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1.
Adult spinal deformity surgery has been shown to be an effective treatment that improves the quality of life for symptomatic patients who have failed nonoperative management. Its prevalence has increased due to an aging patient population with longer life expectancies. Despite surgical technique advancements, it has been associated with complications that negatively impact patient outcomes. This article examines the surgical and medical complications associated with adult spinal deformity surgery and discusses their risk assessment, prevention, and management techniques.  相似文献   

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近年来,学者们通过应用影像学资料与(或)临床资料提出了多种用于规范成人脊柱畸形治疗策略的分型系统,旨在为更精确地比较不同类型成人脊柱畸形的治疗手段与临床疗效。本文通过回顾分析着重介绍几种成人脊柱侧凸分型系统,包括:成人退变性脊柱侧凸Faldni分型、SRS分型系统、Schwab分型、Scoliosis Research Society-Schwab分型系统,以及退变性腰椎侧凸的冠状面失衡分型等。以探讨不同分型方法对手术策略的指导价值,以及对存在的问题等进行全面概述。由于成人脊柱侧凸在影像学表现、临床症状表现、病理形态以及病理生理方面等关系较为复杂,因此制定出一种能够指导临床治疗的成人脊柱侧凸分型系统依然是脊柱外科领域的一大难题。  相似文献   

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This review focuses on the surgical techniques that are used to effectively correct thoracolumbar adult spinal deformity. Preoperative considerations and planning for selecting the appropriate correction technique, level selection, patient positioning, open correction techniques, and minimally invasive correction maneuvers are discussed.  相似文献   

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The population aged 65 and over is projected to double by the year 2050. As the population continues to age, the incidence of adult spinal deformity (ASD) will continue to rise. It is estimated that 30–50% of patients older than 65-years develop a degenerative scoliosis. Many of these patients have little to no symptoms as a result of their deformity and continue to lead active and healthy lives. A smaller subset of patients with degenerative scoliosis develops pain and disability as a result of their underlying deformity. The outcomes of surgery in this group are generally favorable but there is significant risk and potential morbidity associated with deformity correction surgery. The pre-operative planning and technical aspects of surgery are important but the peri-operative optimization of modifiable factors to minimize the risk of complications is even more important to achieve optimal outcomes. This paper will review the most up-to-date literature on the peri-operative optimization of patients undergoing adult spinal deformity surgery.  相似文献   

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Proximal junctional kyphosis and failure are important complications in reconstructive spine surgery. The impact of proximal junctional pathology on health status is variable, and junctional failure may involve compromise of neural and physical function, and may require revision surgery. The risk factors for proximal junctional kyphosis include multilevel fusion to the sacrum, malalignment of the spine, choice of upper instrumented vertebra, magnitude of realignment, bone and muscle quality, tension band integrity and characteristics of the unfused spine. The pathophysiology of proximal junctional pathology involve fracture and bony failure, ligamentous and soft tissue failure, and combined bone and soft tissue failure. Prevention of proximal junctional pathology is an important goal, and has a significant impact on improving the outcomes and durability of spinal reconstructive surgery. Prevention strategies are derived from an understanding of the underlying causes of junctional pathology. Preoperative planning to determine optimal post-operative alignment, and intraoperative strategies to achieve that alignment are important for prevention of junctional pathology. Preoperative preparation of the patient with optimization of bone quality, extensor muscle strength and body mass index may prevent junctional complications. Surgical strategies including anterior column load sharing and posterior augmentation of fixation are useful for prevention of junctional pathology. Cement augmentation at the upper instrumented vertebra, with possible inclusion of the next cephalad vertebra may be protective of bone failure. Ligamentoplasty and preservation of the tension band may be protective of soft tissue failure. Proximal junctional pathology remains an important complication in spinal reconstructive surgery. Understanding the factors associated with proximal junctional pathology including the mechanisms underlying junctional kyphosis, and awareness of the strategies for avoidance of junctional pathology will empower the surgeon to reduce the risk of post-operative junctional kyphosis and lead to improved outcomes in adult spinal deformity surgery.  相似文献   

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Adult spinal deformity is a debilitating disease affecting multiple aspects of patients’ lives including mental and physical well-being and functional ability. Advances in our understanding of the deformities and operative techniques have led to large improvements in patient reported outcomes, even with the associated high rate of complications. As we transition into the era of value-based care, the relatively high cost of deformity surgery has come under increasing scrutiny. Additional investigation of the costs of deformity surgery are required in order to employ effective cost-control measures while continuing to provide high-level care.  相似文献   

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Adult spinal deformity causes pain, disability, and alterations in the quality of life of patients. Sagittal alignment and spinopelvic parameters have been established to provide surgeons with correction goals based upon normative population values. Recently, much research has been done to optimize patient outcomes regarding these parameters and at the same time reduce complications such as proximal junction kyphosis. Recently, there has been growing interest in tailoring these alignment goals based on patient age, with an overall intention of achieving a less substantial correction in older patients compared to traditional alignment goals used for younger populations. This review paper will provide a framework of understanding how advanced age impacts the sagittal alignment of the spine, the evidence supporting age-adjusted alignment goals, and also shortcomings and areas for future investigation.  相似文献   

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As adult spinal deformity surgery is performed more and more, the spine surgeon is faced with the challenge to treat pseudoarthrosis. The presentation may vary, from asymptomatic patients, who should be observed in most of the cases, to patients with acute episode of broken rods, and or chronic pain with often trunk imbalance. In some instances, patients will present with neurologic symptoms. The evaluation of such patients must start with a good understanding of why the surgery failed first place. Poor host, smoking, lack of anterior column support, poor sagittal balance, lack of fusion, poor construct. Often a combination of all of the above is encountered. The workup for such cases consists of imaging studies (with often a CT myelogram as the excessive metal artifact will render the MRI imaging useless), nutrition labs, DEXA scan, EOS films and internal medicine or cardiology consult for risk stratification as this may represent major surgery. Indication of surgery is mostly based on pain and imbalance and/or poor function. The surgeon planning a revision adult deformity surgery has many tasks to perform: Identify and avoid the reasons that lead to failure of the previous surgeries. Plan the anterior column reconstruction either through posterior or anterior interbody fusion. Restore the global alignment through anterior or posterior osteotomies to achieve sagittal and coronal balance. Obtain a solid fixation with sufficient levels above and below the osteotomies sites with in some cases the use of pelvic screws and four rods (Quad-Rod) techniques. The use of bone graft (either autologous, allograft, bone graft enhancers and inducer) agents. The requirement of decompression either through a virgin spine or a previous laminectomy bed. Despite the extent of these surgeries and the potential for immediate postoperative complications, the outcome is in most cases satisfactory if these goals are achieved. In this review, the authors explore different scenarios for pseudoarthrosis in the adult spine deformity patient and the preferred treatment method to obtain the best outcome for every individual patient. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.  相似文献   

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MIS for the correction of ASD represents a continuously evolving surgical field. As the incidence of ASD continues to increase in the aging population, MIS offers an effective alternative means of surgical intervention while reducing the significant perioperative morbidity associated with traditional open techniques. MIS is not without risk; however, optimized patient selection can minimize complication risk and produce favorable clinical and radiographic outcomes. This review seeks to highlight appropriate patient selection, indications, complications, and areas in need of further investigation to evaluate long-term outcomes of these novel surgical techniques.  相似文献   

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BACKGROUND: There have been few detailed reports concerning pseudarthrosis following spinal instrumentation and arthrodesis in adults with spinal deformity since the introduction of modern segmental fixation techniques. The purposes of this study were to analyze the prevalence, risk factors, and outcome scores on the Scoliosis Research Society Instrument-24 associated with pseudarthrosis following instrumentation and arthrodesis for the treatment of spinal deformity in adults. METHODS: A clinical and radiographic assessment of 232 adults with spinal deformity who were treated surgically at a single institution was conducted. The average age of the patients was 40.8 years, and the operation was a primary procedure in 150 patients and a revision procedure in eighty-two patients. All patients who underwent a long (four vertebrae or more) spinal instrumentation and arthrodesis with a minimum follow-up of two years were included in the analysis. Clinical outcomes were assessed with the Scoliosis Research Society questionnaire. RESULTS: Forty patients had a pseudarthrosis. Factors that were found to be significantly associated with pseudarthrosis were preoperative thoracolumbar kyphosis of >20 degrees (p < 0.0001), an age of more than fifty-five years (p = 0.001), arthrodesis to S1 compared with arthrodesis to L5 or a cephalad level (p = 0.002), and arthrodesis of more than twelve vertebrae (p = 0.037). Patients with a pseudarthrosis had lower total outcome scores on the Scoliosis Research Society questionnaire, on the average, than those without a pseudarthrosis (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of pseudarthrosis following long arthrodesis with use of modern segmental spinal instrumentation for the treatment of spinal deformity in adults was 17%, and the clinical outcome in these patients can be negatively affected by the pseudarthrosis.  相似文献   

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<正>如何矫正成人脊柱畸形(adult spinal deformity,ASD)患者的冠状面失平衡(coronal imbalance,CIB)是脊柱畸形治疗的难点。CIB不仅影响患者的外观,当人体重心超出“经济圆锥”[1]范围时,还将使人体维持动态平衡所需的能耗增加,进而导致肌肉劳损,加速椎间盘退变,引起疼痛甚至神经功能障碍。近年来,越来越多的研究表明,脊柱畸形患者CIB将导致背部疼痛、外观满意度差、健康相关生命质量下降,甚至需要进行手术矫正[2~4]。目前,CIB的诊断标准尚不统一,影响CIB的因素众多,代偿机制尚不明确,  相似文献   

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《The spine journal》2020,20(2):174-180
BACKGROUNDAdult spinal deformity (ASD) is a debilitating condition that commonly requires surgical intervention. However, ASD patients may also present with osteoporosis, predisposing them to surgical complications and failure of instrumentation. As a result, proper detection of low bone mineral density (BMD) is critical in order to ensure proper patient care. Typically dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans are performed on the hip and spine. Unfortunately, in ASD patients, the latter is often inaccuratePURPOSEIn this study, we consider the value of obtaining a forearm DEXA scan in addition to a hip scan in patients suffering from ASD and osteoporosis in order to accurately detect low BMD.STUDY DESIGNRetrospective study.PATIENT SAMPLEPatient data between 2016 and 2018 from a single academic medical center was utilized. Two hundred eighty-six patients met the initial search criteria.OUTCOME MEASURESNo outcomes measures related to self-reporting, physiology, or functionality were evaluated in this study. Primary outcome measures analyzed included T-scores across various anatomic locations and diagnoses relating to low bone density (ie, osteopenia and osteoporosis).METHODSThis retrospective study examines patients that underwent DEXA studies between 2016 and 2018 and were previously diagnosed with both osteoporosis and adult spinal deformity. For each patient, age, gender, body mass index, and smoking history were noted, as well as whether there was long-term prednisone use. T-scores from both the forearm and hip were recorded and analyzed. Diagnoses from hip DEXA scans were compared with those obtained from forearm scans to identify which region was more sensitive in detecting low BMD. From this data, the frequency of a missed diagnosis, due to reliance on hip or spine T-scores for detection of low BMD, was extrapolated. No external funding source was received in support of this study.RESULTSTwo hundred eighty-six patients matched the initial search criteria. Only 68% had one T-score value. However, 24.8% of patients had data for both the hip and forearm, whereas 7.1% had data for the forearm, hip, and spine. Among the 85 patients with more than one anatomical site of study, the forearm was more sensitive than the hip in its ability to detect osteopenia or osteoporosis 41.2% of the time. A two-tailed t test showed no statistically significant difference between hip T-scores and forearm T-scores. However, for more than 17% of patients, the forearm allowed clinicians to detect osteoporosis or osteopenia in a setting where using only the hip data would have missed such a diagnosis.CONCLUSIONSClinicians need to ensure they survey at least two locations when conducting DEXA studies before precluding a diagnosis of osteopenia or osteoporosis. All ASD patients being evaluated for low bone density should receive DEXA scans that survey at least the hip and the forearm. Misdiagnoses can be costly in the setting of ASD. They occur frequently when only a single hip scan is relied upon to assess BMD.  相似文献   

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OBJECTIVE: Intra-operative movements due to mechanical ventilation or manipulations are a limiting factor for accurate spinal navigation or robotic-assisted spinal surgery. The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy of an intra-operative spinal fixation device in an experimental setup. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We developed a fixation device, attached to the operating table, that combines soft tissue retraction with spinal process fixation. Using a lumbar spine cadaver, tightness of fixation was evaluated using two measurement systems. Accuracy measurements using changes in spatial co-ordinates of implanted reference markers were performed in three segments, following different manipulations of the spine. In addition, for intra-operative movements of the spine during mechanical ventilation, the range of motion was determined in 10 patients during lumbar interbody fusion. RESULTS: The spine frame was easy to use and did not restrict screw insertion. Mean deviations of the markers' in all segments were measured at between 0.35 and 0.8 mm, following pedicle screw insertion and lateral traction. Intra-operative range of motion of the spine was measured with a mean value of 8.7 +/- 3.3 mm. CONCLUSION: Using our spine frame, a rigid fixation following manipulation of the spine was demonstrated. By overcoming the intra-operative movement-dependent inaccuracy, safety in navigated spine surgery and robotic-assisted procedures might be improved.  相似文献   

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《The spine journal》2020,20(6):934-946
BACKGROUND CONTEXTTwo-dimensional static radiography currently forms the golden standard in spinal alignment measurement in adult spinal deformity (ASD). However, these static measurements offer no information on dynamic spinal behavior. To fully understand the functionality and compensation strategies of ASD patients, tools to assess dynamic spinal alignment are needed.PURPOSETherefore, the aim of this study was to introduce, validate and assess the reliability of a new kinematic model to measure dynamic spinal parameters in ASD based on a polynomial function, taking into account the subject-specific anatomy.STUDY DESIGNValidation and reliability studyOUTCOME MEASURESRadiographic parameters, spinal kinematics and range of motion (ROM), Scoliosis Research Society Outcome Questionnaire (SRS-22), Core Outcome Measures Index (COMI).METHODSSpinal alignment of 23 ASD patients and 18 controls was measured using both x-rays and motion capture. Marker positions were corrected to the underlying anatomy and a polynomial function was fitted through these corrected marker positions. By comparing the polynomial method to x-ray measurements concurrent validity was assessed. Test-retest, inter- and intrarater reliability during standing and sit-to-stand (STS) were assessed on a subsample of eight ASD patients and eight controls.RESULTSThe results showed good to excellent correlations (r>0.75) between almost all x-ray and anatomy-corrected polynomial parameters. Anatomy correction consistently led to better correlations than no correction. Intraclass correlation coefficients for the polynomial method were good to excellent (>0.75) between sessions and between and within raters and comparable or even better than radiographic measurements. Also, during STS reliability was excellent. Fair to moderate correlations were found between spinal ROM during STS and quality of life, measured with SRS-22 and COMI.CONCLUSIONSThe results of this study indicate the polynomial method, with subject-specific anatomy correction, can measure spinal alignment in a valid and reliable way using motion capture in both healthy and deformed spines. This method makes it possible to extend evaluation in ASD from mainly static, by means of x-ray measurements, to dynamic and functional assessments.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEEventually, this newly obtained dynamic spinal alignment information might lead to new insights in clinical decision-making and new treatment strategies, based and oriented on dynamic parameters and functionality.  相似文献   

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Purpose

Proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) is a common radiographic finding following long spinal fusions. Whether PJK leads to negative clinical outcome is currently debatable. A systematic review was performed to assess the prevalence, risk factors, and treatments of PJK.

Methods

Literature search was conducted on PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials using the terms ‘proximal junctional kyphosis’ and ‘proximal junctional failure’. Excluding reviews, commentaries, and case reports, we analyzed 33 studies that reported the prevalence rate, risk factors, and discussions on PJK following spinal deformity surgery.

Results

The prevalence rates varied widely from 6 to 61.7 %. Numerous studies reported that clinical outcomes for patients with PJK were not significantly different from those without, except in one recent study in which adult patients with PJK experienced more pain. Risk factors for PJK included age at operation, low bone mineral density, shorter fusion constructs, upper instrumented vertebrae below L2, and inadequate restoration of global sagittal balance.

Conclusions

Prevalence of PJK following long spinal fusion for adult spinal deformity was high but not clinically significant. Careful and detailed preoperative planning and surgical execution may reduce PJK in adult spinal deformity patients.  相似文献   

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