急性等容血液稀释结合术中自体血回输在脊柱手术中的应用

目的 探讨急性等容血液稀释结合术中自体血回输在脊柱手术中临床应用的可行性。方法 38例腰椎滑脱行后路减压、椎弓根螺钉内固定加椎体间Cage融合术患者,随机分为三组,急性等容血液稀释结合术中自体血回输组(组Ⅰ,n=12);自体血回输组(组Ⅱ,n=12);对照组(组Ⅲ,n=14)。术中均采用控制性低血压,记录术前、术中、回输前、回输后、术后的血红蛋白和红细胞比容,分别记录回输的血量和输异体血量。结果 急性等容血液稀释结合术中自体血回输组术中输异体血量约100ml,自体血回输组输异体血量约400ml,对照组输异体血量约800ml,经统计学检验有显著差异(P<0.05)。结论急性等容血液稀释结合术中自体血回输在脊柱手术中临床应用是一种安全有效、节约血源的方法,可减少异体血输入,避免其并发症。     

急性非等容性血液稀释对靶控输注丙泊酚镇静深度的影响

目的观察急性非等容性血液稀释对靶控输注(TCI)丙泊酚镇静深度的影响。方法择期行肝癌切除术患者40例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机均分为血液稀释组(A组)和对照组(B组)。A组患者于气管插管完成后开始经桡动脉采血,采血量为血容量的10%。采血完毕后快速静注琥珀酰明胶溶液扩容,有效扩容量为采血量的2倍。于手术结束或Hct<25%时回输自体血,如回输后测得的Hct仍<25%时,则考虑输异体血。术中丙泊酚TCI浓度维持在3μg/ml,间断追加维库溴铵和芬太尼维持肌松和镇痛;B组不采血。分别记录诱导前、诱导后、稀释后、术毕的MAP、HR、Hb和Hct及诱导前、诱导后、稀释后BIS值。结果与诱导前比较,诱导后两组患者MAP明显下降、HR明显减慢(P<0.05);而Hb、Hct差异无统计学意义。与诱导后比较,稀释后A组患者Hb、Hct和BIS值明显下降(P<0.05)。结论急性非等容性血液稀释能加深丙泊酚麻醉深度。     

急性等容性血液稀释与自体血回输对哌库溴铵作用时效的影响

目的 观察术前急性等容性血液稀释与术中回收式自体血回输对哌库溴铵作用时效的影响。方法 择期神经外科手术病人45例,随机分为三组:A组(n=15)对照组;B组(n=15)术前急性等容性血液稀释(ANH)组;c组(n=15)ANH联合回收式自体血回输组。B组和C组在麻醉诱导前行ANH。C组自手术开始即收集术野血洗涤备回输。A组未行特殊处理。观察各组病人的生命体征,检测ANH前后和自体血回输后血浆蛋白和血红蛋白的变化。用四个成串刺激(TOF)的模式监测哌库溴铵的作用时效。结果 B组和C组血液稀释后血浆蛋白和血红蛋白明显低于A组和术前(P<0.05),自体血回输后B组与A组差异无显著性(P>0.05),C组血红蛋白明显高于其它两组(P<0.05),血浆蛋白与其它两组差异无显著性(P>0.05);与A组相比,B组和C组诱导量哌库溴铵的起效时间、峰作用时间、临床时效和维持量的临床时效均明显缩短(P<0.05),B组和C组各时效间差异无显著性(P>0.05),恢复指数三组间差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论 ANH使哌库溴铵的起效时间和作用时间明显缩短,对恢复指数无明显影响;术中回收式自体血回输对哌库溴铵的恢复指数亦无明显影响。     

急性高容性血液稀释联合自体血回收回输技术在全髋关节置换手术中的应用及对患者的影响

目的评价急性高容性血液稀释和自体血回收回输技术联合应用对全髋关节置换手术的血液保护效果及其安全性。方法 2010年9月至2012年3月在本组实施全髋关节置换手术、预计出血量〉600ml的120例患者随机分为四组,每组30例：对照组、急性高容性血液稀释组、自体血回输组、急性高容性血液稀释组＋自体血回收回输组。术中、术后对血流动力学指标、凝血功能进行检测,记录术中失血量、输血量,麻醉时间和手术时间,以及评价并发症。结果采用自体回输血技术的患者中约50%患者不用再输异体血,其中自体血回输组未输异体血的比例46.67%、急性高容性血液稀释组＋自体血回收回输组未输异体血比例为60%,而对照组中仅10%的患者不需输入异体血,单纯AHH组为1/3患者未输异体血。与对照组相比,所有采用血液保护措施的患者异体输血量比对照组约少240ml,自体血回输技术的再回收率约为40%;术中、术后各组血流动力学指标和凝血功能指标无明显差异,均保持维持稳定;各种组均未发现与应用血液保护技术有关的并发症。结论联合应用急性高容性血液稀释和自体血回收回输技术,可以明显减少失血量、降低异体输血,对患者影响小,并发症低,对全髋关节置换手术来说是一种安全有效的血液保护技术,值得推广应用。     

预贮式自体输血和急性等容性血液稀释联合应用于颅脑外科手术的临床研究

目的 探讨在颅脑外科手术中联合应用预贮式自体输血和急性等容性血液稀释的安全性和临床效果。方法 63例病人随机分为预贮式自体输血组(A组31例)和联合应用预贮式自体输血和急性等容性血液稀释组(B组32例)。两组在采血前、术前即刻放血前、放血后、回输自体血后、术后第1天分别测定Hb、Hct、Pt及PT、APTT、FIB，监测MAP、CVP、SpO2、HR，两组出血量、输异体血量。结果 A、B组Hb、Hct术中降低，与术前比较有显著性差异(P＜0．05)，回输自体血后回升。A、B两组PT、APTT术中延长，FIB和Pt未见明显改变。两组术中血流动力学稳定。A组采血量明显少于B组(P＜0．05)，输异体血量明显多于B组（P＜0．05)。结论 联合应用预贮式自体输血和急性等容性血液稀释有明显节血效应，对血液生理学影响小，血流动力学稳定。     

婴幼儿静脉留置针间接采血法可行性探讨

目的探讨婴幼儿静脉留置针间接采血方法在临床应用的可行性。方法将180例患儿随机分为观察组和对照组各90例,对照组采用四肢浅表静脉直接采血法,观察组采用留置针间接采血法,比较两种采血方法首次穿刺成功率、血标本质量(溶血、凝血)及并发症发生率等。结果两组首次穿刺成功率均较高,两组比较,差异无显著性意义(P>0.05);两组血标本质量及皮下出血发生率比较,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论婴幼儿静脉留置针间接采血方法能减轻患儿的痛苦、确保血标本质量,且安全、并发症少。     

蝶式体位联合股三角体表投影法在婴儿股静脉采血中的应用

目的提高婴儿股静脉采血成功率。方法将200例0~1岁患儿随机分为观察组和对照组各100例;对照组按常规触摸股动脉搏动定位行股静脉采血穿刺采血,观察组采用蝶式体位联合股三角体表投影法定位行股静脉穿刺采血。结果观察组一次抽取血标本成功率、采血时间及家长满意率显著优于对照组(均P0.01)。结论对0~1岁婴儿,采用蝶式体位联合股三角体表投影法定位行股静脉穿刺采血可显著提高一次成功率,从而提高家长满意度。     

动脉血气标本采集部位的选择

目的探讨动脉血气标本采集部位。方法将146例低氧血症患者随机分为两组,对照组73例在股动脉穿刺采血,观察组73例在足背动脉穿刺采血。结果观察组动脉血气标本一次采集成功率显著高于对照组(均P<0.01),误穿静脉发生率及患者血肿发生率显著低于对照组(均P<0.01)。结论对低氧血症患者在足背动脉进行血气标本的采集,提高了一次采集成功率,并降低了血肿发生率。     

示指感知和腕部固定法在桡动脉采血中的应用

目的探讨科学有效的桡动脉采血方法,以提高一次穿刺成功率,缩短操作时间。方法将100例桡动脉采血患者按单双号分为对照组和观察组各50例。对照组按照传统的垂直进针法进行采血,观察组采用示指感知和腕部固定法采血,比较两组一次穿刺成功率、穿刺时间和疼痛程度。结果观察组一次穿刺成功率显著高于对照组,穿刺时间显著短于对照组,患者疼痛程度显著轻于对照组(均P<0.01)。结论桡动脉采血采用示指感知和腕部固定法可提高一次穿刺成功率,缩短穿刺操作时间,减轻患者疼痛。     

颞浅动脉与桡动脉穿刺法在换血中的应用比较

目的探讨颞浅动脉、桡动脉两种穿刺法在新生儿高胆红素血症换血中的应用效果.方法将24例需换血的新生儿高胆红素血症患儿随机均分为颞浅动脉组和桡动脉组,桡动脉组穿刺按十字法进行,颞浅动脉组穿刺按一般静脉穿刺方法进行.比较两组一次穿刺成功率、换血前后血液生化指标、SpO2和换血后光疗时间.结果颞浅动脉组一次穿刺成功率显著高于桡动脉组(P<0.05);两组换血前后血清总胆红素、血糖、SpO2及换血后光疗时间比较,差异无显著性意义(均P>0.05).结论选择颞浅动脉与外周静脉进行同步换血安全可靠,且可提高穿刺成功率,减轻患儿痛苦.     

Presenteeism and Absenteeism Before and After Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty

BackgroundAbsenteeism is costly, yet evidence suggests that presenteeism—illness-related reduced productivity at work—is costlier. We quantified employed patients’ presenteeism and absenteeism before and after total joint arthroplasty (TJA).MethodsWe measured presenteeism (0-100 scale, 100 full performance) and absenteeism using the World Health Organization’s Health and Work Performance Questionnaire before and after TJA among a convenience sample of employed patients. We captured detailed information about employment and job characteristics and evaluated how and among whom presenteeism and absenteeism improved.ResultsIn total, 636 primary, unilateral TJA patients responded to an enrollment email, confirmed employment, and completed a preoperative survey (mean age: 62.1 years, 55.3% women). Full at-work performance was reported by 19.7%. Among 520 (81.8%) who responded to a 1-year follow-up, 473 (91.0%) were still employed, and 461 (88.7%) had resumed working. Among patients reporting at baseline and 1 year, average at-work performance improved from 80.7 to 89.4. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test indicated that postoperative performance was significantly higher than preoperative performance (P < .0001). The percentage of patients who reported full at-work performance increased from 20.9% to 36.8% (delta = 15.9%, 95% confidence interval = [10.0%, 21.9%], P < .0001). Presenteeism gains were concentrated among patients who reported declining work performance leading up to surgery. Average changes in absences were relatively small. Combined, the average monthly value lost by employers to presenteeism declined from 15.3% to 8.3% and to absenteeism from 16.9% to 15.5% (ie, mitigated loss of 8.4% of monthly value).ConclusionAmong employed patients before TJA, presenteeism and absenteeism were similarly costly. After, employed patients reported increased performance, concentrated among those with declining performance leading up to surgery.     

The German emergency and disaster medicine and management systemdhistory and present

As well for optimized emergency management in individual cases as for optimized mass medicine in disaster management, the principle of the medical doctors approaching the patient directly and timely, even close to the site of the incident, is a long-standing marker for quality of care and patient survival in Germany. Professional rescue and emergency forces, including medical services, are the “Golden Standard” of emergency management systems. Regulative laws, proper organization of resources, equipment, training and adequate delivery of medical measures are key factors in systematic approaches to manage emergencies and disasters alike and thus save lives. During disasters command, communication, coordination and cooperation are essential to cope with extreme situations, even more so in a globalized world. In this article, we describe the major historical milestones, the current state of the German system in emergency and disaster management and its integration into the broader European approach.     

Differences in Osteocyte Density and Bone Histomorphometry Between Men and Women and Between Healthy and Osteoporotic Subjects

Bone defects related to osteoporosis develop with increasing age and differ between males and females. It is currently thought that the bone remodeling process is supervised by osteocytes in a strain-dependent manner. We have shown an altered response of osteocytes from osteoporotic patients to mechanical loading, and osteocyte density is reduced in osteoporotic patients, which might relate to imperfect bone remodeling, leading to lack of bone mass and strength. Hence, information on osteocyte density will contribute to a better understanding of bone biology in males and females and to the assessment of osteoporosis. Osteocyte density as well as conventional histomorphometric parameters of trabecular bone were determined in cancellous iliac crest bone of healthy postmenopausal women and men and of osteoporotic women and men. Osteocyte density was higher in healthy females than in healthy males and lower in osteoporotic females than in healthy females. Bone mass was reduced in osteoporotic patients, both male and female. In females, trabecular number was reduced, whereas in males, trabecular thickness was reduced and eroded surface was increased. There were no correlations between the parameter groups bone architecture, bone formation, bone resorption, and osteocyte density. These results are consistent with impaired osteoblast function in osteoporotic patients and with a different mechanism of bone loss between men and women, in which osteocyte density might play a role. The reduced osteocyte numbers in female osteoporotic patients might relate to imperfect bone remodeling leading to lack of bone mass and strength. M. G. Mullender and S. D. Tan contributed equally to this work.     

肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌的CT、MRI及病理表现

目的探讨肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌的CT、MRI和病理特点。方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的6例肝内胆管囊腺瘤和2例肝内胆管囊腺癌的影像及临床病理资料，将病变的影像表现与其病理大体形态及组织学表现作对照分析。结果6例肝内胆管囊腺瘤，女4例、男2例；2例肝内胆管囊腺癌均为女性病人；8例病人平均年龄55岁。所有病灶均表现为多房囊性肿块，肿瘤囊腔各分房内常为多种液体成分，在CT上可表现为不同密度、在MRI上可表现为不同信号强度。囊内出现多发大小不等的壁结节在胆管囊腺癌内更常见，囊内有分隔但无壁结节只见于胆管囊腺瘤。在7例CT扫描中，4例胆管囊腺瘤和1例胆管囊腺癌可见囊壁或分隔上钙化，囊壁、囊内分隔及囊内结节均为轻、中度延迟增强。肿瘤中出现卵巢样间质见于3例胆管囊腺瘤和1例胆管囊腺癌，且均为女性病人。结论肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌是肝脏不常见的囊性肿瘤，影像上多房、囊内有分隔且各分房囊内密度或信号不一致，高度提示肝内胆管囊腺瘤或囊腺癌的诊断，如囊内伴有多发大小不等的结节，则进一步提示囊腺癌的可能。但影像学表现不能区分肿瘤中有无卵巢样间质。