狂犬病的分子流行病学研究

狂犬病是一种急性致死性传染病,以往主要用抗血清和单克隆抗体检测进行狂犬病病毒的分型和流行病学调查。近年来,随着对狂犬病病毒分子生物学的认识日益深入,在核酸水平上进行狂犬病的病毒分型和分子流行病学研究已成为国际性的新热点。本文就近年来北美、欧洲和非洲等部分地区狂犬病分子流行病学的研究进展进行了综述。     

狂犬病的分子流行病学研究

狂犬病是一种急性致死性传染病,以往主观用抗血清和单克隆抗体检测进行狂犬病病毒的分型和流行病学调查,近年来,随着对狂犬病病毒分子生物学和认识日益深入,在核酸水平上进行狂犬病的病毒和分型和分子流行病学研究已成为国际性的新热点,本文就近年来北京,欧洲和非洲等部分地区狂犬病分子流行病学的研究进展作了进行综述。     

云南省保山市人间狂犬病调查及病毒分子生物学特征分析

目的 了解云南省保山市发生2例狂犬病患者的流行病学特点,根据病原分子生物学特征分析可能的传染来源.方法 采用狂犬病个案调查表进行流行病学调查,采集狂犬病死者脑组织标本,用直接免疫荧光试验(DFA)检测狂犬病病毒抗原,用RT-PCR法检测狂犬病病毒核酸,测定狂犬病病毒P、M和N基因全序列并根据其同源性比较及系统进化树进行分子流行病学分析.结果2006年7月保山市隆阳区发生1例人间狂犬病,2007年4月腾冲县发生1例狂犬病.2例患者犬伤暴露程度均为Ⅲ度.2例死亡病例均采集到脑组织(编号为CYN0601H和CYN0701H),经DFA和RT-PCR两种实验室方法检测确诊为狂犬病病毒阳性.CYN0601H和CYN0701H与国内外狂犬病病毒的P、M和N基因核苷酸和推导氨基酸序列同源性分析显示,CYN0601H和CYN0701H与泰国分离株的同源性最高.系统进化分析显示,2株病毒标本亲缘关系很近,同属于狂犬病病毒基因1型,且与泰国病毒株有较近的亲缘关系.结论从病原学和病毒分子水平证实云南省保山市2例患者均为狂犬病,保山市狂犬病病毒流行株可能为境外传人,应加强云南省边境地区狂犬病防制工作.     

狂犬病毒的分子流行病学研究进展

狂犬病（Rabies）是由狂犬病毒（RV）引起的人和所有哺乳动物的急性致死性中枢神经系统的自然疫源性疾病，近年来随着宠物增多且缺乏相对有效的管理控制措施，狂犬病的发病呈上升趋势。人狂犬病一旦发病，病死率几乎达100％，目前尚无有效药物治疗，以预防为主，狂犬病已成为全球性的严重公共卫生问题。在分子水平上进行狂犬病毒流行病学研究，对于阐明病毒的毒力变异和抗原飘移、了解病毒的宿主特异性和病毒系统发生的时空进程，对有效地防制狂犬病具有重要的作用，本文对狂犬病毒的分子流行病学研究进展作一概述。     

苏州市1984年～1996年狂犬病流行病学分析

狂犬病是由狂犬病病毒引起的一种人畜共患的中枢神经系统急性传染病。由于病死率高（几乎是１００％），对人民群众的生命带来严重威胁。本文通过对苏州市１９８４年～１９９６年狂犬病发病情况的流行病学分析，来研究本市狂犬病的流行规律。１　资料来源和方法查阅苏州市卫生防疫站１９８４年～１９９６年法定传染病疫情报表资料，统计分析历年狂犬病发病率和年平均发病率，分析季节性分布；收集１９８９年～１９９６年狂犬病流行病学个案调查表，统计分析不同年龄组、不同性别发病率，分析传播途经、潜伏期和病程以及预防接种史。人口资料…     

4082例动物致伤门诊病例分析及狂犬病预防处置体会

目的狂犬病是由狂犬病病毒引起的人兽共患中枢神经系统传染病。对我中心门诊4082例动物致伤病例进行综合分析,了解株洲市动物致伤人群的流行病学特征以及评价狂犬病预防处置效果。方法是采用描述性流行病学方法对株洲市芦淞区公园社区卫生服务中心动物咬伤门诊4082例狂犬病暴露人群资料进行统计分析,暴露后预防处置进行总结。结论狂犬病预防控制工作不容乐观,需加强狂犬病预防控制工作。     

病毒病的控制——第九届国际病毒学大会简介之二

第九届国际病毒学大会于1993年8月8～13日在英国苏格兰格拉斯哥市举行。上期曾就大会的概况、病毒的结构与装配、病毒基因表达和病毒致病的分子基础、诊断病毒学和新发现的病毒等内容作过介绍。本文就有关病毒病控制的最新研究进展近况作一介绍。 一、病毒的分子流行病学 碱基序列分析是分子流行病学最常用的方法,但是任何分子流行病学方法的采用最终都受到基因进化率的限制。逆转录病毒和     

信阳市2002年狂犬病流行特征分析

狂犬病是由狂犬病病毒引起的一种人畜共患的中枢神经系统急性传染病。多见于狗、狼、猫等食肉动物。人多因被病兽咬伤而感染。其危害极其严重,病死率高达100％。我市2002年共发生狂犬病28例,均死亡。为研究其流行病学特征,以便采取有针对性的预防和控制措施,我们对28例狂犬病发病情况进行流行病学。     

狂犬病病毒浙江街毒株糖蛋白基因序列分析

目的 测定狂犬病病毒浙江株(鼬獾源和犬源)糖蛋白(GP)基因组全序列,从分子水平比较狂犬病病毒浙江株与其他地区代表性街毒株和疫苗株GP之间的差异.方法 乳鼠接种分离狂犬病病毒,RT-PCR反应测定狂犬病病毒浙江株GP基因核苷酸序列,并进行序列和编码蛋白的比较分析.结果测序获得浙江5株鼬獾源狂犬病病毒和9株犬源狂犬病病毒GP基因序列,全长1575个核苷酸,编码524个氨基酸.浙江病毒株与其他地区街毒株、疫苗株核苷酸和氨基酸序列相似性在82.3%～99.9%和85.1%～99.8%之间,种系分析显示浙汀株均为基因1型,GP编码蛋白无重组,主要抗原位点未出现较大的变异.结论 对GP基因一级结构综合分析表明,在某些区域存在优势抗原表位的可能性较大,可能出现潜在的蛋白质抗原决定簇,浙江株GP基因变异较小,与国内其他地区流行的代表性街毒株相似,但高于其他疫苗株,在基因结构及种系进化关系上存在一定的距离.     

江苏省盐城市1999-2008年狂犬病流行病学研究

目的 分析盐城市狂犬病的流行病学特征.方法 收集狂犬病疫情资料,开展犬密度、犬免疫率、犬伤人率及狂犬病处置门诊工作调查;检测犬脑中狂犬病毒并进行相关分子生物学研究.结果 1999-2008年盐城市共报告135例人狂犬病,形成自1958年以来的第二次流行高峰,其中2003年报告40例狂犬病.135例患者中114例为农民.监测点调查发现盐城市犬密度为每100人中约豢养犬3～6只,每年平均100只犬伤人6.37人次,2008年犬的免疫率只有20%,暴露人群狂犬病疫苗接种率为77%.狂犬病处置门诊中抗狂犬病血清(球蛋白)的使用率仅为5%～10%.在采集108份犬脑标本中,4份狂犬病毒阳性,扩增、测序并分析病毒的N和G基因显示,这些病毒为基因Ⅰ型狂犬病毒,与目前使用的狂犬疫苗株CTN同源性最高.结论 盐城市人间狂犬病的持续流行与当地犬的饲养量大、免疫率低以及农村地区群众受动物伤害后的处理不及时规范及处理率低密切相关.     

Epidemiology of rabies virus variants. Differentiation using monoclonal antibodies and discriminant analysis

Rabies virus was isolated by cell culture from the brains of 104 confirmed rabies cases diagnosed by the fluorescent-antibody staining technique in the United States during 1974-1984. Eighty-seven isolates were obtained from wild-life species, 10 from humans, and seven from domestic animals. These isolates were tested in virus neutralization and immunofluorescence assays using a panel of 34 monoclonal antibodies specific for rabies virus nucleocapsid protein, 44 monoclonal antibodies specific for rabies virus glycoprotein, and two monoclonal antibodies specific for rabies virus nucleocapsid-associated phosphoprotein. Using discriminant analysis, a distinctly different reactivity pattern was revealed between virus isolates from terrestrial (raccoon, skunk) and nonterrestrial (bat) reservoir hosts. The usefulness of this approach for studying the epidemiology of rabies and for predicting the source of infection when this information is unknown is discussed.     

Isolation of Lagos bat virus from water mongoose

A genotype 2 lyssavirus, Lagos bat virus (LBV), was isolated from a terrestrial wildlife species (water mongoose) in August 2004 in the Durban area of the KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa. The virus isolate was confirmed as LBV by antigenic and genetic characterization, and the mongoose was identified as Atilax paludinosus by mitochondrial cytochrome b sequence analysis. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated sequence homology with previous LBV isolates from South African bats. Studies performed in mice indicated that the peripheral pathogenicity of LBV had been underestimated in previous studies. Surveillance strategies for LBV in Africa must be improved to better understand the epidemiology of this virus and to make informed decisions on future vaccine strategies because evidence is insufficent that current rabies vaccines provide protection against LBV.     

Evidence of two distinct phylogenetic lineages of dog rabies virus circulating in Cambodia

This first extensive retrospective study of the molecular epidemiology of dog rabies in Cambodia included 149 rabies virus (RABV) entire nucleoprotein sequences obtained from 1998–2011. The sequences were analyzed in conjunction with RABVs from other Asian countries. Phylogenetic reconstruction confirmed the South-East Asian phylogenetic clade comprising viruses from Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand, Laos and Myanmar. The present study represents the first attempt to classify the phylogenetic lineages inside this clade, resulting in the confirmation that all the Cambodian viruses belonged to the South-East Asian (SEA) clade. Three distinct phylogenetic lineages in the region were established with the majority of viruses from Cambodia closely related to viruses from Thailand, Laos and Vietnam, forming the geographically widespread phylogenetic lineage SEA1. A South-East Asian lineage SEA2 comprised two viruses from Cambodia was identified, which shared a common ancestor with RABVs originating from Laos. Viruses from Myanmar formed separate phylogenetic lineages within the major SEA clade. Bayesian molecular clock analysis suggested that the time to most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of all Cambodian RABVs dated to around 1950. The TMRCA of the Cambodian SEA1 lineage was around 1964 and that of the SEA2 lineage was around 1953. The results identified three phylogenetically distinct and geographically separated lineages inside the earlier identified major SEA clade, covering at least five countries in the region. A greater understanding of the molecular epidemiology of rabies in South-East Asia is an important step to monitor progress on the efforts to control canine rabies in the region.     

Genetic and antigenic analysis of street strains of rabies virus in GuangxiP.R.China

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广西狂犬病毒野毒株的基因和抗原分析（英文）

Analyse the genetic and antigenic variant of rabies virus in Guangxi with epidemiological method, monoclonal antibodies reaction pattern and molecular biological technique. Rabies incidence has increase in recent three years in Guangxi, especially in mountainous areas. Investigation into the human rabies found that there are about 20％ vaccinated defeat cases.On the basis of their reactivity to monoclonal antibodies against the viral nucleocapsid protein(mAb-N),4 street strains isolated from different areas where enzootic rabies is shown had different reaction patterns compared with Chinese vaccine strain(3aG). The nucleotide and amino acid sequence of street strain(GX89_1) G and N gene were compared with 3aG, the overall nucleotide homology of GX89_1 with 3aG was 84.5％ and amino acid homology of GX89_1 with 3aG was 89.5％ in G gene.The overall nucleotide homology of GX89_1 with 3aG was 86％ in N gene and they were not in the same group.There are several amino acid replacement in AA 243_268 of G protein that can affect the antigenicity of rabies virus.The findings suggest that there are different street strains of rabies virus in Guangxi.     

浙江省慈溪市犬类狂犬病病毒携带状况调查及变异研究

目的研究犬类狂犬病病毒的携带状况及变异,为正确有效控制狂犬病疫情提供依据。方法根据狂犬病疫情分布,用分层采样法,采集相关地区犬脑51只,用免疫荧光法、夹心酶联吸附法、小鼠颅内接种试验法及RT-PCR进行检测。分离狂犬病病毒并进行N基因测序。结果在流浪犬只中发现狂犬病毒株(命名CXs)。流浪犬带毒率7.69%,CXs与疫苗株和固定毒株的NJ进化树比较,发现与WZO(H)株100%同源,与狂犬病毒固定毒株相比更接近CTN株(该地区使用的疫苗株)。结论当前使用的狂犬疫苗用于预防狂犬病是可靠的。经狂犬病流行特征和暴露后免疫预防处理分析,加强犬只的管理、免疫,暴露后采用规范清创,正确使用狂犬疫苗,合理使用狂犬免疫球蛋白(或血清)仍是当前防治狂犬病需遵循的原则。     

Phylogenetic analysis of nucleoprotein gene of dog rabies virus isolates from Southern India

India like several other South East Asian and African countries continues to face the public health and economic problems associated with the disease. Our objective was to perform a limited sequence analysis of a portion of nucleoprotein gene of 22 rabies virus isolates obtained from domestic animals in Southern India during 2004–2005. These isolates were compared with rabies virus isolates originating from Asia, Europe, Africa and North America. The phylogenetic analysis showed that RV isolates in Southern India belong to genotype 1. They were similar to one another forming a single major genetic cluster not ordered by geography or species of origin. However, they were dissimilar to RV isolates in Northern India and in other parts of the world. The data indicated that dog rabies virus variants are the major circulating viruses and control of dog rabies would result in overall reduction in the burden and incidence of rabies in India.