Resolution of ST-segment elevation after thrombolytic therapy in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction

We examined the resolution of ST-segment elevation after thrombolytic therapy in elderly versus younger patients with acute myocardial infarction. Electrocardiograms were recorded before, on completion of, and on day 1 and day 2 post-thrombolytic therapy (streptokinase or tissue thromboplastin activator) in 36 patients older than 65 years and 36 patients younger than 65 years. There was no significant different in the pre-thrombolytic ST-segment elevation per lead in both elderly and younger patients (3.7 +/- 0.7 versus 3.5 +/- 0.8 mm; P = NS). On completion of thrombolytic therapy, both groups demonstrated resolution of ST-segment elevation and, although the ST-segment elevation per lead was higher in elderly patients (3.0 +/- 0.9 versus 2.5 +/- 0.9 mm; P = 0.008), the percentage resolution per lead was not significantly different (19% versus 29%; P = NS). On day 1 post-thrombolytic therapy, there was further resolution of ST-segment elevation in both groups, but at this point, the percentage resolution per lead was significantly less in the elderly than in the younger patients (51% versus 66%; P = 0.03), and the ST-segment elevation per lead remained higher in elderly patients (1.8 +/- 1.0 versus 1.2 +/- 0.6 mm; P = 0.0009). On day 2 post-thrombolytic therapy, although there was further resolution of ST-segment elevation in both groups, the percentage resolution per lead remained significantly less (68% versus 80%; P = 0.05) and ST-segment elevation per lead remained significantly higher in elderly patients (1.2 +/- 0.7 versus 0.7 +/- 0.4 mm; P = 0.0002). Resolution of ST-segment elevation after thrombolytic therapy was less marked in elderly patients, indicating a reduced response to thrombolytic therapy in this patient population.     

The evolution of thrombolytic therapy and adjunctive antithrombotic regimens in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

Acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction continues to be associated with substantial mortality rates. Despite much advancement in care, current treatments have also failed to eliminate the significant risk of morbidity, including reinfarction, reocclusion of the infarct-related artery, and thromboembolic stroke. The potential benefit of early thrombolytic therapy in reducing mortality was first established in 1986. Further benefits of conjunctive therapy with aspirin were demonstrated soon thereafter. This review examines the most significant trends in the pharmacologic therapy of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction since the publication of these early studies: the development of fibrinolytic drugs with improved clot selectivity and improved pharmacokinetic profiles that simplify administration, making ED or even prehospital thrombolysis more practical. More recent data can be interpreted as showing that regimens that are simpler and easier to administer are also clinically superior. This article reviews pharmacologic advances and evaluates the evidence for their use in EDs.     

腺苷对急性心肌梗死患者左心室功能及梗死面积的影响

目的 探讨不同剂量腺苷对急性ST段抬高心肌梗死(STEMI)患者经皮冠状动脉成形术(PCI)后左心室功能、梗死面积的影响.方法 将发病在12 h内的STEMI患者按1∶ 1∶ 1比例随机分为对照组(生理盐水1 mL/min,n=31)、腺苷低剂量组(50 μg·kg-1·min-1,n=32)和腺苷高剂量组(70 μg·kg-1·min-1,n=27).生理盐水及腺苷经静脉持续滴注3 h.记录术中无复流发生率.术后24 h及6个月分别采用心脏超声多普勒及核素心肌灌注显像(99mTc-SPECT)测定左心室功能及梗死面积.结果 90例STEMI患者中,对照组术后即刻无复流发生率(11例,35.5%)显著高于腺苷低剂量组(2例,6.3%,P=0.008)和腺苷高剂量组(1例,3.7%,P=0.034).与对照组比较,术后24 h腺苷低剂量组左心室射血分数相对提高5.8%(P=0.012),腺苷高剂量组相对提高10.9%(P=0.007),二种剂量之间比较差异无统计学意义(P＝0.139);6个月时腺苷低剂量组左心室射血分数相对提高9.5%(P=0.001),腺苷高剂量组相对提高10.0%(P=0.001),二种剂量之间比较差异无统计学意义(P＝0.877).6个月时腺苷高剂量组梗死面积相对缩小24.2%(P=0.008).结论 腺苷能够显著减少无复流发生率,改善左心室收缩功能.高剂量腺苷具有显著缩小梗死面积的作用.     

急性ST段抬高心肌梗死病人临床护理路径的实施

临床路径是近几年国外提出的一种诊疗护理新模式.是由临床路径小组根据某种诊断、疾病或手术而制定的一种治疗护理模式,按照临床路径表的标准化治疗护理流程,让病人从住院到出院都按照此模式来接受治疗护理,临床路径把诊疗护理常规合理化、流程化,使病程进展按流程进行了有效控制,所以开展临床路径对医院提高医护质量、降低医疗费用、缩短病人住院天数、促进各科间协作、加强医患沟通、提高病人满意度、减少医疗纠纷、提高医院的核心竞争力具有十分重要的意义[1-3].     

氯吡格雷对急性ST段抬高心肌梗死溶栓的疗效和安全性

目的研究常规溶栓联合氯吡格雷治疗急性ST段抬高心肌梗死患者的疗效和安全性。方法随机选择2005年1月至2007年12月于栾川县人民医院住院的急性ST段抬高心肌梗死发病6h以内患者90例，其中联合氯吡格雷治疗者（氯吡格雷组）48例，未联合氟吡格雷者（对照组）42例。观察两组主要疗效和安全性指标。结果氯吡格雷组较对照组具有较高的血管再通率（分别为68．8％、50．0％，P〈0．05），主要不良心脏事件发生率降低（分别为4．2％、14．3％，P〈0．05），出血发生率与对照组比较差异无统计学意义（分别为8．3％、9．5％，P〉0．05）。结论溶栓联合氯吡格雷治疗急性ST段抬高心肌梗死患者是安全有效的：     

急性心肌梗死溶栓治疗后的护理

急性心肌梗死（AMI）为冠心病严重类型,其基本病因是冠状动脉粥样硬化造成1只或多只血管管腔狭窄和心肌供血不足,而侧支循环未充分建立,在此基础上,一旦血供急剧减少或中断,使心肌严重而持续地急性缺血达20～30min以上,即可发生AMI。我院心内科近2年对50例急性心肌梗死患者进行了溶栓治疗,效果较好,现将我们的护理体会介绍如下。     

Administration of thrombolytic therapy to patients with acute myocardial infarction

The publication of large randomised trials such as ISIS 2 (1988) and AIMS (1990), provided striking evidence as to the effectiveness of thrombolytic therapy in reducing early mortality and morbidity in patients suffering acute myocardial infarction. This article will provide an overview of the use of thrombolytic agents in modern cardiac care, with particular reference to their impact on the Accident and Emergency department.     

Fibrinolytic therapy in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction

ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is related to acute occlusion of a coronary artery by a fibrin-rich thrombus. Early reperfusion in STEMI reduces infarct size and improves prognosis. Acute reperfusion may be achieved with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and/or fibrinolytic agents. When performed in a timely manner, primary PCI is the preferred method of reperfusion; however, due to logistic reasons, including lack of PCI-capable hospitals and delay in the first medical contact-to-balloon time, this simplified approach lacks universal applicability. Due to clinical efficacy and the ease of administration, fibrinolysis is still an important reperfusion modality in patients with STEMI who cannot have primary PCI within guideline-recommended time. This review focuses on the role of fibrinolysis in patients with STEMI.     

急性心肌梗死患者溶栓治疗的护理

目的：总结急性心肌梗死患者溶栓治疗的护理经验。方法：选用确诊为急性心肌梗死且无溶栓禁忌证的患者56例。在发病6h内用尿激酶150万U加入0．9％氯化钠100ml，30min内静脉输入，配合低分子肝素皮下注射、阿司匹林片口服，同时进行密切的观察及护理。结果：43例再通。13例未通，再通率76．8％。其中ST段回降≥50％有47例，占83．9％；胸痛基本消失40例，占71．4％；出现再灌注心律失常者41例，占73．2％；死亡2例（3．6％）。结论：精心的护理和密切的观察，及时发现严重并发症，采取相应的预防及护理措施，对促进患者的康复有重要意义。     

急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者aVR导联ST段抬高与SYNTAX评分的关系

目的 探讨急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(NSTEMI)患者aVR导联ST段抬高(STEaVR)与STNTAX评分(SS)之间的关系。结论 回顾性分析316例NSTEMI患者,对患者总体临床特征、入院时心电图ST段在不同导联的抬高及压低、在院期间超声左心室射血分数和峰值肌钙蛋白I水平等辅助检查以及冠状动脉造影术后所计算的SS进行统计及分析。以是否具有STEaVR对患者进行区组分析,探索STEaVR与SS之间的关系。结果 316例NSTEMI患者中有STEaVR的207例(65.5%),无STEaVR的109例(34.5%)。有STEaVR患者的高SS评分(SS≥23)者比率更高(50.7%比21.1%,P<0.01),左主干和(或)三支病变的发生率更高(43.5%比22.9%,P<0.01)。多因素分析显示,STEaVR(OR=2.640,CI=1.404~4.963,P=0.003)以及前壁导联ST段压低(OR=1.817,CI=1.053~3.135,P=0.032)是高SS的独立预测因素。方法 STEaVR是高SS的独立预测因素。     

急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死的非典型心电图改变

心电图是广泛使用和容易获得的最初诊断工具。急性心肌梗死（AMI）的治疗有赖于其临床表现、心电图及心肌坏死标志物的综合判断。识别高危心电图及其微妙变化将使患者早期血运重建明显获益。本文主要对非典型的心电图诊断相当于急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死（STEMI）的一些规律,包括左束支传导阻滞（LBBB）满足Sgarbossa标准、Wellens′综合征、QRS波终末变形、超急性T波、de Winter征和aVR导联抬高等进行综述。     

不同药物洗脱支架治疗老年急性心肌梗死疗效观察

目的探讨老年ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死患者应用雷帕霉素洗脱支架与紫杉醇洗脱支架经皮冠状动脉介入治疗的安全性及有效性。方法 129例≥65岁ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死患者,随机分为雷帕霉素组68例和紫杉醇组61例,分别应用雷帕霉素洗脱支架与紫杉醇洗脱支架经皮冠状动脉介入治疗,分析2组患者冠状动脉靶血管特点、手术成功率及术后12个月主要不良心脏事件及术后9个月晚期管腔丢失和支架内再狭窄情况。结果手术成功率100%,2组术后9个月晚期管腔丢失和支架内再狭窄发生率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);2组术后12个月病死率及心肌梗死、靶血管重建、主要不良心脏事件、支架内血栓形成的发生率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论老年ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死患者使用雷帕霉素或紫杉醇支架经皮冠状动脉介入治疗近期治疗效果和安全性均较可靠。     

早期肝素化对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗的疗效

目的 探究直接经皮冠状动脉介入术前(primary percutaneous coronary intervention, pPCI)肝素化对ST段抬高型心肌梗死（ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, STEMI）患者的影响。方法 连续入选STEMI患者117例,随机分为观察组和对照组,观察组确诊为STEMI后立即静脉注射普通肝素5 000 U,对照组于术中给予普通肝素5 000 U。观察肝素启动时间、PCI前活化的凝血时间(activated coagulation time, ACT)、心肌损伤标志物峰值、心肌微循环阻力指数(index of microcirculation resistance, IMR)、其他心肌灌注评估指标。记录术后主要不良事件（major adverse events, MAES）。结果 与对照组比较,观察组肝素给予的时间明显提前（约28 min）,术前ACT明显延长(P=0.000),血栓负荷率低（25.00% vs 43.90%, P=0.032）;造影即刻梗死相关动脉(IRA)的TIMI血流0~1级率低（45.00% vs 68.40%,P=0.011）,TIMI心肌灌注分级(TMPG) 3级率高（75.30% vs 56.10%,P=0.032）,IMR较低（P=0.007）,心肌损伤标志物CK MB峰值低（P=0.007）,心肌灌注缺损面积(perfusion defect area, PDA) 较低（P=0.031）。结论 pPCI术前早期肝素化提高了IRA的开通率,缩短心肌总缺血时间,缩小心肌梗死面积,改善心肌灌注,不增加MAES的风险。     

替罗非班联合氯吡格雷对老年急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死的治疗效果分析

目的探讨替罗非班联合氯吡格雷治疗老年急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死的治疗效果。方法采用前瞻性临床对比研究,选取2017年10月至2018年10月简阳市人民医院收治的138例老年急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为两组:对照组和观察组,每组各69例。两组患者入院后均给予常规溶栓治疗,对照组患者在此基础上给予口服硫酸氢氯吡格雷片,观察组患者在对照组的基础上给予替罗非班注射液,两组均治疗14 d。治疗后,比较两组患者的临床疗效,以及心肌酶指标[肌钙蛋白(c Tn I)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)]、血小板活化功能指标[单核细胞血小板聚集体(MPA)、血小板α颗粒表面膜糖蛋白(CD62P)、溶酶体膜糖蛋白(CD63)]、炎性因子[超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)]水平的变化及心血管事件的发生情况。结果治疗后,观察组患者的总有效率(92. 75%)明显高于对照组(76. 91%),差异具有统计学意义(P <0. 05)。治疗后,观察组患者的c Tn I由(8. 37±1. 72)μg/L降至(4. 55±0. 93)μg/L、CK-MB由(80. 51±16. 29) U/L降至(39. 76±7. 72) U/L、LDH由(122. 64±26. 86) U/L降至(73. 52±15. 67) U/L,且观察组明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P <0. 05)。治疗后,两组患者的MPA、CD62P及CD63水平均明显降低,且观察组明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P <0. 05)。治疗后,两组患者的hs-CRP、TNF-α及IL-6水平均显著降低,且观察组明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P <0. 05)。治疗期间观察组和对照组患者的心血管事件总发生率分别为13. 04%、27. 54%,观察组明显低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P <0. 05)。结论替罗非班联合氯吡格雷治疗老年急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死临床效果显著,可明显抑制患者血小板活性,降低炎症反应,改善患者心功能,降低心血管事件发生率,值得在临床推广应用。     

Factors associated with prehospital delay in patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction in China

Background

Prehospital delay is the most critical factor to prognosis of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Few study had examined a series of predictors of prehospital delay by multivariate analysis of sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, onset features, and symptom condition of STEMI in China.

Methods

A total of 1088 hospitalized STEMI participants were screened to collect sociodemographic data, medical history information, and symptom onset status from clinical medical records. Factors associated with prehospital delay were examined using bivariate and multivariate analysis method.

Results

The median prehospital delay time (PDT) was 130 minutes in STEMI participants. Multivariate regression models examining 8 predictors were associated with prehospital delay, including senior high school or above educational level, myocardial infarction (MI) history, vertigo onset symptom, ambulance transportation, onset in daytime (6:00-18:00), onset at home, anterior wall MI, and posterior wall MI. Mortality in PDT more than 120 minutes group was 5.5%, whereas it was 4.3% in PDT 120 minutes of less group without significant statistically difference (P > .05).

Conclusions

Multivariate analysis results found that symptom onset–related variables strongly influenced PDT. Onset-related status of STEMI needed to be combined into interventions of participants, and more emergency education should be recommended to both participants and their relatives. Most importantly, more efforts should be taken to educate the public about the symptoms and signs to increase the recognition of STEMI.