四城市成年居民夏季不同时间段饮水行为的分析

目的分析北京、成都、上海、广州居民的夏季一天不同时间段的饮水行为。方法采用多阶段随机抽样方法从四城市抽取18～60岁成年人1483名,使用连续7天的饮水记录表,由调查对象利用定量用具详细记录每天8个时间段内每次饮水的种类及饮水量。结果调查对象早、中、晚餐后的饮水率(97%～99%)及饮水量(290～471ml)较其他5个时间段高(饮水率:49%～88%;饮水量:54～166ml,F=972.55,P<0.01);白水、茶水、饮料的饮水人数与饮水量的分布情况同总水趋势一致。调查对象上午(719ml/d)的饮水量最高,其次是下午(539ml/d),晚上(417ml/d)的最低(F=265.49,P<0.01)。白水和饮料的饮用量均是上午最高;茶水上午和下午的接近,同时高于晚上(t=-52.13,P<0.01)。非就餐时(1436ml/d)的饮水量高于就餐时(240ml/d)的饮水量。就餐时饮料的饮用量最高;非就餐时白水的饮用量最高(P<0.05)。结论我国四城市居民在上午、下午、晚上均以饮用白水为主;就餐时以饮用饮料为主,非就餐时以白水为主。     

河北省某高校大学生春季日均饮水次数与饮水量的关系

了解河北省某高校大学生春季日均饮水次数与每次饮水量及其之间的关系,为修订中国居民适宜饮水量提供基础数据.方法 采用单纯随机抽样的方法抽取河北省某高校156名大学生,采用连续7 d 24 h饮水记录法,记录其每次的饮水量和饮水种类,分析不同性别、体质量指数大学生饮水次数及每次饮水量差异.结果 大学生每天饮水量中位数为1135 mL,饮水次数中位数为6次,每次饮水量中位数为177 mL.饮水次数<6次的人群比例为34.6%.女生每天饮水次数和饮用白水次数高于男生(χ2/Z值分别为8.34,-2.03,P值均<0.05);男生每次饮水量、每次饮用白水和饮料的量高于女生(χ2/Z值分别为23.86,-5.48,3.70,P值均<0.01);不同体质量指数大学生每次饮用白水的量差异有统计学意义(χ2=9.17,P=0.03).调查对象每次饮水量与体表面积呈正相关(r=0.18,P=0.03),饮水次数与饮水量呈正相关、与每次饮水量呈负相关,饮水量与每次饮水量呈正相关(r值分别为0.30,-0.47,0.61,P值均<0.01).结论 大学生存在一定比例的不良饮水行为;饮水行为在不同性别、体质量指数大学生间有差异;随着饮水次数的增加,每次饮水量减少,但是饮水量增加.     

河北省某高校大学生春季学习日与周末饮水量的比较

了解河北大学学生春季饮水量,并分析其学习日与周末饮水量的差异,为开展饮水宣教提供依据.方法 采用简单随机抽样方法抽取河北大学156名大学生,采用连续7 d 24 h饮水记录法,记录其连续7 d的饮水量和饮水类型等.采用双份饭结合称重法,称量其连续3d食用的所有食物,并测定食物中水分.结果 大学生学习日食物水分摄入量大于周末(1191,1113 mL)(Z=3.17,P=0.00).大学生学习日和周末总水摄入量达到中国居民总水推荐量的比例仅为21.9%和19.9%;饮水量达到中国居民饮水推荐量的比例分别为17.9%和21.2%.大学生学习日主食、粥和蔬菜中水分均高于周末(Z值分别为2.53,2.70,3.31,P值均<0.01).男生学习日主食中水分比例(28.6%)低于周末(31.1%),学习日粥中水分比例、汤和蔬菜中水分均高于周末(6.8%,141 mL,699 mL;0,0,647 mL).女生学习日主食和蔬菜中水分(256,559 mL)均高于周末(210,536 mL).大学生学习日与周末白水、奶及奶制品和饮料摄入量差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05).结论 河北省某高校大学生春季学习日食物水分摄入量高于周末,且食物水分来源存在差异;学习日和周末饮水量不足的现象均为普遍,有必要开展饮水健康宣教,促进其形成健康饮水行为.     

深圳市816名中小学生不同时间段的饮水行为分析

目的分析深圳市中小学生一天不同时间段的饮水行为现状。方法采用多阶段随机抽样的方法,在深圳市三所学校共抽取816名中小学生。采用连续7天24小时的饮水记录法,了解学生每天的饮水情况,由调查对象记录每次的饮品名称,并用定量用具估计每次的饮水量,分析学生一天不同时间段的饮水量、饮水种类及次数。结果深圳市中小学生上午、下午、晚上的饮水量分别为(493±266)、(412±218)、(321±211)ml/d,差异具有统计学意义(F=110.82,P0.0001)。男生上午、下午和晚上三个时间段的饮水量均高于女生,差异具有统计学意义(χ2=4.62,P=0.0316;χ2=8.78,P=0.0031;χ2=10.15,P=0.0014)。小学生每天上午、下午、晚上的饮水量分别为(442±24)、(368±201)、(287±194)ml,差异具有统计学意义(F=53.03,P0.0001);初中生上午、下午的饮水量分别为(527±283)、(496±219)ml,高于晚上(366±209)ml,差异具有统计学意义(F=24.15,P0.0001);高中生上午、下午、晚上的饮水量分别为(555±270)、(418±226)、(345±231)ml,差异具有统计学意义(F=42.71,P0.0001)。调查对象上午、下午、晚上的饮水次数分别是2.3次、1.6次、1.4次,平均每天的饮水次数是5.3次,差异具有统计学意义(F=248.59,P0.0001)。结论深圳市中小学生一天内不同时段的饮水量不同,且存在不健康的饮水行为。     

河北省某高校大学生春季排尿行为分析

分析河北省某高校大学生春季排尿行为,为开展健康宣教,促使大学生养成良好的排尿行为提供科学依据.方法 于2017年3月在河北省保定市某高校招募156名受试对象,利用特定装置收集调查对象连续3 d 24 h内所有尿液并测定排尿量、排尿次数、排尿时间.结果 调查对象平均每天排尿量为1279 mL,平均每天排尿次数为6.2次,平均每次排尿量为209 mL.调查对象排尿量、排尿量占比及排尿次数主要集中午餐后,排尿量、排尿量占比及排尿次数分别为406 mL、31.0%、1.7次.调查对象及男、女生在8个时间段排尿量及排尿次数差异均有统计学意义(χ2值分别为922.76,974.03;483.38,499.09;439.65,439.65,P值均<0.05).调查对象排尿量、排尿量占比及排尿次数主要集中在上午,其次是下午;上午排尿量、排尿量比例及排尿次数分别为535 mL、44.1%、2.3次.上午、下午、晚上3个时间段调查对象总体情况及男生和女生排尿量、排尿量占比及排尿次数差异均有统计学意义(χ2值分别为73.71,47.48,34.92;35.17,21.30,20.69;37.02,25.30,15.32,P值均<0.01).调查对象排尿次数与每次排尿量呈负相关,排尿量与每次排尿量呈正相关(r值分别为-0.61,0.79,P值均<0.01).结论 河北省某高校大学生排尿主要集中在上午和下午;调查对象存在不良排尿行为现象,需开展相关健康宣教.     

海口市妊娠期女性不同时间段饮水行为分析

目的 分析海口市妊娠期女性不同时间段的饮水行为,为指导妊娠期女性健康饮水、制定适宜饮水计划提供科学依据。方法 本研究为前瞻性观察研究设计,于2019年5月至2020年8月期间在海口市妇幼保健院门诊招募妊娠期女性142人。调查对象需分别在妊娠早、中、晚期产检前7天采用《7天24小时饮水行为调查问卷》及带有刻度值并精确至10mL的量具,详细记录每天八个时间段内每次饮水的类型及饮用量。结果 调查对象每日饮水量随妊娠早、中、晚期逐渐升高(1 339mL vs.1 481mL vs.1 585mL,χ²=134.155,P<0.05);上午饮水量(445mL vs.402mL vs.480mL)、下午饮水量(389mL vs.476mL vs.564mL)、晚上饮水量(522mL vs.610mL vs.635mL)、就餐时饮水量(578mL vs.579mL vs.604mL)、非就餐时饮水量(780mL vs.900mL vs.978mL)均在妊娠晚期最高,差异有统计学意义(χ²值介于19.233～139.099之间,P<0.05);白...     

北京市成年居民饮水行为分析

目的了解北京市18～60岁成年居民每天的平均饮水次数与平均每次饮水量,为制定居民适宜饮水量提供基础数据。方法采用多阶段随机抽样的方法,从北京市抽取400名18～60岁的城乡居民作为调查对象,通过面对面询问的方式填写一般情况调查问卷和身体活动调查表,采用连续7 d的饮水记录表了解调查对象的饮水行为。结果北京市居民平均每天饮水量为315 ml,平均每天饮水次数为4.9次,男性每次饮水量(382 ml)显著多于女性(282 ml),Z=-5.775,P0.01;文化程度较低组(34l ml)显著多于文化程度较高组(295 ml),Z=-2.123,P0.05;郊区(371 ml)显著多于城区(286 ml),Z=-4.609,P0.01;肥胖组(416 ml)显著多于消瘦组(274 ml),χ2=12.908,P0.05;低度身体活动组(366ml)显著多于中度身体活动组(284 ml),χ2=6.889,P0.05;吸烟组(404 ml)显著多于不吸烟组(296 ml),Z=-5.317,P0.01;饮酒组(358 ml)显著多于不饮酒组(301 ml),Z=-3.227,P0.05,平均每天饮水次数小于6次组(331 ml)显著多于平均每天饮水次数大于6次组(301 ml),Z=-3.37,P0.05;单位/学校食堂和其他在外地点的饮水量在不同性别、年龄、文化程度、所在地和身体活动水平间差异无统计学意义。结论饮水次数、饮水量、饮水地点的影响因素复杂多样,在制定居民适宜饮水量时应综合考虑各种因素,合理制定。     

2010年中国成年人就餐行为情况分析

目的分析我国不同地区成年人的就餐行为,为制定干预措施提供基础资料。方法利用2010年中国慢性病监测问卷调查数据,对97 016名18岁及以上居民的就餐行为进行分析,描述不同性别、年龄和城乡就餐行为差异。结果我国居民中92.9%是一日三餐,6.7%是一日两餐,一日中不吃早餐的比例最高,为3.4%,在家和在外用早餐的比例分别为85.1%和14.9%,在家和在外用午餐的比例分别为81.7%和18.3%,在家和在外用晚餐的比例分别为89.3%和10.7%。女性居民在家用早餐、午餐和晚餐的比例均高于男性,差异均有统计学意义(χ2值分别为978.56、1 922.68、1 515.95,P0.01),随着居民年龄增加,在家用早餐、午餐和晚餐的比例均逐步升高,农村居民在家用早餐、午餐和晚餐比例均高于城市居民,差异均有统计学意义(χ2值分别为3 814.42、2 965.02、1 328.71,P0.01),西部地区居民在家用餐比例较高。结论在家用餐仍是我国居民主要用餐方式,但在外就餐和不吃早餐日趋增多应引起关注。应该加强营养宣传教育,引导人们养成健康的饮食行为。     

河北省某高校大学生春季饮水类型调查

调查河北省某高校大学生春季不同类型水的饮用量,为后期饮水宣教提供科学依据.方法 采用简单随机抽样的方法抽取河北省某高校156名大学生,采用连续7 d 24 h饮水记录法,记录调查对象每次的饮水量和饮水种类.对7d中有任意饮料消费的人群进行单独分析.结果 调查对象每天白水、牛奶、含糖饮料、其他饮料的饮用量中位数分别为866,43,43,2 mL.其中饮料消费人群每天白水、牛奶、含糖饮料、其他饮料的饮用量中位数分别为845,36,63,11 mL.两类人群中男生白水、含糖饮料饮用量均高于女生(Z值分别为2.31,3.03;2.31,2.11,P值均<0.05),而牛奶饮用量低于女生(Z值分别为-2.73,-2.23,P值均<0.05).女生其他饮料饮用量高于男生,但仅在饮料消费人群中差异有统计学意义(Z=3.31,P<0.01).两类人群中不同体质量指数的调查对象不同类型水的饮用量差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05).结论 河北省某高校大学生主要以饮用白水为主,男女生饮水类型不同.     

广州市中小学生饮水量及其影响因素的初步研究

目的了解广州市中小学生的饮水量及其影响因素。方法于2015年12月,采用分层随机抽样方法抽取广州市城区和郊区小学、初中、高中学生共425人,问卷调查基本信息(包括性别、出生年月、身高、体重、在广州居住时间等),个人健康情况,饮水习惯及近一周(包括每天起床到早餐之间、早餐、早餐后至午餐之间、午餐、午餐后至晚餐之间、晚餐、晚餐后至睡觉7个时间段)的饮水类型、频次和饮用量。结果调查对象的总饮水量、直接饮水量和间接饮水量的中位数分别为1 775、1 050和664 ml/d,四分位间距分别为1 035、925、633 ml/d。男生直接饮水量(1 075 ml/d)高于女生(975 ml/d),而间接饮水量(609 ml/d)低于女生(720 ml/d);小学生的间接饮水量(747 ml/d)高于初中生(580 ml/d)和高中生(579 ml/d);肥胖学生的直接饮水量(1 650 ml/d)高于超重学生(1 158 ml/d)和体质指数正常的学生(1 025 ml/d);城区学生的总饮水量(1 890 ml/d)和直接饮水量(1 250 ml/d)均高于郊区学生(1 619 ml/d,900 ml/d);广州本地学生的直接饮水量(1 015 ml/d)低于外地学生(1 150 ml/d),差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。多重线性回归分析显示,城郊、籍贯可能是总饮水量的独立影响因素,呈城区高于郊区、外地高于本地的趋势;性别、城郊和籍贯可能是直接饮水量的独立影响因素,呈男生高于女生、城区高于郊区、外地高于本地的趋势;学段和性别可能是间接饮水量的独立影响因素,呈小学高于初中和高中、女生高于男生的趋势。结论中小学生饮水量受多因素影响,制定中小学生适宜饮水量时应综合考虑各方面因素。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

Changes in immune function in asthma in the elderly

Asthma is an inflammatory disorder of the airway. The airway inflammation of asthma is typically an allergic inflammation characterized by cells and mediators described as a "Th2" inflammatory response. There is a growing body of evidence describing changes in the function of immune cells upon aging, a phenomenon referred to as "immunosenescence". Several studies utilizing animal models and human subjects with asthma have begun to explore age-related effects on the airway inflammation in asthma. This review explores the existing data on the presence and effects of immunosenescence or age-related changes in immune function in asthma.     

Changes in Fatty Acid Composition in Beef in Italy

Results from a study conducted in Italy concerning the updating of composition data of beef consumed in Italy are reported here. The study required a very wide sampling plan with regard to both animals and cuts to analyse. Data related to lipid composition of the most widely used type of beef consumed in Italy (young bull, 16–22 months old) show a reduction in total lipid content (which, according to the cuts, ranges between 1.8 and 10.2%) and a substantial change in fatty acid composition, with a high % of polyunsaturated fatty acids (mean 20% of total fatty acids). Such data have been confirmed by other studies conducted in Italy, and are in contrast with data reported in the tables of food composition from other countries, reporting a fatty acid composition characterized by a high fatty acid saturation degree. The occurrence of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid is probably due to the high ratio of phospholipids: triglycerides, occurring when the content in intramuscular lipid is very low; to the young age of animals; to the reduced activity of the rumen, where saturation of fatty acids occurs. It may be concluded that a fatty acid composition, which is particularly rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, seems typical for Italian products.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.