Periodic health examination, 1996 update: 1. Prenatal screening for and diagnosis of Down syndrome. Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination.

OBJECTIVE: To make recommendations to physicians providing prenatal care on (1) whether prenatal screening for and diagnosis of Down syndrome (DS) is advisable and (2) alternative screening and diagnosis manoeuvres. OPTIONS: "Triple-marker" screening of maternal serum levels of alpha-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin and unconjugated estriol; fetal ultrasonographic examination; amniocentesis; and chorionic villus sampling (CVS). OUTCOMES: Accuracy of detection of DS in fetuses, and risks to the mother, including psychologic distress, and to the fetus from the screening and diagnostic interventions. EVIDENCE: A MEDLINE search for relevant articles published from Jan. 1, 1966, to Mar. 31, 1994, with the use of MeSH terms "Down syndrome," "prenatal diagnosis," "screening," "prevention," "amniocentesis," "chorionic villus sampling," "ultrasonography," "anxiety," "depression" and "psychological stress" and a manual search of bibliographies, recent issues of key journals and Current Contents. VALUES: The evidence-based methods and values of the Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination were used. A high value was placed on providing pregnant women with the opportunity to determine whether they are carrying a fetus with DS and to make choices concerning the termination of the pregnancy. The economic issues involved are complex and were not considered. BENEFITS, HARMS AND COSTS: Triple-marker screening identifies an estimated 58% of fetuses with DS, but it has an estimated rate of true-positive results of 0.1% and of false-positive results of 3.7% (given a risk cut-off of one chance in 190 of DS). These rates vary with maternal age and the risk cut-off chosen. Women with a known risk of having a fetus with DS (e.g., those who have had a previous child with DS) may benefit from a reduction in anxiety after confirmation that their fetus does not have DS. Screening allows women at low risk of having a child with DS to detect fetuses with the syndrome, but may cause psychologic distress if there is a false-positive screening test result. Up to 20% of women with positive results of screening tests may decline to undergo a subsequent amniocentesis. Amniocentesis and CVS are very accurate in diagnosing DS in fetuses and have a very low rate of serious complications for the mother. Amniocentesis is associated with a 1.7% rate of fetal loss when it is performed after 16 weeks' gestation, whereas the rate among controls is 0.7% (for a difference of 1%, 95% confidence interval 0.3% to 1.5%). CVS entails a greater risk of fetal loss than amniocentesis (odds ratio 1.32, 95% confidence interval 1.11 to 1.57). There is little evidence from controlled trials of significant associations between amniocentesis or CVS and neonatal morbidity or malformations; however, samples have been too small to show differences in rare outcomes. Results from some case-control studies suggest that CVS increases the risk of transverse limb deficiency. Costs were not considered because they are beyond the scope of this review. RECOMMENDATIONS: There is fair evidence to offer triple-marker screening through a comprehensive program to pregnant women under 35 years of age (grade B recommendation). Women given detailed information about serum-marker screening show more satisfaction with the screening than those not given this information. There is fair evidence to offer amniocentesis or CVS to pregnant women 35 years of age and older and to women with a history of a fetus with DS or of a chromosome 21 anomaly (grade B recommendation). Information on the limitations and advantages of each procedure should be offered. Triple-marker screening may be offered as an alternative to CVS or amniocentesis to pregnant women over 35. VALIDATION: Recommendations concerning prenatal diagnosis are similar to those of the US Preventive Services Task Force, the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada, the Canadian College of Medical Geneticists and the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group. No previous specific recommendations concerning triple-maker screening exist. SPONSORS: These guidelines were developed and endorsed by the Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination, which is funded by Health Canada and the National Health Research and Development Program.     

Outcome of 1355 consecutive transabdominal chorionic villus samplings in 1351 patients

Mipdre-tnriamtaels tdeirag naomsntiicoc epnrotecseidsur ies th arou wghell -wehstiacbhli sfheteadl samples are retrieved for chromosomal or genetic studies· The major disadvantage of amniocentesis is that the result is usually available after 18 weeks of gestation·Early amniocentesis before 14 weeks has been shown to be associated with a significantly higher fetal loss rate and therefore should no longer be practiced·1On the other hand, first trimester transabdominal chorionic villus sampli…     

体外受精/卵胞浆内单精子注射术后宫内单胎妊娠早期自然流产的相关因素

目的：探讨体外受精(in vitro fertilization,IVF)/卵胞浆内单精子注射(intracytoplasmic sperm injection,ICSI)术后宫内单胎妊娠病例发生早期自然流产的相关因素,为早期自然流产的预防提供可行依据。方法：采用成组病例-对照研究,对2013年1月至2014年5月在湘雅医院生殖医学中心行IVF/ICSI术后的单胎妊娠病例进行回顾性分析,以早期自然流产夫妇(96对)为病例组,足月活产分娩夫妇(593对)为对照组,分析早期自然流产的相关因素。结果：多因素分析显示女方年龄大、有自然流产史以及男方精子DNA碎片指数(DAN fragmentation index,DFI)高为IVF/ICSI术后早期自然流产的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论：IVF/ICSI术后发生早期自然流产受多因素的影响。女方年龄越大(>30岁)、有自然流产史或男方精子DFI越高(≥15%),IVF/ICSI术后发生早期自然流产的风险越大。     

Video display terminals and miscarriage

Concern about possible reproductive effects of using video display terminals (VDTs) was stimulated by reports of clusters of adverse pregnancy outcomes among groups of women who used VDTs. Exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted from VDTs was suspected of increasing the risk of miscarriage. Ten epidemiological studies have examined associations between VDT use and miscarriage, most of which were not originally designed to examine this hypothesis and suffer from methodological limitations. We review these studies and present previously unpublished data in support of our conclusion that for most women in modern offices, work with VDTs does not increase their exposure to electromagnetic fields or increase their risk of miscarriage. The miscarriage risk for women who work at high-stress jobs or with older, high-emission VDTs (ELF > 3 mG), however, is still uncertain.     

剖宫产史对体外受精-胚胎移植治疗结局的影响

目的：探讨剖宫产史对体外受精-胚胎移植（IVF-ET）治疗结局的影响。方法：回顾性分析2019年1月至2019 年12月温州医科大学附属第二医院育英儿童医院生殖中心接受IVF-ET的患者,根据患者的分娩史分为仅有阴道分娩史组（292例）和剖宫产史组（311例）,比较2组胚胎植入成功率及治疗结局等。结果：剖宫产史组的胚胎植入成功率低于仅有阴道分娩史组（P ＜0.05）。2组间的流产率、双胎率、异位妊娠率差异无统计学意义（P ＞0.05）。2组间早产、死产、出生体质量、出生缺陷、胎盘前置和产后出血等指标差异无统计学意义（P ＞0.05）。结论：剖宫产史影响了IVF-ET再妊娠的胚胎植入成功率,但剖宫产史对患者的流产率等治疗结局无明显影响。     

B超下经母腹脐带穿刺术的临床应用

目的 评价PTC穿刺针在B超引导下行脐带穿刺术的安全性及成功率。方法 对103例有各种产前诊断指征的孕妇在B超引导下行脐带穿刺术。结果 穿刺成功率为98.1%(101/103)。发现染色体异常核型5例,宫内巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染2例,重型α-地中海贫血HbBart’s水肿胎3例。穿刺术后未出现流产、胎死宫内、胎盘早剥、宫内感染等严重并发症。结论 B超引导下经母腹脐带穿刺术是一种成功率高、安全可靠的产前诊断方法。     

B超下经母腹脐带穿刺术的临床应用

目的评价PTC穿刺针在B超引导下行脐带穿刺术的安全性及成功率。方法对103例有各种产前诊断指征的孕妇在B超引导下行脐带穿刺术。结果穿刺成功率为98．1％(101／103)。发现染色体异常核型5例，宫内巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染2例，重型d．地中海贫血Hb Bart’s水肿胎3例。穿刺术后未出现流产、胎死宫内、胎盘早剥．宫内感染等严重并发症。结论B超引导下经母腹脐带穿刺术是一种成功率高、安全可靠的产前诊断方法。     

单角子宫患者50例辅助生殖助孕临床结局

目的 探讨单角子宫不孕患者行辅助生殖助孕情况。方法回顾分析行体外受精-胚胎移植/卵泡浆单精子注射-胚胎移植(IVF/ICSI-ET) 的50例单角子宫患者（观察组）的临床资料。利用SAS软件对妊娠年龄、不孕年限、孕前体质指数等影响助孕结局的因素按1∶3比例进行Case control matching匹配,选取150例同时期的不孕患者作为对照组。分别比较两组不孕患者的助孕情况及妊娠结局。结果(1) 两组患者基线资料包括年龄、不孕年限、体质指数、抗苗勒管激素（AMH）、基础卵泡刺激素（FSH）、不孕类型、不孕因素、平均获卵数、可利用胚胎数、优质胚胎数、移植胚胎数和HCG日子宫内膜厚度均差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(2)观察组50例患者行85个胚胎移植周期,临床妊娠23例共32个周期,其胚胎种植率为28.67%（41/143）,移植周期临床妊娠率37.65%（32/85）;对照组患者150例行288个胚胎移植周期,临床妊娠126例共156个周期,胚胎种植率为34.25%（186/543）,移植周期临床妊娠率54.17%（156/288）。观察组患者临床妊娠率明显低于对照组(P<0.05);(3)相对于对照组患者,观察组患者晚期流产率（28.13%,9/32）（P=0.027）和剖宫产率（70.59%,12/17）（P<0.001）显著升高,足月产率（37.50%,12/32）（P=0.032）显著降低,观察组患者平均孕周（36.01±2.23）周（P=0.039）更小,累积活产率更低（21.18%,18/85）（P=0.002）,余差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论单角子宫并不影响卵巢储备及促排卵巢反应性和胚胎培养结果,但降低IVF/ICSI助孕的临床妊娠率和累积活产率,增加妊娠流产及新生儿低出生体重风险。     

未产妇两种不同流产方式对再妊娠的影响

目的:探讨末产妇女药物流产和手术流产对再次妊娠结局的影响。方法:采用前瞻性调查方法对本次妊娠前有药物流产史的妇女256例(1次流产者144例,2次流产者112例)与同期有手术流产史妇女307例及无流产史的妇女258例进行比较,随访妊娠分娩结局。结果:因胎盘原因所产生的妊娠及分娩并发症(前置胎盘、胎盘粘连、胎盘残留)和产后出血发生率及先兆流产,早产发生率药物流产组明显低于手术流产组(P<0.05～0.01)与无流产组差异无显著性(P>0.05),其余并发症的发生率三组相比差异无显著性(P>0.05);药物流产的不同次数之间的孕产期并发症发生率差异无显著性(P>0.05)。而两种流产方式对新生儿都是安全的。结论:未产妇女药物流产后缩短阴道出血时间对再次妊娠分娩的影响比手术流产者明显减少,与无流产者相比未见增加,药物流产的次数对孕产期并发症无明显影响,其安全较大,值得在临床推广应用。     

蛛网膜下腔出血后脑痉挛的临床研究及CT征象分析

目的分析蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)后脑痉挛(CVS)的临床特点及CT表现。方法收集2010年2月-2015年5月来我院就诊的54例SAH患者的临床资料,入院后所有患者均接受CT、数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查,且临床资料完整,以DSA作为金标准,统计CT对SAH后CVS诊断准确性,总结其CT影像学表现。结果 CTA漏诊1例ACA、MCA远侧段CVS,其诊断CVS准确率为88.24%,略低于DSA,但对比差异无统计学意义(P0.05);SAH并CVS者CBV、CBF低于SAH无CVS者(P0.05),其MTT、TTP明显长于SAH无CVS者,对比差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 SAH后CVS患者脑灌注降低,MTT、TTP延长,痉挛血管可见均匀性狭窄,采用CT、CTP诊断与DSA符合率高,可为临床诊治提供影像学依据。     

补肾安胎冲剂对复发性流产患者血清血管内皮生长因子及其可溶性受体-1的影响

目的探讨补肾安胎冲剂治疗复发性流产(recurrent spontaneous abortion,RSA)的机制。方法采用酶联免疫吸附法检测30例RSA患者治疗前后及30例正常早孕妇女血清血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelialgrowth factor,VEGF)及其受体———可溶性fms样酪氨酸激酶-1(soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1,sFlt-1)的水平。结果治疗组妊娠成功率为80.0%;与对照组比较,治疗组治疗前血清VEGF显著降低(P0.01),sFlt-1显著增高(P0.01);治疗组治疗后与治疗前比较,VEGF显著升高(P0.01),sFlt-1显著降低(P0.01);保胎治疗无效者与保胎治疗成功者比较,血清VEGF水平显著降低(P0.01),血清sFlt-1水平显著增高(P0.05)。结论补肾安胎冲剂治疗RSA的机制可能与提高血清VEGF水平,降低血清sFlt-1水平,从而促进胎盘绒毛血管的形成有关。     

辅助生殖技术治疗子宫畸形合并不孕

【目的】分析64名子宫畸形患者行IVF/ICSI治疗的临床资料,对子宫畸形患者的助孕结局做出分析总结,以期为临床提供借鉴。【方法】回顾性分析2002年1月1日到2009年12月31日因不孕行IVF/ICSI治疗的子宫畸形患者,按照子宫畸形的类型进行分组,比较各组病人的基本资料及ART治疗结局。妊娠的患者追踪至分娩,比较自然流产率、早产率、活婴分娩率、新生儿体重和分娩孕周以及有无合并畸形。【结果】因子宫畸形行ART治疗患者共64人,按照子宫畸形的类型分为4组,鞍形子宫13人,不完全纵隔子宫14人,单角子宫19人,双子宫18人。4组患者在年龄,不孕年限,基础FSH水平方面都没有差异,获卵数,受精率,卵裂率,优质胚胎率4组相似,平均每病人妊娠率在不完全纵隔子宫组(78.57％)显著高于鞍形子宫组(38.46%)和双子宫组(38.89%),与单角子宫组(47.37％)无统计学差异。4组均未出现宫外孕情况,在流产率、早产率、活婴分娩率、多胎妊娠率、分娩孕周和出生体重方面均无统计学差异。所有出生婴儿均未发现有畸形。【结论】子宫畸形患者行IVF或ICSI有比普通不孕患者更差的临床妊娠率和种植率。不完全纵隔切除术后患者的临床妊娠率相对鞍形子宫和双子宫更高。     

高龄产妇不良妊娠结局200例影响因素分析

目的分析200例高龄产妇不良妊娠结局的影响因素。方法选取200例高龄产妇,收集产妇的妊娠结局,统计不良妊娠结局发生情况,并分析影响高龄产妇发生不良妊娠结局的因素。结果200例高龄产妇的不良妊娠结局发生率为19.00%,依次为低体质量儿（31.58%）、早产儿（26.32%）、新生儿窒息（15.79%）、巨大儿（15.79%）、新生儿畸形（5.26%）、新生儿死亡（5.26%）;影响高龄产妇不良妊娠结局的单因素包括流产史、不良妊娠习惯、计划怀孕、妊娠合并症、妊娠并发症、被动吸烟、多胎妊娠以及孕前疾病史（P < 0.05~P < 0.01）;logistic回归多因素分析表明,流产史、妊娠合并症、妊娠并发症、被动吸烟、多胎妊娠、孕前疾病史均是高龄产妇不良妊娠结局的危险因素（P < 0.05~P < 0.01）。结论高龄产妇的不良妊娠结局发生率较高,流产史、妊娠合并症、妊娠并发症、被动吸烟、多胎妊娠、孕前疾病史均是高龄产妇不良妊娠结局的危险因素。     

RT-PCR检测自然流产妇女外周血淋巴细胞中柯萨奇B组病毒核酸

目的 :通过对 40例自然流产妇女和 40例人工流产妇女的外周血淋巴细胞柯萨奇B组病毒 (CVB)核酸的检测 ,研究CVB感染与自然流产可能关系。方法 :用CVB特异性引物进行逆转录聚合酶链反应 (RTPCR)检测外周血淋巴细胞中病毒核酸。结果 :自然流产妇女外周血淋巴细胞中CVB检出率为 85 % (34/ 40 ) ,人工流产妇女检出率为 37.5 % (15 / 40 ) ,两者比较差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :CVB感染与自然流产有一定相关性     

解脲脲原体与早产关系的探讨

目的 探讨孕妇感染解脲脲原体 (UU)是否是引起早产的因素之一。方法 采用聚合酶链反应技术分别对108例早产产妇和100名足月分娩产妇的宫颈分泌物及胎盘进行UU检测 ,并对上述208例胎盘进行病理检查。结果 早产组胎盘UU感染率及胎盘绒毛膜羊膜炎发生率明显高于足月分娩组 ,两组差别有显著性意义(P<0.01) ;两组宫颈分泌物UU感染率差别无显著性意义 (P>0.01) ;早产组中有绒毛膜羊膜炎的胎盘UU感染率明显高于无绒毛膜羊膜炎的胎盘UU感染率 (P<0.01)。早产产妇UU感染率随着早产儿出生体重的降低而明显增高 (P<0.01)。 结论 解脲脲原体通过感染胎盘引起胎盘绒毛膜羊膜炎 ,并导致早产 ,是孕妇早产的危险因素之一。     

母血清生化二联、三联标记物筛查胎儿唐氏综合征

目的 用母血清生化标记物筛查胎儿唐氏综合征(Down’s syndrome,DS)等先天异常。方法 应用孕妇血清指标和时间分辨荧光免疫分析法对本院1996年11月-2001年3月在本科产前检查的2886例孕妇进行DS胎儿筛查。对高危孕妇作羊腹腔穿刺或早孕绒毛取材以得到胎儿染色体。对应用的指标捡出率及假阳性率进行分析。结果 共捡出11例DS,8例无脑儿;DS检出率3．8‰。结论 妊娠相关血浆蛋白A(PAPP-A)筛查胎儿DS有很好的价值并能使产前诊断时期提前,甲胎蛋白 游离人绒毛膜促性腺激素(AFP freeβ-HCG)可用于检测DS和胎儿异常。     

载脂蛋白E基因型多态性与SAH后血管痉挛的相关研究

目的:探讨载脂蛋白E基因(Apolipoprotein E,APOE)多态性与自发性蛛网膜下腔出血(Subaraehnoid hemorrhage,SAH)后脑血管痉挛(Cerebral vasospasm,CVS)的相关性.方法:采用聚合酶链反应限制性片段长度多态性(Polymerase chain reactionrestriction fragment length polymorphism,PCR-RFLP)检测185例SAH患者,测定APOE基因型多态性,通过TCD评定SAH患者出血后的CVS情况.分型结果与CVS及相关临床资料等分别进行X~2检验和Logistic回归分析.结果:185例SAH患者中,32例APOE ε4携带者中有21例(占65.7%)发生CVS,153例非ε4携带者中有56例(占36.7%)发生CVS,ε4携带者的CVS发生率明显高于非ε4携带者(P=O.022);单因素和多因素Logistic回归均提示ε4是CVS的危险因素.结论:APOEε4等位基因是SAH患者发生CVS的危险因素.     

蛛网膜下腔出血后脑脊液引流与脑血管痉挛的关系

目的：研究实验性蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）后脑脊液中积血量的变化与脑血管痉挛（CVS）的关系。方法：经皮枕大池二次注血法建立犬SAH动物模型,设立早期引流组、晚期引流组和对照组,测定脑脊液中积血量的变化,脑血管造影确定血管痉挛程度（proportion reduction of basilar artery diamiter,%RBAD)。结果：早期引流组脑脊液中积血的清除最明显,晚期引流组其次,脑血管痉挛早期引流组例数最少,程度最轻;晚期引流组其次。结论：SAH后脑脊液中积血越多,持续时间越长,脑血管痉挛发生率越高,程度越高。SAH后腰池持续引流有预防和治疗CVS的作用,早期引流可以取得更好的效果。     

超声监测宫腔内小残留物滋养血流预测药物不全流产患者的预后分析

目的 回顾性分析超声检查提示宫腔内小残留物存在滋养血流对药物不全流产患者预后的影响.方法 观察2009年8月-2010年7月我院药物不全流产患者经超声检查宫腔存在小残留物(直径＜2.00 cm)93例,对比分析多普勒超声提示残留物存在滋养血流组与无滋养血流组患者的年龄、就诊时出血时间、药物流产次数、宫腔残留物直径、是否采取清宫治疗、病理、发病至痊愈持续出血时间等指标,分析转归为清宫术的影响因素.结果 超声检查提示残留物存在滋养血流组患者45例,无滋养血流组48例;两组药物流产次数(2次以上,79.2% 和 18.8%)、采取清宫术比例(97.8% 和12.5%)、病理为蜕膜和(或)绒毛组织比例(97.8%和10.4%)、发病至痊愈持续出血时间[(38.8±8.7)d 和(23.8±5.0)d]比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).患者转归为清宫术的危险因素包括就诊时出血时间长、存在滋养血流及多次药物流产(P＜0.05).结论 超声监测显示药物不全流产后宫腔小残留物存在滋养血流,可作为清宫治疗的提示,有利于改善药物不全流产患者的转归.