恶性疟原虫裂殖子表面主要蛋白对裂殖子入侵人红细胞的…

恶性疟原虫裂殖了表面主要蛋白－１（ＭＳＡ１），又称Ｐ１９５，与人红细胞具有结合作用，这种结合是裂殖子主只别红细胞的基础，为了确定Ｐ１９５蛋白与识别的位点，本研究在大肠杆菌中分８段达了ＭＡＤ２０株恶性疟原虫的Ｐ１９５蛋白。各段蛋白用镍亲和层析柱分离，然后复性，在体外培养疟原虫至成熟裂殖体期，将各种段蛋白分别加入到培养基上清中，继续培养２４小时，检查红细胞感染率，通过感染率了解各段蛋白对裂殖入子侵红细     

恶性疟原虫裂殖子表面蛋白1羧基端编码基因真核表达重组克隆的构建

目的构建以恶性疟原虫红内期重要的疫苗候选抗原——裂殖子表面蛋白１（ＭＳＰ１）羧基端编码分子量４２０００蛋白的基因片段为外源基因的可用作候选核酸疫苗的真核表达载体。方法目前对疟疾核酸疫苗的研究仅见于鼠疟，将恶性疟原虫ＦＵＰ株裂殖子表面蛋白１羧基端编码４２０００蛋白的基因片段用常规分子克隆方法，分别克隆入非分泌性真核表达载体ＶＲ１０１２和改建后的分泌型载体ＶＲ１０１２／ＴＰＡ中，通过ＰＣＲ和酶切鉴定出重组克隆。结果成功地构建了真核表达载体ＶＲ１０１２／ＭＳＰ１－４２和ＶＲ１０１２／ＴＰＡ／ＭＳＰ１－４２。结论目前对疟疾核酸疫苗的研究仅见于鼠疟红外期，该研究对研制有效的恶性疟原虫红内期核酸疫苗是一个有益的尝试。其免疫保护作用待进一步研究。     

恶性疟原虫保护性抗的复合基因——豆苗病毒重组活疫苗株的构建

将本实验室合成的一段编码恶性疟原虫不同发育阶段抗原表位基因，包括裂殖子表面怕ＭＳＡ１、ＭＳＡ２、环子孢子蛋白ＣＳＰ及环状体感染经细胞表面蛋白ＲＥＳＡ以及来自白细胞介素－１（ＩＬ－１）和破伤风类毒素（ＴＴ）上Ｔ细胞激活点等的抗原基因（ＨＧＦＳＰ）。先定向克隆人ＰＳＫ载体的ＥｃｏＲＩ、ＢａｍＨＩ位点，后用ＥｃｏＲＩ单酶切，补平及用ＳａｃⅠ单酶切下手目的基因再定向克隆人痘苗病毒表面载体ＰＪ２－１６的Ｓｍ     

疟原虫裂殖子入侵人红细胞的受体学说研究进展

疟原虫裂殖子入侵红细胞是在受体介导下完成的,目前研究较多的是恶性疟和间日疟受体。一般认为,恶性疟原虫裂殖子受体主要是红细胞膜上的血型蛋白A(GPA),GPA分子中的Ne-uNAc、(GlcNAc以及T;和T6结构均可能参与其活性中心的组成。Duffy血型抗原可能作为间日疟原虫裂殖子受体,但至今对其化学本质的了解远不如GPA清楚,又由于间日疟原虫在体外培养未获成功,故对间日疟原虫受体及其活性中心的研究进展较缓。人们在研究受体过程中,已分离纯化出多种裂殖子表面配体,发现受体和配体均存有异源性,这些突破性进展将为最终阐明疟原虫裂殖子入侵的生化机制开拓研究前景。     

恶性疟原虫六个保护性抗原表位基因的化学合成及克隆

本文设计并化学合成一条含有恶性疟原虫裂殖子表面抗原（ＭＳＡ１、ＭＳＡ２）、环子孢子蛋白（ＣＳＰ）、环状体感染红细胞表面抗原（ＲＥＳＡ）等不同生活史期的４种抗原，共６个表位的复合基因（ＰｆＣＭＲ）。该基因含２个粘性未端，共分８个片段，采用“缺口填补法”接成双链ＤＮＡ，再与噬菌体Ｍ１３ｍｐ１８分别经ＢａｍＨＩ、ＥｃｏＲＩ双酶切后回收、纯化、重组，并转化ＥｃｏｌｉＪｍ１０９，经ＰＣＲ和酶切鉴定，ＤＮＡ序列分析测定，证实阳性克隆子Ｍ１３ｍｐ１８－Ａ４与预设计基因顺序完全一致。     

在大肠杆菌中表达恶性疟原虫裂殖子表面抗原及一些异常现 …

将我国恶性疟原虫ＰＣＣ－１／ＨＮ株ＭＳＡ１第二区基因（ＭＳＡ１Ｒ２）和ＭＳＡ２全基因克隆入ｐＷＲ４５０－１表达载体中，在大肠杆菌中表达了ＭＳＡ１Ｒ２和ＭＳＡ２与β－半乳糖苷酶的融合蛋白，分子量分别为７２ｋＤ和９４ｋＤ，约占菌体蛋白总量的２５￣３０％和５￣８％。用兔抗恶性疟原虫血清进行Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ ｂｌｏｔ分析，诱导的ｐＷＲ－ＭＳＡ１Ｒ２和ｐＷＲ－ＭＳＡ２工程菌分别在７２ｋＤ和９４ｋＤ处出现与抗恶     

恶性疟原虫裂殖子表面蛋白1羧基端编码基因真核表？…

构建以恶性疟原虫红内期重要的疫苗候选抗原－裂殖子表面蛋白羧基端编码分子量４２０００蛋白的基因片段为外源基因的可用作候选核酸疫苗的真核表达载体。方法目前对疟疾核酸疫苗的研究仅见于鼠疟，将恶性疟原虫ＦＵＰ株裂殖子表面蛋白１羧基端编码４２０００蛋白的基因片段用常规分子克隆方法，分别克隆入非分泌性真核表达载体ＶＲ１０１２和改建后的分泌型载体ＶＲ１０１２／ＴＡ中，通过ＰＣＲ和酶切鉴定出重组克隆。     

THE POTENTIAL USES OF GENOTYPING OF PLASMODIUMFALCIPARUMISOLATESBYTHENESTEDPOLYMERASECHAINREACTION

巢式ＰＣＲ方法被应用于泰国疟区（Ｂｏｒａｉ）恶性疟原虫的基因分型。应用特异的等位基因引物扩增了恶性疟原虫裂殖子表面蛋白１（ＭＳＰ１）基因的１、４变异多态区。以凝胶电泳分析扩增的目的基因片段。结果表明：共分别检测出恶性疟原虫６个ＭＡＤ２０等位基因型、４个Ｋ１和１个ＲＯ３３等位基因型。在９个月的流行季节，上述虫株的等位基因频率没有明显的改变，关存在较高程度的恶性疟原虫不同等位基因株的混合感染。本文进一步阐明了巢式ＰＣＲ技术在疟疾流行病学上的应用前景及优点。     

在大肠杆菌中表达恶性疟原虫裂殖子表面抗原及一些异常现象的探讨

将我国恶性疟原虫ＦＣＣ－１／ＨＮ株ＭＳＡ１第二区基因（ＭＳＡ１Ｒ２）和ＭＳＡ２全基因克隆入ｐＷＲ４５０－Ｉ表达载体中，在大肠杆菌中表达了ＭＳＡ１Ｒ２和ＭＳＡ２与β－半乳糖苷酶的融合蛋白，分子量分别为７２ｋＤ和９４ｋＤ，约占菌体蛋白总量的２５—３０％和５—８％。用兔抗恶性疟原虫血清进行Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ分析，诱导的ｐＷＲ－ＭＳＡ１Ｒ２和ｐＷＲ－ＭＳＡ２工程菌分别在７２ｋＤ和９４ｋＤ处出现与抗恶性疟抗体反应的特异染色区带，而未经诱导的工程菌和ｐＷＲ４５０Ｉ转化菌则无反应。对ＭＳＡ２－ｐＷＲ工程菌在诱导后出现的工程菌生长缓慢、表达量低、表达产物分子量偏大等异常现象进行了分析。     

疟原虫裂殖子识别人红细胞的分子基础

疟疾是严重危害人类健康的疾病之一。由于有效的抗疟药的研制和各种防治措施的实施,其发病率和死亡率已大大降低。然而,还远没有消灭,在许多地区仍十分流行。某些新的抗药性疟原虫株的出现,使药物治疗更为困难。因此,人们开始了许多新的研究,试图找出新的防治办法。对疟原虫裂殖子入侵红细胞的机理研究就是其中的一个方面。在疟原虫的生活史中,疟原虫裂殖子入侵红细胞的机理知道不多。近几年来,由于疟原虫体外培养技术的发展和红细胞膜生化研究的成就,在研究入侵机理方面有所进     

Binding of Plasmodium falciparum rhoptry proteins to mouse erythrocytes and their possible role in invasion

Rhoptry proteins of Plasmodium falciparum merozoites, of 140, 130, and 110 kDa, identified by co-precipitation with Mab.1B9, bind selectively to mouse erythrocytes and reticulocytes. The properties of binding are shown to correlate with invasion of P. falciparum into mouse erythrocytes. Invasion of two strains of P. falciparum 7G8 and FCR-3, into mouse erythrocytes was examined, and was found to differ significantly. The 7G8 strain invades mouse erythrocytes at a rate of 40-60% compared to invasion into human erythrocytes, whereas FCR-3 invades at a rate of 5-15%. Both strains of P. falciparum preferentially invade reticulocytes in the in vitro invasion assay. This correlated with an increase in the amount of rhoptry protein of the 7G8 strain bound to mouse erythrocytes, compared to the FCR-3 strain and an increased binding to reticulocytes compared to mature erythrocytes. Binding of the rhoptry proteins and merozoite invasion into the erythrocyte is blocked in erythrocytes treated with trypsin and chymotrypsin but not in neuraminidase-treated erythrocytes, suggesting that the putative receptor site is exposed and accessible on the erythrocyte surface. Rabbit antiserum against gp3, the major glycophorin of mouse erythrocytes, blocks binding of the rhoptry proteins to erythrocytes and reduces merozoite invasion into mouse erythrocytes by 50%. Binding of rhoptry proteins to mouse reticulocytes was not blocked by alpha gp3 indicating a receptor difference between reticulocytes and erythrocytes. Mab.1B9 reduces merozoite invasion but does not decrease binding of the rhoptry proteins to the mouse erythrocyte. The mouse erythrocyte serves as a useful model to study the receptor-ligand interaction of rhoptry proteins and host surface proteins and to define the role of the rhoptry proteins during the invasion process.     

A recombinant baculovirus-expressed Plasmodium falciparum receptor-binding domain of erythrocyte binding protein EBA-175 biologically mimics native protein

EBA-175 of Plasmodium falciparum is a merozoite ligand that binds its receptor glycophorin A on erythrocytes during invasion. The ligand-receptor interaction is dependent on sialic acids as well as the protein backbone of glycophorin A. Region II (RII) of EBA-175 has been defined as the receptor-binding domain. RII is divided into regions F1 and F2, which contain duplicated cysteine motifs. We expressed RII in a baculovirus and show that RII binds erythrocytes with a specificity identical to that of the native protein. We found that, consistent with the binding of erythrocytes to COS cells expressing F2, recombinant baculovirus-expressed F2 bound erythrocytes. About 20% of all baculovirus-expressed RII is N-glycosylated, unlike native P. falciparum proteins that remain essentially unglycosylated. However, glycosylation of recombinant RII did not affect its immunogenicity. Antibodies raised against both glycosylated and unglycosylated baculovirus-expressed RII recognized P. falciparum schizonts in immunofluorescence assays and also gave similar enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers. Furthermore, these antibodies have similar abilities to block native EBA-175 binding to erythrocytes. These results allow the development of RII as a vaccine candidate for preclinical assessment.     

Glycoprotein recognition mediates attachment of Plasmodium chabaudi to mouse erythrocytes

The interaction between Plasmodium falciparum merozoites and human erythrocytes is mediated by specific parasite proteins and sialoglycoproteins (SGPs) on the surface of the host cell. To investigate whether a similar mechanism functions in rodent malaria, a series of experiments was performed to identify the proteins involved in the interaction of Plasmodium chabaudi parasites and mouse erythrocytes. Labeled parasite proteins incubated with purified mouse SGP bound specifically to glycoprotein 2.1. Two parasite proteins (72 and 126 kilodaltons [kDa]) were coprecipitated with antibody directed to mouse erythrocyte membrane proteins. The lower band (72 kDa) as well as a band of 105 kDa were also observed to bind to N-acetyl-D-galactosamine affinity columns, suggesting a carbohydrate component in the binding of these parasites to erythrocytes. These experiments indicate that P. chabaudi possesses specific proteins which recognized SGP on the surface of murine erythrocytes in a manner similar to that of the merozoites of P. falciparum. Thus P. chabaudi in mice may provide an in vivo model of the human parasite for testing ways to inhibit merozoite recognition and invasion of host cells.     

Amino terminus of Plasmodium falciparum acidic basic repeat antigen interacts with the erythrocyte membrane through band 3 protein

The acidic basic repeat antigen (ABRA) of Plasmodium falciparum is localised in the parasitophorous vacuole, and associates with the merozoite surface at the time of schizont rupture. By virtue of its protease-like activity, it is implicated in the process of merozoite invasion and schizont rupture, and therefore, possibly interacts with erythrocyte membrane proteins to execute its function during these events. In this study, using Escherichia coli expressed recombinant fragments of ABRA, we have demonstrated that ABRA interacts with red blood cells through its N-terminus. Out of the four human erythrocyte proteins tested, namely, band 3, glycophorin A and B and spectrin, ABRA showed dose-dependent and saturable binding with the band 3 protein. This binding was lost on chymotrypsin treatment of erythrocytes or their membrane extract. Studies with the deletion constructs of the N-terminus revealed that the binding domain lies in the cysteine-rich N-proximal region of ABRA. In addition to the recombinant fragments, native ABRA derived from the P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes also showed binding to band 3 protein. Sequencing of the cysteine-rich 528 bp region, amplified from fifteen field isolates of P. falciparum, showed that not only the five cysteines of mature ABRA but also the whole sequence is fully conserved, even at the nucleotide level. This sequence conservation of the N-terminus and its role in RBC binding suggests that this region may be crucial for any putative function of ABRA, therefore emphasising its importance as a vaccine/drug target.     

Sialic acid-dependent binding of baculovirus-expressed recombinant antigens from Plasmodium falciparum EBA-175 to Glycophorin A

The Plasmodium falciparum Erythrocyte Binding Antigen-175, EBA-175, is a soluble merozoite stage parasite protein which binds to glycophorin A surface receptors on human erythrocytes. We have expressed two conserved cysteine-rich regions, region II and region VI, of this protein as soluble His-tagged polypeptides in insect cell culture, and have tested their function in erythrocyte and glycophorin A binding assays. Recombinant region II polypeptides comprised of the F2 sub-domain or the entire region II (F1 and F2 sub-domains together) bound to erythrocytes and to purified glycophorin A in a manner similar to the binding of native P. falciparum EBA-175 to human red cells. Removal of sialic acid residues from the red cell surface totally abolished recombinant region II binding, while trypsin treatment of the erythrocyte surface reduced but did not eliminate recombinant region II binding. Synthetic peptides from three discontinuous regions of the F2 sub-domain of region II inhibited human erythrocyte cell binding and glycophorin A receptor recognition. Immune sera raised against EBA-175 recombinant proteins recognized native P. falciparum-derived EBA-175, and sera from malaria-immune adults recognized recombinant antigens attesting to both the antigenicity and immunogenicity of proteins. These results suggest that the functionally-active recombinant region II domain of EBA-175 may be an attractive candidate for inclusion in multi-component asexual blood stage vaccines.     

Antibodies raised against receptor-binding domain of Plasmodium knowlesi Duffy binding protein inhibit erythrocyte invasion

Erythrocyte invasion by malaria parasites requires specific receptor-ligand interactions. Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium knowlesi are completely dependent on binding the Duffy blood group antigen to invade human erythrocytes. P. knowlesi invades rhesus erythrocytes by multiple pathways using the Duffy antigen as well as alternative receptors. Plasmodium falciparum binds sialic acid residues on glycophorin A as well as other sialic acid-independent receptors to invade human erythrocytes. Parasite proteins that mediate these interactions belong to a family of erythrocyte binding proteins, which includes the P. vivax Duffy binding protein, 175 kDa P. falciparum erythrocyte binding antigen (EBA-175), P. knowlesi alpha protein, which binds human and rhesus Duffy antigens, and P. knowlesi beta and gamma proteins, which bind Duffy-independent receptors on rhesus erythrocytes. The receptor-binding domains of these proteins lie in conserved, N-terminal, cysteine-rich regions that are referred to as region II. Here, we have examined the feasibility of inhibiting erythrocyte invasion with antibodies directed against receptor-binding domains of erythrocyte binding proteins. Region II of P. knowelsi alpha protein (Pk(alpha)RII), which binds the Duffy antigen, was expressed as a secreted protein in insect cells and purified from culture supernatants. Rabbit antibodies raised against recombinant Pk(alpha)RII were tested for inhibition of erythrocyte binding and invasion. Antibodies raised against Pk(alpha)RII inhibit P. knowlesi invasion of both human and rhesus erythrocytes. These data provide support for the development of recombinant vaccines based on the homologous binding domains of P. vivax Duffy binding protein and P. falciparum EBA-175.     

Specificities of antibodies that inhibit merozoite dispersal from malaria-infected erythrocytes

When malaria schizont-infected erythrocytes are cultured with immune serum, antibodies prevent dispersal of merozoites, resulting in the formation of immune clusters of merozoites (ICM) and inhibition of parasite growth. Antigens recognized by these antibodies were identified by probing two dimensional immunoblots of Plasmodium falciparum antigens with antibodies dissociated from immune complexes present at the surface of merozoites in ICM. Total immune serum recognized 88 of the 135 protein spots detected by colloidal gold staining, but antibodies dissociated from immune complexes recognized only 15 protein spots attributable to no more than eight distinct antigens. Antigens recognized by antibodies that inhibit merozoite dispersal include the precursor to the major merozoite surface antigens (gp195), a 126-kDa serine-repeat antigen (SERA), the 130-kDa protein that appears to bind to glycophorin (GBP130), and the approx. 45-kDa merozoite surface antigen. One other antigen (230/215-kDa doublet) was identified by using antibodies affinity purified from recombinant expression proteins. The identities of the other three antigens (150 kDa, 127 kDa and less than 30 kDa) were not determined. This approach provides a strategy for identifying epitopes accessible at the merozoite surface which may be important components of a multivalent vaccine against blood stages of P. falciparum.     

Affinity-purified antibodies to ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen do not correlate with merozoite invasion inhibition in Plasmodium falciparum.

We affinity purified, from malaria-immune serum, antibody to the ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen (RESA), using petri dishes containing a monolayer of Plasmodium falciparum ring-infected erythrocytes. Except for one out of eight samples, the purified antibody positive by RESA-immunofluorescent assay was not inhibitory to the in vitro invasion of merozoites into erythrocytes in three geographically distinct strains of P. falciparum. However, the initial high level of merozoite-inhibiting antibodies of the intact serum samples remained in the immunoglobulin G fraction from which the RESA antibodies had been removed by affinity chromatography. These results suggest that, although in some cases RESA-immunofluorescent assay-positive antibodies may be inhibitory to merozoite invasion, there are more important antibodies capable of merozoite invasion inhibition.     

Identification of proteins from Plasmodium falciparum that are homologous to reticulocyte binding proteins in Plasmodium vivax

Plasmodium falciparum infections can be fatal, while P. vivax infections usually are not. A possible factor involved in the greater virulence of P. falciparum is that this parasite grows in red blood cells (RBCs) of all maturities whereas P. vivax is restricted to growth in reticulocytes, which represent only approximately 1% of total RBCs in the periphery. Two proteins, expressed at the apical end of the invasive merozoite stage from P. vivax, have been implicated in the targeting of reticulocytes for invasion by this parasite. A search of the P. falciparum genome databases has identified genes that are homologous to the P. vivax rbp-1 and -2 genes. Two of these genes are virtually identical over a large region of the 5' end but are highly divergent at the 3' end. They encode high-molecular-mass proteins of >300 kDa that are expressed in late schizonts and localized to the apical end of the merozoite. To test a potential role in merozoite invasion of RBCs, we analyzed the ability of these proteins to bind to mature RBCs and reticulocytes. No binding to mature RBCs or cell preparations enriched for reticulocytes was detected. We identified a parasite clone that lacks the gene for one of these proteins, showing that the gene is not required for normal in vitro growth. Antibodies to these proteins can inhibit merozoite invasion of RBCs.