Late occurring clinical deep vein thrombosis in joint-operated patients

In a prospective study of 4,840 patients, we determined the annual incidence of clinical deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in mobilized, discharged orthopedic-operated "high-risk" patients (hip replacement surgery, knee replacement surgery, nailed hip fracture) and assumed "low-risk" patients (diagnostic knee arthroscopy). In addition, the time from the operation to the time when the patients were readmitted with clinically suspected DVT and the distribution of radiologically-confirmed DVT were recorded. Thromboprophylaxis was routinely given for about 10 days to the high-risk groups during the hospital stay but not to patients undergoing knee arthroscopy. During 9 years, the annual incidence of DVT following major procedures was 2.1% (95% CI 1.6-2.6) vs. 0.6% (95% CI 0.2-1.1) after diagnostic knee arthroscopy. Symptoms appeared, on average, 27 (3-150) days after total hip replacement surgery, 36 (3-150) days after nailed hip fracture, 17 (6-30) days after total knee replacement and 1 (1-6) day after knee arthroscopy. In hip-operated patients, 50% of the DVTs were found in the proximal veins vs. 40% following knee arthroplasty.     

Late occurring clinical deep vein thrombosis in joint-operated patients

In a prospective study of 4,840 patients, we determined the annual incidence of clinical deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in mobilized, discharged orthopedic-operated "high-risk" patients (hip replacement surgery, knee replacement surgery, nailed hip fracture) and assumed "low-risk" patients (diagnostic knee arthroscopy). In addition, the time from the operation to the time when the patients were readmitted with clinically suspected DVT and the distribution of radiologically-confirmed DVT were recorded. Thromboprophylaxis was routinely given for about 10 days to the high-risk groups during the hospital stay but not to patients undergoing knee arthroscopy. During 9 years, the annual incidence of DVT following major procedures was 2.1% (95% CI 1.6-2.6) vs. 0.6% (95% CI 0.2-1.1) after diagnostic knee arthroscopy. Symptoms appeared, on average, 27 (3-150) days after total hip replacement surgery, 36 (3-150) days after nailed hip fracture, 17 (6-30) days after total knee replacement and 1 (1-6) day after knee arthroscopy. In hip-operated patients, 50% of the DVT's were found in the proximal veins vs. 40% following knee arthroplasty.     

全膝关节置换术后深静脉血栓的预防

目的 探讨全膝关节置换术后深静脉血栓形成的预防措施.方法 回顾苏州大学附属第三医院2004年至2007年87例TKR手术后深静脉血栓形成情况.结果 87例患者中,15例患者术后发生深静脉血栓,38例术后使用低分子肝素,5例患者发生深静脉血栓形成,35例使用阿司匹林患者中,6例深静脉血栓形成,与使用低分子肝素组比较无统计学意义,仅使用机械预防措施10例患者中发生4例深静脉血栓形成.结论 术前使用低分子肝素可以预防深静脉血栓形成的发生,采用硬膜外麻醉,术后采用药物阿司匹林或低分子肝素可以较好地预防深静脉血栓的形成.     

利伐沙班药物预防HAPC患者全髋、膝关节置换术后深静脉血栓形成的疗效观察

目的探究利伐沙班运用于高原红细胞增多症(high altitude polycythemia,HAPC)患者全髋、膝关节置换术后深静脉血栓中的预防价值。方法以青海省人民医院2016年2月至2018年2月收治的80例HAPC患者全髋、膝关节置换术后资料为研究对象,遵照院号尾数单双号分成A组(利伐沙班治疗)与B组(低分子肝素钙治疗)各40例。探讨实施不同药物预防对预防效果的影响。结果在深静脉血栓发生率上两组相比,A组(2. 50%)显著比B组(15. 00%)低(P0. 05);在术后14 d的髂外静脉的平均血流速度上,A组显著比B组高(P0. 05); A组治疗后的PLT、PT、APTT与B组比较无差异(P0. 05),A组治疗后的FIB低于B组(P0. 05)。结论将利伐沙班应用于HAPC患者全髋、膝关节置换术后患者时,可显著改善髂外静脉的平均血流速度及凝血指标,预防深静脉血栓产生。     

基于Caprini风险评估模型的干预策略及应用于预防全髋关节置换术后深静脉血栓的效果分析

目的 :分析应用Caprini血栓风险评估模型的干预策略对预防全髋关节置换术(total hip replacement,THR)后深静脉血栓(deep vein thrombosis,DVT)的效果。方法:选取自2018年1月至2021年12月收治的197例THR患者作为回顾性队列研究对象,男114例,女83例;年龄45～80(66.81±10.34)岁。以2019年5月引进Caprini血栓风险评估模型为界分为两组,94例行传统常规干预策略(对照组),103例行基于Caprini血栓风险评估模型的干预策略(观察组)。统计分析两组DVT发生率,疼痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS),患肢周径差值,血清D-二聚体(D-D)水平及髋关节功能Harris评分。结果:197例获得随访,时间1～3(2.57±0.31)个月。观察组DVT发生率为1.94%(2例),对照组DVT发生率为11.70%(11例),两组比较差异有统计意义(χ²=6.642,P=0.010)。两组患者术后VAS均逐渐降低(P<0.001),两组患者术后1、2、3...     

床旁超声在股骨颈骨折患者围手术期下肢深静脉血栓筛查中的作用

目的探讨床旁超声在老年股骨颈骨折患者血栓筛查的应用价值。 方法回顾性收集2016年1月至2017年3月南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院运动医学与成人重建外科收治的股骨颈骨折患者,术前常规用床旁超声行双下肢深静脉检查,观察血管内径、血栓部位、血栓回声以及血流情况。所有术前血栓患者于术后行常规随访观察。 结果共纳入135例患者,男性45例,女性90例;平均年龄（76±8）岁,平均身体质量指数为（22±3）kg/m²。术前共发现血栓45例,其中近端血栓7例,远端血栓38例。根据血栓累及部位,其中累及髂静脉1例,股静脉4例,腘静脉4例,腓静脉5例,胫后静脉3例,肌间静脉血栓40例。13例血栓患者暂停手术并接受治疗,治疗期间彩超隔日观察血栓溶解情况,其中经治疗好转10例,血栓无变化2例,加重1例,2例在术前置入下腔静脉滤器。术后彩超观察中,3例术前血栓患者在术后观察中发现进展至其他静脉,均及时接受抗凝治疗并通过床旁彩超随访,未见有血栓脱落以及肺栓塞形成。 结论床旁超声可用于股骨颈骨折患者血栓的诊断、监测及随访。     

人工全髋关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的多因素分析

目的:分析影响人工全髋关节置换术(THA)后下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的危险因素。方法:对98例(112个关节)人工全髋置换术术后DVT发生情况进行分析。其中男55例,女43例;平均年龄59.12岁(41～81岁)。术前及术后7～10d均用彩色多普勒检查双下肢深静脉血流通畅情况及DVT的发生。对17项临床因素与人工关节置换术后DVT形成的相关性进行了分析。结果:术后发生DVT41例,DVT发生率为41.84%(41/98),其中无症状DVT患者占58.54%(24/41)。经Logistic多因素回归分析,与DVT相关的因素有5个,其中年龄、肥胖及肢体延长大于2cm使术后发生DVT的风险分别增加到1.952、3.349及7.376倍(P<0.05);硬膜外麻醉和踝泵练习使术后发生DVT的可能性减少到原来的0.132和0.265(P<0.01)。结论:年龄、肥胖及肢体延长大于2cm是人工关节置换术后发生DVT的危险因素,而硬膜外麻醉和踝泵练习是减少术后发生DVT的保护因素。关节置换术后无症状DVT的大量存在,提示术后最好常规行双下肢彩色多普勒检查,一旦有DVT发生,及时治疗,防止发生致命性肺栓塞。     

乌司他丁对髋关节置换患者围术期凝血功能和深静脉血栓形成的影响

目的 比较乌司他丁(Uti)与低分子量肝素(Lmwh)对髋关节置换患者围术期凝血功能和深静脉血栓(DVT)形成的影响.方法 2010年3月至12月选择美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)Ⅰ～Ⅱ级择期行髋关节置换术患者150例,年龄65～85岁,平均72.5岁.随机分成生理盐水(NS)对照组(C组)、Uti组(U组)和Lmwh组(L组),每组50例.U组在术前1 d、术中、术后第1、2、3天缓慢静脉注射Uti 1万U/kg;C组只给予等量NS;L组术前1 d、术后第1、2、3天腹壁皮下注射Lmwh3200 U/d,但手术日及术中不给药.分别于术前(T0)、术毕(T1)、术后1 d(T2)、2 d(T3)、3 d(T4)5个时间点抽取静脉血标本,以凝血弹性描记仪(TEG)检测各组患者的凝血功能;术后3 d以彩色超声(CDFI)检查患者DVT的形成.结果 (1)C组患者处于相对高凝状态,其中术后1 d达最高峰,至术后3 d则有恢复趋势;在T1、T2、T3各观察时间点中:与C组相比,U组、L组中的凝血反应时间、凝血形成时间值均延长、凝血形成速率、凝血最终强度、凝血综合指数均减小(P＜0.01).经Uti及Lmwh处理,患者呈相对非高凝状态;(2)L组患者术中出血量、术后1 d引流量大于U组、C组;(3)术后3 d,C组、U组DVT发病数分别为20例(发病率为40%)及1例(发病率为2%),L组患者无DVT发生.结论 Uti、Lmwh均能有效改善髋关节置换患者围术期高凝状态,降低术后DVT的发病率.但Lmwh一定程度上增加术中与术后手术部位出血量.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effects of ulinastatin (Uti) and low-molecular-weight heparin (Lmwh)on coagulation function and deep vein thrombosis(DVT) in patients undergoing hip joint replacement. Methods From March to December 2010 150 ASA Ⅰ - Ⅱ patients with average age of 72.5(65-85) years undergoing hip joint replacement were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 50 each): normal saline (NS)control group (Group C), Uti group(Group U) and Lmwh group (Group L). Group U received intravenous infusion of ulinastatin(10000 U/kg) at preoperative, perioperative and after operation 1,2 and 3 d, respectively. Group C received the same volume of NS instead of Uti. Group L were injected Lmwh subcutaneously (3200 U/d) at preoperative, after operation 1, 2 and 3 d. Blood samples were taken before operation (T0), at the end of surgery(T1), 1 d(T2) ,2 d(T3) and 3 d(T4) after operation for determination the values of R, K, α angle, MA and CI, using thrombeelastography, and the DVT were also examined through color Doppler ultrasonography at 3 d after operation. Results Compared with T0, R, K were shorter, α angle, MA and CI were larger in group C, the values at T2 were up to the peak then declined at T4.Compared with group C, the value of R, K were larger, the value of α angle, MA and CI were shorter in group U and group L. The DVT checked by ultrasonography were found in 20 cases in group C, 1 case in group U, and zero case in group L. The differences were no statistically significant between group U and group L. Conclusion Intravenous infusion of Uti during the period of operation can correct the hypercoagulability of blood and decrease the incidence of DVT after operation.     

吲哚布芬预防老年髋关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓的临床研究

目的探讨吲哚布芬预防老年患者髋关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓（DVT）的疗效及安全性。 方法前瞻性收集河北医科大学第三医院骨病科2017年1月至2017年8月因非外伤性原因行初次全髋关节置换的60岁以上患者100例。随机将100例患者分为两组,A组（50例）采用吲哚布芬200 mg,2/日抗凝治疗,B组（50例）采用利伐沙班10 mg,1/日抗凝治疗,两组抗凝药使用均不少于35 d,观察并对比两组血栓发生率、失血量及凝血功能等指标。 结果100例中共发生13例DVT,A组6例（12%）术后发生静脉血栓：肌间静脉血栓4例,胫后/腓静脉血栓2例。B组7例（14%）术后发生静脉血栓：肌间静脉血栓5例,胫后/腓静脉血栓2例。两组均未出现腘静脉及腘静脉以上严重血栓。A组和B组下肢DVT发生情况比较,差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.123,P=0.941）。两组患者术后1 d引流量均比2 d多,差异有统计学意义（A组：t=41.901,P<0.05;B组：t=31.185,P<0.05）;两组患者术前血红蛋白均正常,术后1 d下降,术后7 d基本和术后1 d持平,组内不同时点间血红蛋白差异有统计学意义（F=17.688,P<0.001）,两组间各时间点血红蛋白差异无统计学意义（F=0.724,P=0.399）。两组PT、APTT和INR术后呈上下波动,组内不同时点间差异有统计学意义（F=10.635,P<0.001;F=5.020,P=0.008;F=9.147,P<0.001）;两组FIB、D-Dimmer也呈上下波动,组间（F=4.414,P=0.041;F=11.867,P<0.001）及组内不同时点间（F=88.996,P<0.001;F=103.021,P<0.001）差异均有统计学意义。 结论与利伐沙班相比,吲哚布芬预防老年患者髋关节置换术后下肢DVT发生率相似,不显著增加患者的术后失血。     

D-Dimer in the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis following total hip and knee replacement: a prospective study

INTRODUCTION

The merit of using D-dimer estimations in patients following total hip and knee replacement has been previously questioned. A survey of radiology protocols in 70 hospitals ascertained that the test continues to be mandatory in 51 prior to formal radiological investigation of suspected deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in this patient population.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In this study, D-dimer levels were measured pre-operatively and during the first 7 days following primary total hip and knee replacement to estimate the range of normal values in these patients.

RESULTS

All 78 patients were ultrasonographically shown to be clear of DVT. D-Dimer levels were significantly raised in all patients at all measurements during the first week. Levels after total knee replacement were higher than after total hip replacement. Comparison was made with an age-matched group who had a proven DVT. There was no difference in D-dimer levels between patients with or without a DVT.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of this test in this patient group is a waste of resource and merely delays appropriate radiological investigation and treatment.     

OCM入路微创小切口全髋关节置换术后的深静脉血栓发生率

背景：OCM入路微创小切口全髋关节置换术（THA）创伤小、恢复快,理论上可降低DVT的发生率,但目前尚缺乏术后早期影像学检查判定DVT发生率的确切报道。目的：对行OCM入路微创小切口的全髋关节置换患者进行术后常规深静脉造影检查,以明确其深静脉血栓发生率并指导临床血栓预防。方法：行单侧OCM入路微创小切口THA患者27例,男13例,女14例;年龄28-90岁,平均（63.4±16.4）岁;BMI为21.2-29.8 kg/m2,平均（24.9±2.42）kg/m2;其中股骨头坏死9例,股骨颈骨折7例,发育性髋关节发育不良（DDH）6例,髋关节骨关节炎3例,强直性脊柱炎2例。术后行利伐沙班及气压泵治疗。评估手术时间、手术切口长度、肢体长度差异、术后下地行走时间、术后VAS评分（术后1、3 d）、术中和术后出血情况、术中和术后输血情况。股骨颈骨折患者术前及所有患者术后3-5d行双下肢深静脉造影,以明确DVT发生情况。结果：手术切口长8-10 cm,平均（8.5±0.6）cm;手术时间为65-125 min,平均（82±13）min;术中出血量为100-350 ml,平均（225±72）ml;术后引流量为120-905 ml,平均（457±218）ml,共4例患者输血。所有患者术后当天即可进行主动屈髋锻炼,双下肢长度差异均〈1 cm,术后1、3 d的VAS评分分别为0-6分,平均（2.5±1.4）分和0-4分,平均（1.9±1.2）分,所有患者术后2-3 d即可站立或行走。术前7例股骨颈骨折患者中2例发现患侧下肢DVT,术后深静脉造影检查仍提示同侧DVT,其余25例患者术后仅1例股骨颈骨折患者提示健侧腓肠肌静脉丛血栓形成。结论：采用OCM微创小切口手术入路THA可明显降低DVT的发生率。     

髋、膝关节矫形术和髋部骨折内固定术后病人下肢深静脉血栓形成的危险因素

Objective To determine the factors contributing to the development of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the lower extremity in patients after hip or knee arthroplasty and hip fracture internal fixation.Methods One hundred and forty-seven consecutive patients receiving hip or knee arthroplasty and hip fracture internal fixation from 2004 to 2005 were included in this study. Their age ranged from 33 to 92 years. Duplex color ultrasonic inspection was performed on veins of the bilateral lower extremities before operation and 2 weeks after operation for detection of DVT. The patients were divided into a DVT group and a DVT-free group based on the development of DVT after operation. Detailed perioperative clinical information about the patients, surgery and anesthesia was collected.Results Lower extremity DVT was found in 42.2% of the patients after operation, while the incidence of proximal DVT was 2.7%. Compared with the DVT-free group, the usage rate and dosage of ephedrine increased significantly, the duration of anesthesia was significantly longer, and the white blood cell count (WBC) on the 1st postoperative day and the highest WBC count were significantly higher in the DVT group(P＜0.05). Logistic regression analysis indicated that the above factors were closely related to DVT.Conclusion Duration of anesthesia ＞ 3 h, ephedrine administration and a marked increase in WBC count after operation are the risk factors for DVT in the lower extremities in patients after hip or knee arthroplasty and hip fracture internal fixation.     

追踪方法学用于预防人工髋关节置换术后深静脉血栓

目的探讨追踪方法学用于预防人工髋关节置换术后患者深静脉血栓的效果。方法将423例髋关节置换术患者按时间段分为对照组125例、实验组298例,对照组采用常规围手术期干预,实验组制定个案追踪图和护理质量管理追踪事项与评分标准进行追踪干预和效果评价。结果实验组护理质量总分97.76±3.25,得分率为97.76%;实验组深静脉血栓发生率显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论追踪方法学用于预防人工髋关节置换术患者深静脉血栓效果显著。     

速避凝预防全髋置换术后深静脉血栓

全髋置换术后静脉血栓发生率可达40％～70％，并有2％可发生严重的肺栓塞。为了解全髋置换术后深静脉血栓的发生率及速避凝对深静脉血栓的预防作用。1998年3月—2000年9月对121例全髋置换术后患者进行临床对照研究。     

类风湿关节炎患者术后深静脉血栓形成危险因素分析

目的 分析类风湿关节炎患者行全膝关节置换术后深静脉血栓发生情况及分析危险因素.方法 回顾性分析2010年3月至2018年12月南京鼓楼医院运动医学与成人重建外科116例接受全膝关节置换术的类风湿关节炎患者血栓发生情况,其中男性12例,女性104例,纳入标准为诊断明确,行标准全膝关节置换术,有完整术前术后血栓筛查,排除诊...     

Minimally Invasive Intermuscular Approaches Versus Conventional Approaches in Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BackgroundTo date, the literature has not yet revealed superiority of Minimally Invasive (MI) approaches over conventional techniques. We performed a systematic review to determine whether minimally invasive approaches are superior to conventional approaches in total hip arthroplasty for clinical and functional outcomes. We performed a meta-analysis of level 1 evidence to determine whether minimally invasive approaches are superior to conventional approaches for clinical outcomes.MethodsAll studies comparing MI approaches to conventional approaches were eligible for analysis. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were adhered to throughout this study. Registries were searched using the following MeSH terms: ‘minimally invasive’, ‘muscle-sparing’, ‘THA’, ‘THR’, ‘hip arthroplasty’ and ‘hip replacement’. Locations searched included PubMed, the Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov, the European Union (EU) clinical trials register and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (World Health Organisation).ResultsTwenty studies were identified. There were 1,282 MI total hip arthroplasty (THAs) and 1,351 conventional THAs performed. There was no difference between MI and conventional approaches for all clinical outcomes of relevance including all-cause revision (P = .959), aseptic revision (P = .894), instability (P = .894), infection (P = .669) and periprosthetic fracture (P = .940). There was also no difference in functional outcome at early or intermediate follow-up between the two groups (P = .38). In level I studies exclusively, random-effects meta-analysis demonstrated no difference in aseptic revision (P = .461) and all other outcomes between both groups.ConclusionIntermuscular MI approaches are equivalent to conventional THA approaches when considering all-cause revision, aseptic revision, infection, dislocation, fracture rates and functional outcomes. Meta-analysis of level 1 evidence supports this claim.     

Enoxaparin and heparin comparison of deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis in total hip replacement patients

Introduction: We compared the efficacy and safety of standard heparin to that of low molecular weight heparin (Enoxaparin) in 100 hip replacement patients. Materials and methods: A total of 100 patients who underwent total hip replacement surgery were randomised to receive a study medication. Enoxaparin was administered to 50 patients (prophylaxis with subcutaneous injection of 40 mg of Enoxaparin daily was initiated 12 h preoperatively), and heparin (subcutaneous standard heparin initiated 8 h preoperatively on a dose of 5,000 IU and continued to 15,000 IU per day in three equal dosages every 8 h) was given to 50 patients. Each treatment was continued until the patients were discharged from the hospital. They were made to undergo lower extremity duplex ultrasonography for deep vein thrombosis before discharge and discontinued from medication if no pathology was found. The primary parameter to determine the efficacy was the prevalence of venous thromboembolic disease. The primary parameter to determine safety was the prevalence of major bleeding. Results: Two patients in the heparin group developed DVT, which was detected by routine duplex ultrasonography at the end of hospitalisation, and two patients in the exoparine group were detected with late DVT during the postoperative period of 6 weeks. Seven patients had minor and major bleeding in both the groups. Six patients in the heparin group discontinued from medication because of hepatic, renal dysfunctions, and serious discharges from the wound. Conclusion: Enoxaparin is as safe and as effective as standard heparin in total hip replacement surgery.     

综合预防全髋关节置换术后深静脉血栓形成的发生

目的总结预防全髋关节置换术（THA）后深静脉血栓形成（DVT）的经验。方法对2010年2-8月共43例（48髋）患者行THA,通过仔细操作、患肢抬高和主动锻炼、药物（磺达肝癸钠）等综合措施预防下肢DVT,随访血管彩色多普勒超声,对比术前、术后1周、术后3个月的结果,观察伤口情况。结果43例患者中仅l例术后1周血管彩色多普勒发现小腿肌间静脉血栓形成,但无症状。2例伤口周围出现明显瘀斑,1例伤口渗出,停用磺达肝癸钠后渗出消失,伤口愈合良好。结论通过综合预防措施,可以减少THA术后DVT的发生率。