某煤矿掘砌工人肺通气功能分析

[目的]了解煤矿掘砌工人肺通气功能损伤情况,探讨接尘工龄对肺功能的影响。[方法]。选取某煤矿纯掘砌工（纯掘砌作业工人）221名作为接尘组,选取该矿83名非接尘工人作为对照。行统一的体检和肺功能测定。测定结果均采用相对值,运用卡方检验、协方差分析进行统计学处理。[结果]接尘组非吸烟工人肺通气功能异常率与对照组差异不具有统计学意义（P〉0．05）,而接尘组吸烟工人肺通气功能异常率高于对照组（P〈0．05）。Mantel—Haenszel妒分析显示接尘组肺通气功能异常率高与对照组（P〈0．05）。以吸烟作为协变量,协方差分析结果显示,接尘组的用力肺活量、第一秒用力呼出量、呼气高峰流量、用力肺活量最大值、第一秒用力呼出量最大值明显低于对照组（尸〈0．05）。以吸烟为协变量,协方差分析结果显示,接尘组30年一工龄组呼气高峰流量和25％肺活量最大呼气流量明显低于10年～工龄组和20年～工龄组。以吸烟为分层因素,接尘组与对照组以及接尘组不同工龄间慢性阻塞性肺疾患患者分布差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。[结论]掘砌作业工人肺通气功能明显低于对照组并随接尘工龄延长而降低。肺通气功能检测可以作为监测接尘作业工人肺部损失的指标。     

2015年太仓市重点企业电焊作业人员职业健康风险分析

目的了解太仓市职业卫生重点监管企业电焊作业人员健康状况,为制定相关的防护政策提供依据。方法收集2015年该市接触电焊工尘作业人员健康检查数据,与当年非粉尘作业人员(对照组)进行比较。结果电焊工尘组高血压患病率(26.5%)、肝功能异常率(8.76%)、X线胸片异常率(7.60%)与对照组相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05);用力肺活量(FVC)、1秒钟用力呼气量与用力肺活量比值(FEV_(1.0)/FVC)与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。电焊工尘组中肺功能指标随着工龄增加而降低,且5 a工龄组和≥5 a工龄组相比,FVC、FEV_(1.0)/FVC差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论电焊工尘能引起作业人员肺通气功能的改变,应加强对电焊工尘从业人员的职业健康监护工作。     

尘肺患者肺通气功能分析

目的观察尘肺患者肺通气功能的损害情况。方法对200例尘肺患者、100例0^＋者和80例X线胸片正常的接尘工人进行肺通气功能测试。结果0^＋及Ⅰ、Ⅱ期患者的用力肺活量（FVC）、第1秒用力呼气量（FEV1.0）、FEV1．0／FVC％、最大通气量（MVV）、25％-75％用力呼气中期流速（FEF25%-75%）均低于对照组，Ⅱ期患者的FVC、FEV1.0、FEV1.0／FVC％、MVV、FEF25%-75%显低于Ⅰ期及0^＋，差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）；Ⅰ、Ⅱ期尘肺肺功能损害均以混合性通气功能障碍为主，发生率分别77．6％和90．5％。与〈60岁组比较，60岁以上尘肺患者各项肺功能指标均下降，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论尘肺患者肺功能损害以混合性通气功能障碍为主，无尘肺的0^＋者有肺功能损害。     

耐火陶瓷纤维对作业工人肺通气功能的影响

[目的]探讨耐火陶瓷纤维对作业工人肺通气功能的影响. [方法]选择从事耐火陶瓷纤维生产和加工的265名作业工人作为接触组,273名仅接触噪声的作业工人作为对照组,进行肺通气功能检查,指标为用力肺活量(FVC)、第一秒用力呼气量(FEV 1.0)、一秒率(第一秒用力呼气量占用力肺活量百分率,FEV 1.0/FVC),均以实测值占预计值的百分比(FVC％、FEV1.0％、FEV1.0/FVC％)表示.接触组分别按纤维计数浓度＜0.1、0.1～0.5、＞0.5 f/mL,按总粉尘质量浓度＜1、1～5、＞5 mg/m3分为低、中、高水平.低纤维低总尘亚组81人、中纤维中总尘亚组123人、中纤维高总尘亚组30人、高纤维高总尘亚组31人. [结果]接触组作业工人FVC％、FEV1.0％和FEV 1.0/FVC％的均数均低于对照组(P＜0.05);高纤维高总尘亚组作业工人FVC％和FEV1.0％的下降较其他3个亚组更为明显(P＜0.05),不同接触工龄亚组间各指标差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).接触组限制性、阻塞性和混合性肺通气功能障碍检出率为58.9％、4.5％和3.8％,与对照组的检出率10.9％、5.1％和4.0％比较,仅限制性肺通气功能障碍检出率的差别有统计学意义(P＜0.05).限制性肺通气功能障碍与纤维计数浓度、接触工龄具有关联性(P＜0.05),与总粉尘质量浓度、是否吸烟无关联性(P＞0.05). [结论]接触耐火陶瓷纤维可导致以限制性通气功能障碍为主的肺通气功能损害,限制性通气功能障碍检出率与纤维累计接触水平存在正相关关系,与纤维计数浓度的关联性优于总粉尘质量浓度.     

煤工尘肺患者646例肺通气功能分析

目的探讨煤工尘肺患者肺通气功能的损害情况。方法对646例男性煤工尘肺患者和320例男性接尘工人进行肺通气功能测量并比较。结果各期煤工尘肺患者的肺活量（VC）、用力肺活量（FVC）、第1秒用力呼气容积（FEV1.0）、FEV1.0、FVC百分比、25％呼气中期流速（MEF75％）、50％呼气中期流速（MEF50%）、75％呼气中期流速（MEF25%）、最大呼吸中期流速（MMEF）、最大通气量（MVV）均明显低于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01），Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期煤工尘肺患者肺通气功能异常率分别为77．78％、88．54％和100．00％，明显高于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；Ⅰ、Ⅱ期煤工尘肺患者肺通气功能损害类型主要为阻塞性和混合性，Ⅲ期煤工尘肺患者肺功能损害以混合性为主。结论各期煤工尘肺患者的肺通气功能损伤明显，尘肺患者肺通气功能随尘肺期别增加而降低。     

水泥作业工人的职业暴露和吸烟对肺通气功能和胸部X线影像的影响

目的分析职业暴露和吸烟对水泥作业工人肺通气功能和胸部X线影像的影响。方法对某市参加职业病体检的工人进行不同层次分组作回顾性研究。结果水泥厂工人不接尘组与接尘组比较，接尘组FVC％、FEV1％、FEV1％（％）低于标准值例数及胸片0^＋例数明显高于不接尘组，差异有非常显著性（P〈0．01）；而工期尘肺两者无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。水泥厂接尘工人吸烟组与不吸烟组肺通气功能与胸片的比较，吸烟组FVC％低于标准值例数明显高于不吸烟组，差异有非常显著性（P〈0．01）；吸烟组FEV1％低于标准值例数高于不吸烟组，差异有显著性（P〈0．05），FEV1％（％）低于标准值例数、胸片0^＋、Ⅰ期尘肺例数无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论水泥企业的职业暴露和吸烟对工人的肺通气功能影响是明显的，对X线胸部影像改变也是肯定的，肺通气功能变化比X线影像变化敏感。     

62例矽肺患者肺通气功能分析

[目的]探讨矽肺患者肺通气功能的损害情况。[方法]对62例矽肺和70例X射线胸片正常的接尘工人做肺通气测量并进行比较。[结果]各期矽肺的用力肺活量（FVC）、第1秒用力呼气容积（FEV1．0）,FEV1.0／FVC百分比,呼气中期流量（FEF25％～75％）、最大通气量（MVV）均低于对照组。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期矽肺的肺通气功能异常率分别为71．4％、84．6％和100％,高于对照组;矽肺伴有并发症者各项肺功能指标均下降。[结论]Ⅰ期矽肺者肺通气功能损害以阻塞型为主,Ⅱ、Ⅲ期患者肺通气损害以混合型为主。各期矽肺患者肺通气功能损害明显,肺通气功能随矽肺期别的升高而降低。     

某集团煤矿接尘工人肺功能损伤现状及其影响因素

目的通过对某集团煤矿接尘工人肺功能损伤的现状和流行病学特征的分析,探讨其影响因素,为保护接尘工人健康提供科学依据。方法收集2013年6月-2014年5月该集团甲、乙、丙、丁、戊5个煤矿879名男性接尘工人的健康监护资料,调查其人口统计学信息、职业史、疾病史、吸烟情况等,分析该集团煤矿接尘工人的肺功能损伤程度及其影响因素。结果接尘工人用力肺活量（FVC）、1秒钟用力呼气量（FEV1.0）、1秒钟用力呼气率（FEV1.0%）、峰值呼气流速（PEFR）、最大呼气中期流量（MMF）、25%FVC时的流速/被测者的身高（V25/Ht）异常检出率分别为12.97%、15.93%、19.68%、39.82%、41.41%、34.70%。检出通气功能异常者为220例。肺功能损伤类型以阻塞性为主（12.06%）,混合性次之（7.62%）,限制性最少（5.35%）。丙和戊矿接尘工人肺功能损伤程度较重,表现为丙矿FVC、FEV1.0、FEV1.0%和戊矿V25/Ht的总体均数下降最明显。吸烟指数为0、≤200、〉200时,FEV1.0%的异常检出率分别为8.05%、15.52%、40.98%;年龄为〈30、30～、40～和50岁～时,FEV1.0%的总体均数分别为85.18±5.70、81.55±9.79、79.37±10.19、75.28±10.18;接尘工龄为〈10、10～、20～、30 a～时,FVC的异常检出率分别为13.33%、14.71%、18.63%、29.41%。多因素分析表明,排除年龄、吸烟的混杂影响,工种、接尘工龄是肺通气功能损伤的危险因素。结论该集团煤矿接尘工人肺功能损伤主要表现为阻塞性通气功能障碍,肺通气功能的改变与年龄、接尘工龄、工种及吸烟的关系密切相关。     

某市灯饰加工工业接尘工人肺功能测定分析

目的了解某市灯饰加工工业接尘工人的肺功能损害情况。方法对某市某镇15家灯饰加工厂接尘工龄1年以上的300名男工进行肺功能测定,另选择该镇的150名非接尘男工作为对照组;并对灯饰加工厂进行粉尘测定。结果15家灯饰加工厂铝尘、矽尘浓度超标率分别为53.33%和86.67%,最高超标分别为2.2倍和16.0倍。矽尘中游离SiO2含量平均96.44%。接尘组肺通气功能的异常率显著高于对照组(P<0.01),用力肺活量(FVC)、第1秒用力肺活量(FEV1.0)、第1秒用力肺活量与用力肺活量之比(FEV1.0/FVC)、肺活量(VC)、最大呼气中期流速(FEF25-75)、最大呼气25%、50%、75%肺活量时流量(FEF25、FEF50、FEF75)均明显低于对照组(P<0.01)。肺通气功能随着接尘工龄的延长而降低(P<0.01)。结论灯饰加工工业粉尘可致接尘工人肺功能一定程度的损伤,应做好预防工作。     

2009年郑州某铁路铸造厂作业工人肺通气功能变化分析

[目的]研究铸造工人的肺通气功能变化。[方法]2009年9月对郑州某铁路铸造厂工人作业场所进行环境检测,调查180名作业工人的防护情况和生活习惯,测试肺通气功能。选择与接尘组条件一致的同等劳动强度、不接触粉尘的某机床厂176名男性职工为对照组。[结果]粉尘浓度超过国家职业接触限值,接尘组与对照组肺通气功能指标FVC、FEV1.0和FEV1%、PEFR比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。[结论]接尘及作业环境与肺通气功能损害有密切关系,且随着工龄的增加,损害逐步加大。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.