,以后89例先行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）,LC术后变换体位为俯卧或侧俯卧位行十二指肠镜手术。术后常规放置鼻胆管引流。结果手术均获成功,90例均取尽结石,无并发症发生。住院5～9 d,平均7 d。随访1～23个月,其中54例〉12个月。无结石复发和胆道狭窄、胰腺炎、逆行胆道感染等并发症。结论在已开展腹腔镜和十二指肠镜手术,同时手术室具备胆道造影条件的单位,开展腹腔镜联合十二指肠镜一期治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石,是一种较好的选择。     

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目的 探讨腹腔镜、内镜、介入技术联合治疗原发性肝胆管结石的手术方法和适应证，提高治愈率和避免多次开腹手术。方法 自1992年3月至2004年5月成都市第二人民医院采用腹腔镜、胆管镜、十二指肠镜、扩张导管、球囊、支架、T管、液电碎石等技术联合治疗原发性肝胆管结石45例。经十二指肠镜手术治疗肝外胆管结石尤其是胆总管下端嵌顿性结石及十二指肠乳头狭窄。经腹腔镜手术行胆囊切除及结合胆管镜行肝胆管探查碎石取石术、导管扩张术、肝门部胆管整形修复术、支架内引流术和T管外引流术。术后行胆管镜和(或)十二指肠镜继续治疗残余结石或胆管狭窄。结果 45例手术均获成功，随访期内未再施行开腹手术。结论 只要选择合适病例，腹腔镜、内镜、介入技术联合治疗原发性肝胆管结石具创伤小、结石除净率高等优点。     

Total Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Cholangiojejunostomy for the Treatment of Biliary Disease

Background and Objectives:

Roux-en-Y cholangiojejunostomy (RCJS) has been widely used in biliary bypass surgeries, but in most reported literature, an assisted mini-incision was needed, and studies reporting total laparoscopic Roux-en-Y cholangiojejunostomy (TLRCJS) are rare. The goal of this study was to investigate how to treat hepatic portal bile duct diseases and perform jejunojejunostomy and cholangiojejunostomy totally laparoscopically. We evaluated the feasibility of TLRCJS in treating biliary tract diseases.

Methods:

TLRCJS were performed in 103 patients from January 2000 to August 2011. There were 28 cases of recurrent choledocholithiasis combined with stricture of the common bile duct (CBD) after several stone extractions, 3 patients with iatrogenic bile duct injury, 24 patients with choledochal cyst, 36 patients with hepatic portal cholangiocarcinoma, and 12 patients with cancer of the pancreatic head and periampullary cancer. All surgeries were performed through 5 trocars. First, laparoscopic surgery on the CBD was performed according to the original disease. The CBD was opened and stones were extracted in choledocholithiasis patients. In iatrogenic injury patients, strictured CBD was resected and repaired. Dilated CBD or choledochal cyst with tumor was transected. In patients with malignant jaundice, the CBD was opened longitudinally. At the same time, the bile duct was prepared for cholangiojejunostomy. Second, the positions of the laparoscope and surgeons were altered. The jejunal mesentery and jejunum were transected, and side-to-side jejunojejunostomy (JJS) was performed. The laparoscope and surgeon positions were exchanged again; the Roux-en-Y biliary limb was lifted close to the residual bile duct; and side-to-side or end-to-side choledochojejunostomy (CJS) was performed. Finally, an abdominal drainage tube was placed.

Results:

All the surgeries were performed successfully. The diameter of the residual bile duct ranged from 0.4 to 3.2 cm (average, 0.9 cm). Three patients had postoperative bile leakage and were treated from 1 week to approximately 1 month with abdominal drainage. Postoperative intraperitoneal hemorrhage and stress ulcer of the stomach occurred in 2 patients with biliary tract injury combined with obstructive jaundice. One with intraperitoneal hemorrhage was cured by another laparoscopic surgery. The other patient was cured after 2 days of abdominal drainage, antacids, and hemostatic drug therapy. The follow-up duration of 95 patients was 4 to 93 months (average, 48.3 months). The follow-up rate was 92.2% (95/103). Patients with cancer died of metastasis or cachexia during 14-month follow-up with no postoperative complication. Reflux cholangitis occurred in 3 patients 2, 3, and 5 years after the operation, respectively. No anastomotic stricture or other complication was found in other patients during the follow-up.

Conclusions:

TLRCJS is the best and first choice for patients with biliary tract diseases that need biliary-jejunal anastomosis. But it is essential that the surgeon has proficiency in laparoscopic surgeries.     

腹腔镜肝切除术治疗左肝内胆管结石的临床应用

目的 探讨腹腔镜肝切除术治疗左肝内胆管结石的技术与疗效。 方法 回顾性分析2011年1月至2016年12月完成67例腹腔镜肝切除术治疗左肝内胆管结石临床及随访资料。 结果 全部67例患者合并左半肝或左外叶肝萎缩,腔镜手术方式包括左外叶肝切除48例、左半肝切除19例。其他腹腔镜下联合术式包括：胆囊切除术52例、胆总管探查术43例、T管引流术39例,胆总管一期修补术4例。手术切口长度（4.67±1.26）cm。术后发生胆漏3例,均经引流观察后自愈;1例因术后腹腔大出血合并胆瘘再手术治愈;肝脓肿1例,膈下脓肿1例,均经穿刺引流治愈。 结论 腹腔镜肝切除术治疗左肝内胆管结石安全可靠,术中应尽量取净其他胆道残余结石并连续紧密缝合左肝管残端。如结石已被取净胆总管的探查和T管引流并非必需。     

腹腔镜与开腹胆总管探查术144例对比研究

目的 探讨胆囊结石合并胆总管结石行胆总管探查术的术式选择。方法 回顾性分析144例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者行腹腔镜与开腹胆总管探查术的临床资料。根据手术方式分为腔镜组（n=78）和开腹组（n=66）。结果 腔镜组一期缝合39例,T管引流32例,经胆囊管探查2例,中转开腹5例;术后胆漏7例,胆管炎4例,残余结石2例,肠穿孔1例,MODS 1例,电解质紊乱5例,伤口感染2例。开腹组术后胆漏合并胸、腹腔积液1例,胆管炎1例,残余结石2例,术后出血再次手术1例,电解质紊乱4例,伤口感染4例,肝肾功能不全2例,死亡1例。两组在术后并发症发生率方面比较差别无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 与开腹手术比较,腹腔镜胆总管探查取石术具有微创、术中失血少、术后恢复快、术后住院时间短等优点,但尚不能完全替代传统开腹手术。     

倾向得分匹配法对两种方法治疗胆总管结石的疗效再评价

目的：再评价腹腔镜胆总管探查术与开腹手术治疗胆总管结石的疗效。 方法：收集我院2012年1月—2014年1月手术治疗的92例胆总管结石患者临床资料,其中34例行腹腔镜胆总管探（腹腔镜组）,58例行开腹手术（开腹组）,采用倾向得分匹配法（PSM）均衡组间混杂因素的影响,比较匹配后两组患者的临床指标。 结果：经PSM法成功匹配30对患者,所有基线资料在组间分布均衡。两组患者的手术时间差异无统计学意义（P=0.190）,腹腔镜组术中出血量明显少于开腹组,且胃肠功能恢复时间及住院时间也明显短于开腹组,差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）;两组患者术后并发症发生率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论：腹腔镜胆总管探查术治疗胆总管结石较开腹手术具有微创,术中失血少,术后恢复快,住院时间短,再评价结果与以往研究一致。

     

Laparoscopic choledochoduodenostomy

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has become the gold standard for treatment of patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis. Management of common bile duct stones in the era of laparoscopy is an area of controversy. Although perioperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiography remains as a widely used procedure, experience is accumulating on the exploration of the common bile duct with the laparoscope. A biliary drainage procedure is indicated in selected patients with choledocholithiasis. Initially described by Reidel in 1892, side-to-side choledochoduodenostomy has become a popular biliary-enteric anastomosis technique in the last century. We describe two patients with recurrent choledocholithiasis and biliary obstruction due to benign biliary strictures. Both patients underwent laparoscopic common bile duct exploration and stone extraction. A side-to-side choledochoduodenostomy is then performed laparoscopically as a drainage procedure. Laparoscopic choledochoduodenostomy resulted in resolution of jaundice and relief of biliary obstruction. Laparoscopic choledochoduodenostomy can be an acceptable alternative to the open choledochoduodenostomy. In addition to a tension-free anastomosis and an adequate-sized stoma, intracorporeal suturing and knot-tying skills are also essential to the success of this procedure.     

Laparoscopic exploration of the common bile duct

Background: Bile duct clearance at open cholecystectomy had become normal surgical practice before the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. However, perceived technical difficulties have deterred many surgeons from treating common bile duct stones at the time of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This has led to a reliance on preoperative clearance of ducts known to have stones and postoperative clearance of ducts found to have stones at operation or those that subsequently develop complications of retained stones. Methods: The authors describe a series of 120 consecutive bile duct explorations carried out between April 1991 and February 1997 in a series of 1,237 laparoscopic cholecystectomies. Results: Laparoscopic exploration and clearance of the bile ducts was achieved in 89% of cases in the whole series, and 97% success was attained in the last 60 cases, which also were associated with a decrease in operating time. Conclusions: We believe that for surgeons familiar with open common bile duct exploration and laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the next logical step is laparoscopic exploration of the common bile duct at the time of cholecystectomy, which is safe and readily mastered. Received: 15 December 1997/Accepted: 11 March 1998     

高龄患者腹腔镜胆总管探查T管引流术临床分析

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆总管探查T管引流术的围手术期处理措施及临床疗效。方法:回顾分析2007年1月至2012年6月为108例高龄患者行腹腔镜胆总管探查T管引流术的临床资料。结果:107例顺利完成腹腔镜手术,1例中转开腹,无一例死亡。手术时间45～123 min,平均(52±21)min;术中出血量40～110 ml,平均(58±23)ml。术后胆道残石1例,无胆漏、出血、胆道感染等严重并发症发生。住院5～10 d,平均(6.4±1.5)d。随访6～48个月,无胆道相关并发症发生。结论:掌握一定的手术技巧,积极围手术期处理,腹腔镜胆总管探查T管引流术对高龄患者是安全、可行的。     

腹腔镜下胆总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术在胆系手术中的应用

目的探讨腹腔镜下胆总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术在胆系疾病手术中的应用价值。方法2000年1月~2008年12月,对57例胆道疾病行此手术,包括胆总管结石伴胆总管下段严重狭窄12例,胆总管囊肿20例,胆总管炎性狭窄4例,医源性胆总管完全离断2例,上段胆管癌7例,中、下段胆管癌4例,胰头癌及壶腹癌6例,十二指肠乳头癌1例,胃癌术后腹腔转移1例。腹腔镜下切除胆囊,穿刺确认胆总管,切开胆总管约1.0 cm,置入胆道镜明确病变程度及范围,切除病灶。以腔镜直线切割缝合器离断空肠,将远端空肠与胆总管（肝总管）行端侧吻合,然后行空肠间吻合。结果57例均成功完成手术。手术时间115~230 min,（105.2±58.1）min。术中出血50~200 ml,中位数100 ml。术后住院时间4~6 d,平均5.5 d。良性疾病2例失访,36例随访5~94个月,平均49.1月,无结石复发及其他并发症。19例恶性肿瘤随访13个月~3年半,平均1.8年,16例存活1年以上,另3例于术后8、10、11个月因肿瘤死亡。结论腹腔镜下胆总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术是胆道疾病需行手术治疗的可行术式,但术者需具有丰富的腹腔镜手术经验。     

腹腔镜在再次胆道手术中的应用

目的探讨腹腔镜下再次胆道手术的可行性及临床疗效。方法2002年3月至2007年11月对48例胆总管结石复发者行腹腔镜下再次胆总管切开取石、术中行胆道镜取石、T管引流术或安装内置管胆总管一期缝合术。结果手术成功46例;中转开腹2例:1例为胆总管下段狭窄、胆道镜无法进入十二指肠,另1例为术中胆道镜活检证实为胆总管下段癌伴结石嵌顿。术后胆漏1例,无出血、腹腔感染等并发症。46例随访6～34个月,平均21个月,无结石复发、胆管狭窄及胆管炎发生。结论腹腔镜下再次胆道手术治疗胆总管结石复发是一种安全、可行、有效的方法。     

腹腔镜治疗小儿胆道穿孔12例临床体会

目的:总结腹腔镜手术治疗小儿胆道穿孔的临床体会。方法:2008年12月至2015年12月收治12例胆道穿孔患儿,均经腹腔镜探查证实为胆道穿孔,根据病情分别行胆总管囊肿T管引流+腹腔引流、胆囊造瘘术+腹腔引流、单纯腹腔引流。结果:12例患儿均成功完成手术,术后未出现胆道出血、胆漏等并发症。胆汁引流及腹腔引流24~72 h后,临床症状缓解,腹痛显著减轻,体温降至正常,黄疸逐步消退。8例胆总管囊肿穿孔患者术后6个月行二期胆总管囊肿切除、肝总管空肠Roux-Y吻合术,其中5例在腹腔镜下完成二期手术,3例因胆总管周围粘连重、分离困难中转开腹。结论:腹腔镜用于小儿自发性胆道穿孔的诊断与治疗避免了盲目开腹探查的缺点,创伤小,手术视野广,对腹腔及肠管干扰小,手术时间短,胆总管囊肿穿孔不影响二次腹腔镜手术。     

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目的 探讨不同病因所致急性重症胆管炎(ACST)的内镜、腹腔镜及其联合治疗的最佳方法,提出微创治疗急性重症胆管炎的系列性方案.方法 自2000年3月至2006年3月天津市南开医院微创外科中心收治急性重症胆管炎病人224例,首先行急诊内镜鼻胆管引流术(ENBD),待病人平稳渡过急性期后,根据不同病因和病情特点实施内镜、腹腔镜及其联合治疗.结果 224例ACST病人,急诊内镜成功219例,成功率97.8%,无严重并发症及死亡病例.183例胆管结石中,择期内镜胆管取石治疗122例,成功率95.1%;择期腹腔镜、胆管探查、一期缝合胆管治疗41例,成功率97.6%;择期内镜胆管内支架放置术姑息性治疗胆管结石23例,成功率100%;4例急诊行腹腔镜胆总管探查、T管引流术,成功率100%;胆管狭窄41例中,36例限期行内镜胆管狭窄逐级扩张+胆道内支架放置术;5例实施限期开腹根治手术.结论 内镜、腹腔镜联合、分阶段治疗实现了ACST的全程微创化治疗,手术耐受性好,风险低,提高了存活率和病因治愈率.     

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目的：探讨腹腔镜胆总管球囊导管扩张术和扩张导管扩张术在处理胆管狭窄中的临床应用。方法：采用腹腔镜胆总管探查，根据扩张情况对炎性狭窄或膜状狭窄结石取净者，胆管切口即时缝合。段状狭窄结石取净者，塑料支架内引流。恶性狭窄晚期者，自膨式金属支架或塑料支架内引流。结石未取净者，T管外引流。结果：炎性狭窄或膜状狭窄扩张61例，良性段状狭窄扩张37例，恶性太狭窄扩张12例，胆漏6例，残石3例，中转开腹1例，死亡1例。结论：选择合适病人，经腹腔镜胆总管探查术中采用球囊导管或扩张导管扩张胆管狭窄有效、可行。