连续波热牙胶充填技术根尖封闭性能的评估

目的体外实验比较不同器械预备根管后连续波热牙胶根管充填技术的根尖封闭能力。方法离体双根管上颌前磨牙随机分为机用ProFile预备组和不锈钢K锉预备组,分别采用连续波热牙胶充填技术和冷侧压法进行根管充填,用染料渗透法和透明标本法测量根尖微渗漏,评价各组根尖封闭能力。结果各组根尖微渗漏距离无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论连续波热牙胶充填技术与冷牙胶侧方加压充填技术的根尖封闭能力无显著性差异;对直根管和轻度弯曲的根管,不同器械根管预备后其根管充填效果无明显影响。     

热牙胶连续波技术充填前磨牙的效果评价

目的比较热牙胶连续波技术与冷牙胶侧方加压技术充填前磨牙的临床效果。方法选取急慢性牙髓炎及根尖周炎的前磨牙120颗,随机分为2组,每组60颗患牙,热牙胶组采用SuperEndoα2/β(BL)热牙胶根管充填系统行热牙胶连续波充填,冷侧压组行冷牙胶侧方加压充填。评价根充恰填率、侧副根管充填情况及术后疼痛发生情况。结果热牙胶组恰填率为93.3%(56/60),冷侧压组恰填率为80.0%(48/60),热牙胶组恰填率高于冷侧压组,差异具有统计学意义(χ2=4.615,P=0.032)。热牙胶组侧副根管的充填率13.3%(8/60),冷侧压组1.7%(1/60),热牙胶组高于冷侧压组,差异具有统计学意义(χ2=5.886,P=0.015)。术后1周复诊,热牙胶组与冷侧压组疼痛率分别为23.3%(14/60)、20.0%(12/60),差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论热牙胶连续波技术充填前磨牙根管效果优于冷牙胶侧方加压充填术。     

热塑牙胶充填根管临床观察

目的：观察连续波热塑牙胶注射法充填根管的临床效果.方法：选择360例根管治疗患者,共380颗牙,其中240颗牙用热塑牙胶注射充填仪做连续波热塑牙胶充填根管,140颗牙用常规冷牙胶侧方加压充填根管,通过X线片比较两组病例的充填质量并比较两组病例间每根管根充需用时间.结果：X线片显示连续波热塑牙胶充填组欠填率1.67％,超填率2.91％,恰填率95.41％,冷牙胶侧压充填组欠填率8.57％,超填率2.85％,恰填率88.57％,比较两组间欠填率与恰填率有统计学差异（P＜0.05）,连续波热塑牙胶充填组平均每根管根充时间8 min.冷牙胶侧压组充填平均每根管根充时间12 min.连续波热塑牙胶充填组缩短根充时间30％.结论：连续波热塑牙胶充填术比冷牙胶侧方加压充填术根管充填质量更高且节约根充时间,提高了工作效率.     

三种根管充填方法对下颌第一前磨牙根尖区侧枝根管充填效果的实验研究

目的:比较ObturaⅡ&SystemB与Thermafil对下颌第一前磨牙侧枝根管的充填效果。方法:通过光透射选出在根尖区具有侧枝根管的离体下颌第一前磨牙60个,运用TF锉进行根管预备后随机分为3组,分别在手术显微镜下采用ObturaⅡ&SystemB、Thermafil及冷牙胶侧方加压进行根管充填,在距根尖孔2 mm侧枝根管处作横断面切片,电子显微镜下观察并记录侧枝根管内的牙胶、糊剂及空隙占根管横断面的比例,分析不同充填方式对根尖区侧枝根管的充填效果。结果:两种热牙胶充填组在距根尖2 mm处侧枝根管的充填效果均明显优于冷侧压充填组(P<0.05);ObturaⅡ&SystemB充填组稍优于Thermafil充填组,但无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:采用ObturaⅡ&SystemB充填技术可有效封闭下颌第一前磨牙根尖区侧枝根管。     

热牙胶充填与冷牙胶侧方加压在C型根管充填中的效果研究

目的比较热牙胶连续波充填技术与冷牙胶侧方加压技术在C型根管充填中的临床效果。方法选取需要进行根管治疗的下颌第二磨牙(C型根管系统)140颗,随机分为2组,每组70颗患牙,热牙胶组采用Super Endo热牙胶根管充填系统进行热牙胶连续波充填,冷侧压组采用冷牙胶侧方加压充填。比较根充恰填率、根管充填时间、侧副根管充填情况。结果热牙胶组恰填率为91.4%(64/70),冷侧压组恰填率为78.5%(55/70)。热牙胶组恰填率高于冷侧压组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。热牙胶组根管充填时间平均为21.5min,冷侧压组根管充填时间平均为31.7min。热牙胶组侧副根管充填率为11.4%(8/70),冷侧压组为1.4%(1/70),热牙胶组高于冷侧压组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论热牙胶连续波充填技术对于C型根管的根管充填效果优于冷牙胶侧方加压技术。     

上颌第一前磨牙根管峡部的发生率及临床意义

目的研究离体上颌第一前磨牙单根牙根尖1mm～6mm区域根管峡部的发生率和位置的情况。方法收集离体单根上颌第一前磨牙50颗,自根尖开始,片切去除1mm牙根后,用美蓝染色根切面,在显微镜下观察并记录各横截面的根管峡部的类型。在距根尖2、3、4、5、6mm处分别重复以上操作。结果单根的上颌第一前磨牙双根管率是54.00%;根管峡部发生率在距根尖4mm～6mm区较高。结论上颌第一前磨牙的根管峡部发生率在距根尖4mm水平最高。使用手术显微镜可提高对根管峡部的辨认和处理能力。     

上颌第一前磨牙根管及根管峡区再治疗的实验研究

目的：评估不同再治疗技术清理根管及峡区内根充物的效果。方法：30颗单牙根双根管的上颌第一前磨牙采用热牙胶连续波充填技术充填后分为3组去除根充物：A组,不锈钢器械（K锉和H锉）;B组,不锈钢器械（K锉和H锉）＋除丁克溶剂;C组,ProTaper再治疗器械＋除丁克溶剂。记录操作时间。各组用除丁克暂封5min,再使用Endo Activator冲洗,拍摄X线片,评价根管内根充物残留量。结果：A组操作时间显著高于B组和C组（P〈0．05）。B组和C组清洁效果优于A组。根管内暂封除丁克及使用Endo Activator冲洗后残留物显著少于器械操作即刻结束的残留物（P〈0．05）。结论：各种再治疗方法均不能彻底清除根管及峡区内的根充物,除丁克和Endo Activator有助于减少根充物残留。     

连续波充填技术配合不同锥度牙胶尖充填根管的微渗漏研究

目的:通过体外检测从冠方向根尖方向渗漏的葡萄糖浓度,比较不同锥度牙胶尖配合连续波充填技术的充填质量.方法:选用单根管的离体前磨牙45个,随机分为3组,使用机用ProTaper镍钛器械预备至乃.A组使用0.04锥度牙胶尖配合连续波充填技术充填,B组使用ProTaper匹配锥度的牙胶尖配合连续波充填技术充填,C组使用0.02锥度牙胶尖用侧方加压技术充填.建立根管葡萄糖定量分析微渗漏模型,检测从冠方向根尖方向渗漏的葡萄糖浓度.结果:使用0.04锥度牙胶尖配合连续波充填技术组和使用ProTaer匹配锥度牙胶尖配合连续波充填技术组的葡萄糖渗出浓度无显著性差异,但均远低于侧方加压组.结论:连续波充填技术微渗漏小于侧方加压技术,不同锥度牙胶配合连续波充填技术的微渗漏无显著性差异.     

上颌第一前磨牙根管峡部的解剖形态研究

目的 观察上颌第一前磨牙的根管分布、峡部形态和纵向走行变化,为根管治疗和根尖手术提供根管解剖形态的指导.方法 收集北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院口腔颌面外科门诊拔除的上颌第一前磨牙118颗,进行横切片,体视显微镜下观察牙根全长的根管数目、峡部形态及Hsu和Kim分型.结果 72.0％(85/118)的牙根含双根管,有峡部者占69％(59/85);牙根在根冠1/3段的双根管占99％(84/85),独立双根管和含峡部者均占49％ (42/85),含峡部双根管在向根尖走行的过程中逐渐融合为单根管;全根长中根管峡部的横断面形态主要为Ⅳ和V型.结论 上颌第一前磨牙双根管间峡部主要存在于根中1/3,横断面形态与根管通联,根冠向根尖走行过程中渐融合为单根管;提示临床根管治疗中应以渗透性强的冲洗剂充分浸泡,加强对峡部的清理,提高疗效.     

不同根管充填技术对椭圆形根管的根尖封闭效果

目的 探讨采用不同根管充填技术对椭圆形根管根尖封闭效果的影响.方法 选取近期拔除的椭圆形单根管前磨牙120颗随机分成6组,每组20颗,采用iRoot-SP和AH-Plus根管封闭剂,结合单尖充填法、连续波热牙胶垂直加压充填法、冷牙胶侧方加压充填法,即单尖iRoot组、热牙胶iRoot组、冷牙胶iRoot组、单尖AH组、热牙胶AH组、冷牙胶AH组,采用染料渗透法观察根尖的微渗漏情况.结果 热牙胶iRoot组、热牙胶AH组的根尖染料渗入深度明显小于单尖iRoot组、单尖AH组(P<0.05);热牙胶iRoot组、冷牙胶iRoot组尖染料渗入深度明显小于热牙胶AH组、冷牙胶AH组(P<0.05);其他的组间两两比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 热牙胶垂直加压技术可以使椭圆形根管达到更好的根尖封闭效果,且配合使用iRoot SP根管封闭剂的封闭效果较配合使用AH-Plus根管封闭剂好.     

下颌第一磨牙近中根管的根管口分型和临床疗效分析

目的探讨下颌第一磨牙近中根管的根管口形态特点和临床治疗方法。方法选取71颗临床进行根管治疗的下颌第一磨牙．在手术显微镜下观察并记录近中根管的根管口形态．分类计数;采用Protaper机用镍钛器械及超声器械进行根管预备,常规针式冲洗合并超声荡洗．热牙胶垂直加压充填技术充填根管;根据治疗前后临床检查及x线片评价根管预备和充填的效果。结果所有样本中单根管口出现率为2．82％（2例）、双根管口为91．55％（65例）、三根管口为5．63％（4例）。其中双根管口之间有峡区的为38例（53．52％）、无峡区的为27例（38．03％）。所有患牙根管治疗后均无根管内并发症发生．术后1年根管治疗成功率为92．9％。结论下颌第一磨牙根管形态复杂,手术显微镜有助于根管形态的探查．机用镍钛器械合并超声技术预备根管．超声冲洗和热牙胶垂直加压技术充填根管可获得良好的治疗效果。     

改进的连续波热牙胶根充法应用于老年人根管充填的临床评价

目的：评价老年人根管充填应用改进的连续波热牙胶根充法的充填质量和效率。方法：213名需要根管治疗的老年口腔患者,共计238颗患牙,按照根管充填方法的不同分为热牙胶组和冷侧压组,并对两组间根管充填恰填率、侧支根管充填情况、根充所用时间、术中疼痛四方面进行对比分析。结果：改进的连续波热牙胶组根管恰填率高达89．92％,而冷侧压组仅为79．82％,热牙胶组优势明显;另外在侧支根管充填情况和根充所用时间的对比中,热牙胶组依然强于冷牙胶组（P〈0．05）;两组术中疼痛并没有差别（胗0．05）。结论：改进的连续波热牙胶根管充填法应用于老年口腔患者优点突出,易于接受,能有效提高老年人根管治疗的质量和效率。     

改进的连续波热牙胶根充法应用于老年人根管充填的临床评价

目的：评价老年人根管充填应用改进的连续波热牙胶根充法的充填质量和效率。方法：213名需要根管治疗的老年口腔患者,共计238颗患牙,按照根管充填方法的不同分为热牙胶组和冷侧压组,并对两组间根管充填恰填率、侧支根管充填情况、根充所用时间、术中疼痛四方面进行对比分析。结果：改进的连续波热牙胶组根管恰填率高达89．92％,而冷侧压组仅为79．82％,热牙胶组优势明显;另外在侧支根管充填情况和根充所用时间的对比中,热牙胶组依然强于冷牙胶组（P〈0．05）;两组术中疼痛并没有差别（胗0．05）。结论：改进的连续波热牙胶根管充填法应用于老年口腔患者优点突出,易于接受,能有效提高老年人根管治疗的质量和效率。     

Comparison of cold lateral condensation and a warm multiphase gutta-percha technique for obturating curved root canals

AIM: The aim of this project was to evaluate and compare the radiographic quality and sealability of root fillings in extracted human teeth using lateral condensation of gutta-percha or multiphase gutta-percha obturation (Alphaseal). METHODOLOGY: A total of 108 freshly extracted human, mature single-rooted teeth were divided into two identical groups of 54 teeth on the basis of root canal shape. The canals were prepared to a minimum 0.055 taper and enlarged to size 35 at the apex. All root canals were flushed with 17% EDTA solution and 2.5% NaOCl to remove the dentinal smear layer. The canals of one group were obturated using cold lateral condensation of gutta-percha and the canals of the other group were filled using a warm multiphase gutta-percha obturation technique. The extrusion of sealer and/or gutta-percha through the apex of the teeth was recorded using a simple yes/no scheme. The sealability of each technique was assessed by a dye penetration method. The radiographic quality of obturation was determined for each canal using a four-point scale. RESULTS: Root canals filled by multiphase obturation had significantly more extrusion of sealer (P < 0.001) and gutta-percha (P < 0.001) than canals filled by lateral condensation. Canals filled by multiphase gutta-percha obturation had significantly less apical dye leakage than those obturated by lateral condensation (P < 0.05). Lateral condensation achieved significantly better scores for radiographic quality than multiphase obturation from the bucco-lingual view (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Under laboratory conditions multiphase gutta-percha had better sealability but poorer radiographic quality than lateral condensation.     

Evaluation of apical leakage of root canals obturated with Nd: YAG laser-softened gutta-percha,System-B,and lateral condensation techniques

In endodontics, a laser can be used as a heat source and gutta-percha can be softened by a laser and used in the root canals. The System-B endodontic heat source unit was designed for the obturation of the root canal system with a single continuous wave of thermoplasticized gutta-percha. The aim of this study was to compare the apical leakage of lateral condensation; Nd: YAG laser-softened gutta-percha and System-B techniques. Fifty-five extracted, single root human maxillary anterior and premolar teeth were used in this study. After working length determination, the "step-back technique" was used to prepare the root canals. The teeth were randomly divided into three experimental groups of 15 each and two control groups of 5 specimens each. The first group was obturated by lateral condensation, the second group by gutta-percha softened with an Nd: YAG laser, and the third group was obturated using the System-B technique. Apical leakage of the roots was evaluated by dye penetration using a stereomicroscope after sectioning the roots. The results of the first and third groups were similar, and the results of the second group showed differences when compared with the other groups. However, variance analysis revealed there was no statistically significant difference among the results.     

Repair of large periapical radiolucent lesions of endodontic origin without surgical treatment

The aim of this paper is to present two case reports of pulp necrosis and radiolucent periapical lesions, which were treated without surgical treatment. The first was a mandibular molar with periapical lesion of endodontic origin extending towards the furcation in a 20-year-old woman, and the second affected a maxillary right lateral incisor with a large periapical lesion in a 22-year-old woman. The endodontic treatments were carried out in two sessions, with crown-down instrumentation, irrigation with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and intracanal medication with calcium hydroxide paste. After 30 days, the root canals were filled with gutta-percha and Sealapex sealer by the lateral condensation technique. The clinical and radiographic examination after 1 year revealed complete repair. The appropriate diagnosis of lesions of endodontic origin and the treatment and obturation of the infected canals allowed complete repair of these large radiolucent periapical lesions without surgical treatment.     

INFLUENCE OF SMEAR LAYER REMOVAL ON THE OBTURATION OF ROOT CANAL RAMIFICATIONS

Objective:

This study evaluated whether smear layer removal has any influence on the filling of the root canal system, by examining the obturation of lateral canals, secondary canals and apical deltas.

Material and Methods:

Eighty maxillary and mandibular canines were randomly divided into two groups, according to their irrigation regimen. Both groups were irrigated with 1% NaOCl during canal shaping, but only the teeth in Group II received a final irrigation with 17% EDTA for smear layer removal. The root canals were obturated with lateral condensation of gutta-percha and the specimens were cleared, allowing for observation under the microscope.

Results:

In Groups I and II, 42.5% and 37.5% of the teeth, respectively, presented at least one filled canal ramification. Although a larger number of obturated ramifications was found in Group I, there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups (p = 0.4957).

Conclusion:

Smear layer removal under the conditions tested in this study did not affect the obturation of root canal ramifications when lateral condensation of gutta-percha was the technique used for root canal filling.     

Periodontal tissue reactions following root canal obturation with an injection-thermoplasticized gutta-percha technique

Abstract The thermoplasticized gutta-percha obturation technique is a relatively recent development in endodontics. In this study we evaluated the possible effects of heat transmitted to the periodontal tissues when the Obtura root canal filling device was used in dog teeth. Two 8-month-old beagle dogs were used; 56 root canals of 36 teeth (maxillary incisors and first, second and third premolars of both jaws) were divided into two groups. In Group A 26 root canals were obturated with the lateral condensation technique, while in Group B 30 root canals were obturated using the Obtura device, without sealer. Observation periods were 1, 3, 7, 28 and 56 days. After routine laboratory procedures, hematoxylin-eosin stained sections were examined under a light microscope. In this experimental model the thermoplasticized gutta-percha obturation technique caused a periapical inflammatory reaction at all observation periods. Inflammatory reaction and destruction of collagen fibers were localized in the area around the apical delta, while the alveolar founding bone, the roots of the teeth and the periodontal ligament at the side of the root surfaces remained normal.     

Periodontal tissue reactions following root canal obturation with an injection-thermoplasticized gutta-percha technique

The thermoplasticized gutta-percha obturation technique is a relatively recent development in endodontics. In this study we evaluated the possible effects of heat transmitted to the periodontal tissues when the Obtura root canal filling device was used in dog teeth. Two 8-month-old beagle dogs were used; 56 root canals of 36 teeth (maxillary incisors and first, second and third premolars of both jaws) were divided into two groups. In Group A 26 root canals were obturated with the lateral condensation technique, while in Group B 30 root canals were obturated using the Obtura device, without sealer. Observation periods were 1, 3, 7, 28 and 56 days. After routine laboratory procedures, hematoxylin-eosin stained sections were examined under a light microscope. In this experimental model the thermoplasticized gutta-percha obturation technique caused a periapical inflammatory reaction at all observation periods. Inflammatory reaction and destruction of collagen fibers were localized in the area around the apical delta, while the alveolar founding bone, the roots of the teeth and the periodontal ligament at the side of the root surfaces remained normal.