整合素β1在浸润性乳腺癌中的表达及其意义

目的：探讨浸润性乳腺癌中整合素β1蛋白的表达及其在乳腺癌侵袭转移过程中的作用。方法：应用免疫组化Elisivion法检测62例浸润性乳腺癌组织中整合素β1蛋白的表达水平。结果：腋淋巴结转移者中整合素β1阳性率高于无腋淋巴结转移者（P〈0.05）;组织学分级Ⅲ级者,整合素β1阳性率明显高于组织学分级Ⅰ、Ⅱ级者（P〈0.01）。结论：整合素β1蛋白是乳腺癌浸润和转移过程中的潜在生物学标志,随着整合素β1表达水平的增高,肿瘤细胞的恶性程度增加并且侵袭性增强。     

整合素β1在浸润性乳腺癌中的表达及其意义

目的:探讨浸润性乳腺癌中整合素β1蛋白的表达及其在乳腺癌侵袭转移过程中的作用.方法: 应用免疫组化Elisivion法检测62例浸润性乳腺癌组织中整合素β1蛋白的表达水平.结果: 腋淋巴结转移者中整合素β1阳性率高于无腋淋巴结转移者(P<0.05);组织学分级Ⅲ级者,整合素β1阳性率明显高于组织学分级Ⅰ、Ⅱ级者(P<0.01).结论: 整合素β1蛋白是乳腺癌浸润和转移过程中的潜在生物学标志,随着整合素β1表达水平的增高,肿瘤细胞的恶性程度增加并且侵袭性增强.     

黏着斑激酶、整合素α5,β1亚基及转化生长因子β1在人乳腺癌组织中的表达及其意义

目的研究人乳腺癌组织及癌旁组织中黏着斑激酶（FAK），整合素α5，β亚基及转化生长因子β（TGFβ1）中表达的差异性，以及它们与乳腺癌生物学行为的相关性。方法运用免疫组化SP法检测76例乳腺癌和36例癌旁组织FAK，整合素α5，β1亚基及TGFβ1表达的情况。结果76例乳腺癌组织中FAK表达的阳性率为81．58％（62／76），整合素α5为30．48％（23／76），整合素β1为25．00％（19／76），TGFβ1为6579％（50／76）；36例癌旁组织中FAK表达的阳性率为5．56％（2／36），整合素α5为75．00％（27／36），整合素β1为83．33％（30／36），TGFβ1为27．77％（10／36），统计分析发现它们之间差异存在显著差异性（P〈0．01）。FAK与乳腺癌的大小，组织学分级（SBR分级），pTNM分期及腋淋巴结转移有关（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），而与患者年龄，绝经状况，ER，PR，C-erbB-2无关（P〉0．05）。整合素α5，β1与乳腺癌的组织学分级（SBR分级），pTNM分期及腋淋巴结转移有关（P〈0．05），而与患者年龄，肿瘤大小，绝经状况，ER，PR，C—erbB-2无关（P〉0．05）。TGFβ1仅与腋淋巴结转移有关（P〈0．05），而与其他因素无关（P〉0．05）。FAK与整合素α5，β1之间存在负相关（P〈0．05），TGFβ1与FAK之间存在正相关（P〈0．01），而整合素α5，β1与TGFβ1之间无显著相关性（P〉0.05）。结论FAK、整合素α5、β，TGFβ1与乳腺癌增殖、分化、侵袭、转移密切相关，其中整合素α5，β1可能对肿瘤的侵袭转移起负性调控作用，而FAK，TGFβ1可能对肿瘤的侵袭转移起正性调控作用且两者有协同作用。联合检测这4种蛋白的表达有助于了解乳腺癌发生的分子机制，并可作为指导乳腺癌临床诊疗较有参考价值的指标。     

Fhit和ki-67在子宫内膜癌组织中的表达及相关性研究

目的探讨脆性组氨酸三联体（Fhit）和细胞核增殖抗原（ki-67）在子宫内膜癌中的表达及两者之间的相关性。方法应用免疫组化SP法检测44例子宫内膜癌组织中Fhit和ki-67的蛋白表达情况。结果Fhit阳性表达率为54．5％（24／44），其表达与组织病理分级、手术临床分期、肌层浸润程度及有无淋巴结转移相关（P〈0．05），而与患者年龄、有无绝经及组织学类型无关（P〉0．05），随组织学病理分级的增加、手术临床分期进展及肌层浸润程度的加深、有淋巴结转移，Fhit表达阳性率逐渐降低。ki-67表达与组织学病理分级、手术临床分期和有无淋巴结转移有关（P〈0．05），而与患者年龄、有无绝经及组织学类型和肌层浸润程度无关（P〉0．05）。随组织学病理分级的增加、手术临床分期进展及有淋巴结转移，ki-67表达增强。Fhit和ki-67的表达呈负相关（γ=-0．562，P=0．034）。结论Fhit和ki-67可能与子宫内膜癌的发生发展有关，联合检测Fhit和ki-67表达可能有助于判断子宫内膜癌患者的预后。     

青年乳腺癌Ki-67的表达及其与临床病理的关系

目的探讨青年乳腺癌患者Ki-67的表达情况以及与临床特点和病理学特征的关系。方法收集67例临床病理资料完整的青年乳腺癌病例（年龄在35岁以下）,免疫组化方法检测癌组织中Ki-67的表达情况,并与病理组织学分级、患者TNM分期、腋淋巴结转移数目进行比较分析,选取同期35岁以上中老年妇女乳腺癌患者410例进行对照。结果青年组乳腺癌Ki-67阳性表达率分别为73．13％,中老年组分别为58．78％,青年组Ki-67阳性率明显高于后者（P〈0．05）;Ki-67与病理组织学分级、TNM分期、腋淋巴结转移数目呈正相关（γ〉0,P〈0．05）。结论青年乳腺癌侵袭性强、预后差,可能与癌组织中Ki-67的高表达有关;检测乳腺癌组织中Ki-67的表达情况对判断乳腺癌预后及指导治疗有一定的拳者意义。     

HIF-1α和Bak在乳腺癌中的表达及其临床意义

目的 联合检测HIF-1α和Bak在乳腺癌中的表达情况,研究两者在乳腺癌发生、发展中的作用。方法 应用免疫组织化学的方法观察50例浸润性乳腺癌、12例非浸润性乳腺癌、15例不典型增生乳腺组织、15例正常乳腺组织腊块切片中HIF-1α和Bak的表达,并进行统计分析。结果 在正常乳腺组织、不典型乳腺增生组织、非浸润性乳腺癌、浸润性乳腺癌中HIF-1α的阳性率为0、0、50．0％、58.0％,Bak的阳性率为20．0％、73．3％、83．3％、66．0％,两者表达在不侧的乳腺组织间有显著性差异（P〈0、01）：HIF-1α的表达与乳腺癌淋巴结转移和组织学分级密切相关（P〈0．01）：Bak的表达与乳腺癌组织学分级有关（P〈0．05）,而与乳腺癌淋巴结转移无关。两者与患者的年龄、肿瘤的大小、临床分期无密切关系,在乳腺癌中HIF-1α和Bak的阳性表达之间呈相关性（P〈0、05）,但关系不甚密切（Pearson列联系数P=0．296）。结论 HIF-1α和Bak基因共同参与了乳腺痛的演进、转移,可能成为预测乳腺癌侵袭、转移、预后的重要指标和在基因水平上治疗和预防乳腺癌的重要靶点。     

Ezrin在乳腺癌发生发展中的表达及意义

目的：探讨Ezrin在乳腺癌发生、发展中的作用，研究其在乳腺癌中的表达及临床意义。方法：应用免疫组化SP法测定Ezrin的表达，所有实验数据录入计算机，用SPSS13．0进行统计学分析。结果：Ezrin异常阳性表达率在乳腺普通导管增生、不典型导管增生、导管内癌、浸润性导管癌中分别为21．4％、25．0％、44．4％、70．3％，差异有显著统计学意义（P〈0．01）。比较普通导管增生组（21．4％）与不典型增生组（25．0％），差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。而导管内癌组（44．4％）与浸润性导管癌组（70．3％）间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。乳腺增生组（23．1％）与乳腺癌组（64．6％）比较，差异有显著统计学意义（P〈0．01）。在浸润性导管癌中，Ezrin高表达与患者年龄无关（P〉0．05），与原发肿瘤大小、组织学分级、临床TNM分期、腋淋巴结转移均有关（P〈0．05），同时随着淋巴结转移数目增多，Ezrin异常阳性表达率增高（P〈0．05）。结论：Ezrin高表达参与乳腺癌的发生、发展，与原发肿瘤大小、组织学分级、临床TNM分期、腋淋巴结转移等预后指标有关，提示检测Ezrin可作为判定乳腺癌发生、发展及预后的可靠指标。     

乳腺癌组织中核转录因子NF-κB和抑癌基因PTEN的表达及其意义

目的：探讨乳腺癌中核转录因子NF—κB和抑癌基因PTEN的表达及意义。方法：用免疫组织化学方法检测58例乳腺癌、20例乳腺增生症组织中NF—κB和抑癌基因PTEN的表达。结果：乳腺癌中NF—κB表达明显高于乳腺增生症组织，NF—κB表达强度与组织学分级和腋淋巴结转移有关（P〈0．05）。与患者年龄、肿瘤大小、组织学分型无关。乳腺癌中PTEN蛋白阳性率低于乳腺增生症组织，乳腺癌PTEN蛋白的表达与乳腺癌组织学分级有关（P〈0．05），与患者年龄、肿瘤大小、组织学分型、腋淋巴结无明显相关性（P〉0．05）。NF—κB p65与PTEN蛋白在乳腺癌组织中表达呈负相关（r=-0．355，P〈0．05）。结论：提示乳腺癌中NF—κB的高表达及PTEN缺失表达与乳腺癌的发生发展有关。     

乳腺癌组织中核转录因子NF—κB和抑癌基因PTEN的表达及其意义

目的：探讨乳腺癌中核转录因子NF—κB和抑癌基因PTEN的表达及意义。方法：用免疫组织化学方法检测58例乳腺癌、20例乳腺增生症组织中NF—κB和抑癌基因PTEN的表达。结果：乳腺癌中NF—κB表达明显高于乳腺增生症组织，NF—κB表达强度与组织学分级和腋淋巴结转移有关（P〈0．05）。与患者年龄、肿瘤大小、组织学分型无关。乳腺癌中PTEN蛋白阳性率低于乳腺增生症组织，乳腺癌PTEN蛋白的表达与乳腺癌组织学分级有关（P〈0．05），与患者年龄、肿瘤大小、组织学分型、腋淋巴结无明显相关性（P〉0．05）。NF—κB p65与PTEN蛋白在乳腺癌组织中表达呈负相关（r=-0．355，P〈0．05）。结论：提示乳腺癌中NF—κB的高表达及PTEN缺失表达与乳腺癌的发生发展有关。     

MTA1和nm23-H1蛋白表达与乳腺癌生物学行为之间的关系

目的探讨肿瘤转移相关基因（NTA1）和nm23-H1蛋白表达与乳腺癌生物学行为之间的关系。方法运用免疫组化S-P法检测56例乳腺癌组织中NTAl、nm23-H1蛋白的表达。结果56例乳腺癌组织中39例NTA1蛋白阳性表达,阳性率为69．6％,NTA1高表达与乳腺癌组织学分级、临床分期和淋巴结转移关系密切（P〈0．05）;3l例nm23-H1蛋白阳性表达,阳性率为55．4％,nm23-H1低表达与乳腺癌组织学分级、临床分期和淋巴结转移关系密切（P〈0．05）;乳腺癌组织中NTA1、nm23-H1蛋白表达呈负相关（P〈0．05）。结论NTA1和nm23-H1蛋白表达与乳腺癌分化程度、淋巴结转移和预后关系密切,可作为诊断乳腺癌患者转移复发的参考指标,并有望成为乳腺癌基因治疗的新靶点。     

New and emerging radiosensitizers and radioprotectors

The combination of chemotherapy and radiation has led to clinical breakthroughs in several disease sites, and current work continues to define optimum combinations of proven chemotherapy as well as more recently available, noncytotoxic agents. Administration of systemic therapies allows modulation of radiation response to improve tumor control (radiosensitization) or to prevent normal tissue toxicity (radioprotection). Substantial progress has been made in identifying the targets of standard chemotherapeutic radiation sensitizers and protectors as well as in the introduction of a new generation of molecularly targeted therapies in combination with radiation. We have reviewed the most recent, predominantly early phase clinical trials combining systemic agents with radiation. Although the proof of an improved schedule ultimately needs to come from well-run Phase III trials, the search among schedules could be shortened by the use of surrogate endpoints such as presence of active drug metabolites in the tumor. This has been accomplished only in a few cases and needs to become a more standard part of radiation sensitizer and protector trials.     

Religiosity and Physical and Emotional Functioning Among African American and White Colorectal and Lung Cancer Patients

The literature suggests that religiosity helps cope with illness. The present study examined the role of religiosity in functioning among African Americans and Whites with a cancer diagnosis. Patients were recruited from an existing study and mailed a religiosity survey. Participants (N = 269; 36% African American, 56% women) completed the mail survey, and interview data from the larger cohort was utilized in the analysis. Multivariate analyses indicated that in the overall sample religious behaviors were marginally and positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Among women, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Religiosity was not a predictor of study outcomes for men. Among African Americans, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and vitality. Among Whites, religious behaviors were negatively associated with depressive symptoms. These findings suggest a mixed role of religious involvement in cancer outcomes. The current findings may have applied potential in the areas of emotional functioning and depression.     

Fruit and vegetables and cancer risk

The possibility that fruit and vegetables may help to reduce the risk of cancer has been studied for over 30 years, but no protective effects have been firmly established. For cancers of the upper gastrointestinal tract, epidemiological studies have generally observed that people with a relatively high intake of fruit and vegetables have a moderately reduced risk, but these observations must be interpreted cautiously because of potential confounding by smoking and alcohol. For lung cancer, recent large prospective analyses with detailed adjustment for smoking have not shown a convincing association between fruit and vegetable intake and reduced risk. For other common cancers, including colorectal, breast and prostate cancer, epidemiological studies suggest little or no association between total fruit and vegetable consumption and risk. It is still possible that there are benefits to be identified: there could be benefits in populations with low average intakes of fruit and vegetables, such that those eating moderate amounts have a lower cancer risk than those eating very low amounts, and there could also be effects of particular nutrients in certain fruits and vegetables, as fruit and vegetables have very varied composition. Nutritional principles indicate that healthy diets should include at least moderate amounts of fruit and vegetables, but the available data suggest that general increases in fruit and vegetable intake would not have much effect on cancer rates, at least in well-nourished populations. Current advice in relation to diet and cancer should include the recommendation to consume adequate amounts of fruit and vegetables, but should put most emphasis on the well-established adverse effects of obesity and high alcohol intakes.     

VEGF及KDR在大肠腺瘤和腺癌中的表达及意义

目的：探讨VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌中的表达及临床病理特征的关系。方法：大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌组织标本各100例,采用免疫组织化学染色法检测VEGF和KDR在标本中的表达情况。结果：VEGF和KDR在大肠腺癌组中的阳性表达明显高于大肠腺瘤组（P〈0.05）;在正常大肠黏膜均未见VEGF和KDR表达的阳性染色;VEGF阳性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率为70%,显著高于VEGF阴性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率16%,两组比较有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论：大肠腺癌组织中KDR的表达与肿瘤大小、转移情况、浸润深度密切相关;VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤中的表达与患者的年龄、性别及分型均无相关性,而与增生程度相关（P〈0.05）。在大肠腺癌患者中VEGF及KDR表达更高,二者具有协同效应。     

肾上腺素能β受体与肿瘤生长及转移

大量研究表明肿瘤细胞可表达β受体，而一些神经递质、药物和社会心理因素可能通过β受体影响肿瘤的生长和转移，β受体激动剂、β受体阻滞剂以及抑郁等社会心理因素可加强或削弱这种作用。这为表达β受体肿瘤的治疗开辟了新的道路，提供了新的治疗靶点。     

Occupational and environmental radiation and cancer

Epidemiologic evidence on the relation between occupational and environmental radiation and cancer is reviewed. Studies of pioneering radiation workers, underground miners, and radium dial painters revealed excess cancer deaths and contributed to the setting of radiation protection standards and to theories of carcinogenesis. Occupational exposures today are generally much lower than in the past, thus any associated increases in cancer will be difficult to detect. Pooling investigations of these more recently exposed workers, however, has the potential to validate current estimates of risk used in radiation protection. New information on the effects of chronic radiation exposure also may come from studies in the former Soviet Union of Chernobyl clean-up workers and of workers at the Mayak nuclear facilities. Studies of environmental radiation exposures, other than radon, are largely inconclusive, due mainly to the difficulties in detecting the low risks associated with low dose exposures. Thyroid cancer, however, has been linked to environmental radiation from the Chernobyl accident and from nuclear weapons tests. Low-level radiation released during normal operations at nuclear plants has not been found to increase cancer rates in surrounding populations. Radon, a human carcinogen, is the most ubiquitous exposure to human populations; remediating high residential-radon levels is recommended, recognizing that the exposure can never be removed completely because it occurs naturally.     

Cell and tissue interactions in carcinogenesis and metastasis and their clinical significance

This review describes a new vision for future directions in the study of metastatic cancer biology and pathology. It is based upon clinical and experimental observations on the constituent cell lineages within a neoplasm and on tumour-host interactions. The vision incorporates information from studies in population biology, developmental biology and experimental pathology as well as investigations upon human malignant disease. The assembled information reveals that invasion and metastasis are supra-cellular manifestations of "emergent behavior" among combinations of normal and malignant cell lineages in vivo. Emergent behavior is a combinatorial interactive process in which a population displays new traits which cannot be achieved by individuals acting separately and which subside when the specific population mix disaggregates. Disruption of such pathological interactions in the field of a developing primary or secondary tumour is, therefore, required to disable the malignant population and arrest progression without tissue destruction. These conclusions originate, in part, from principles which govern the sociobiology and group behavior of bees, ants, fish, birds and human societies. In all these social organisms, external factors can disrupt signaling mechanisms and induce expanding self-perpetuating rogue behavior, leading to social disintegration. These principles also apply to cellular societies composing higher animals, which likewise need intrinsic rules to maintain social order and avoid anarchy, and recognition of this is essential for advancing future research on the mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis and metastasis. Summarised evidence is presented here to support the conclusion that miscommunications between cells and tissues in the region of the developing tumour and its metastases are the main direct perpetrators of malignant disease. Genetic lesions (mutations, deletions, translocations, reduplications, etc.), commonly seen in cancers, can significantly disrupt important molecular pathways in the networks of communications needed to sustain orderly tissue/organ structure and function. However, genetic lesions can also, themselves, be induced by abnormal cell interactions initiated by extrinsic carcinogenic agents such as chemicals, viruses, hormones and radiation. The evidence shows that, irrespective of the initiating cause, it is this miscommunication in the region of a developing tumour and its metastases that is ultimately responsible for the emergence and progression of the disease. The article describes how this information collectively, provides a framework for designing specific novel therapeutic approaches targeting the cell and tissue interactions driving tumour metastasis and its manifold effects on the whole body.     

Vitamin D and melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer risk and prognosis: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis

Vitamin D is formed mainly in the skin upon exposure to sunlight and can as well be taken orally with food or through supplements. While sun exposure is a known risk factor for skin cancer development, vitamin D exerts anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on melanocytes and keratinocytes in vitro. To clarify the role of vitamin D in skin carcinogenesis, we performed a review of the literature and meta-analysis to evaluate the association of vitamin D serum levels and dietary intake with cutaneous melanoma (CM) and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) risk and melanoma prognostic factors. Twenty papers were included for an overall 1420 CM and 2317 NMSC. The summary relative risks (SRRs) from random effects models for the association of highest versus lowest vitamin D serum levels was 1.46 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.60–3.53) and 1.64 (95% CI 1.02–2.65) for CM and NMSC, respectively. The SRR for the highest versus lowest quintile of vitamin D intake was 0.86 (95% CI 0.63–1.13) for CM and 1.03 (95% CI 0.95–1.13) for NMSC. Data were suggestive of an inverse association between vitamin D blood levels and CM thickness at diagnosis. Further research is needed to investigate the effect of vitamin D on skin cancer risk in populations with different exposure to sunlight and dietary habits, and to evaluate whether vitamin D supplementation is effective in improving CM survival.