Rectus sheath block for acute pain management after robot-assisted prostatectomy

BackgroundRobot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP) is a favored surgical approach for treating prostate cancer. However, RALP does not decrease postoperative pain significantly despite its minimal invasiveness. The pain associated with robot-assisted surgery is most severe during the immediate postoperative period. We aimed to demonstrate that preoperative rectus sheath block (RSB) can reduce acute pain after RALP.MethodsA prospective non-randomized study with two parallel groups was performed from June 2020 to August 2020. A total of 100 patients undergoing RALP were divided into two groups: the RSB group (n = 50) and the non-RSB group (n = 50). Ultrasound-guided RSB was performed preoperatively only in the RSB group. The primary outcome of the study was the visual analog scale (VAS) pain score during coughing (VAS-C) 1 h after surgery. In addition, the VAS pain score at rest (VAS-R) and the VAS-C were assessed up to 24 h after surgery. The doses of postoperative opioids consumed were also recorded.ResultsThe RSB group had a significantly lower VAS-C 1 h after RALP (58 [47–73] vs. 74 [63–83] mm, p = 0.001). In addition, the RSB group had significantly lower VAS-R and VAS-C scores, and postoperative opioid requirement, up to 6 h after surgery compared to the non-RSB group. Moreover, the VAS-R was significantly lower in the RSB group than in the non-RSB group 24 h after surgery.ConclusionPreoperative RSB significantly improved analgesia during the early period after RALP. The long-term analgesic efficacy of RSB needs further study.     

不同剂量右美托咪定在剖宫产产妇术后多模式镇痛效果的比较

目的 观察不同剂量右美托咪定用于剖宫产术后多模式镇痛的效果。方法 选择腰-硬联合麻醉下行剖宫产产妇120例,年龄20～45岁,BMI 20～35 kg/m²,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为四组：D₁组、D₂组、D₃组和C组,每组30例。胎儿剖出后,D₁组、D₂组和D₃组产妇15 min内静脉泵注右美托咪定0.5μg/kg, C组予等量生理盐水泵注。所有产妇术后连接自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)泵,镇痛液配方：在氟比洛芬酯4 mg/kg+托烷司琼5 mg基础上,D₁组、D₂组和D₃组分别加入右美托咪定1、2、3μg/kg, C组不加右美托咪定,各组再用生理盐水稀释至100 ml。记录产妇术后6、12、24、48 h VAS疼痛评分、宫缩痛评分、Ramsay镇静评分。记录PCIA有效按压次数、补救镇痛例数及不良反应的发生情况。记录术前和术后泌乳素(PRL)浓度以及术后72 h泌乳量评分...     

Effect of multimodal analgesia with paravertebral blocks on biochemical recurrence in men undergoing open radical prostatectomy

Background

Recent studies suggest that anesthetic technique during radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer may affect recurrence or progression. This association has previously been investigated in series that employ epidural analgesia. The objective of this study is to determine the association between the use of a multimodal analgesic approach incorporating paravertebral blocks and risk of biochemical recurrence following open radical prostatectomy.

多模式镇痛在达芬奇机器人辅助根治性膀胱全切除联合原位回肠新膀胱术中的应用

目的探讨多模式镇痛在达芬奇机器人辅助根治性膀胱全切除联合原位回肠新膀胱术中的应用价值。方法择期行达芬奇机器人辅助根治性膀胱全切除联合原位回肠新膀胱术中的患者60例,根据前后顺序分为2组(n=30),多模式镇痛组和对照组。多模式镇痛组的镇痛方案具体为:(1)帕瑞昔布钠的静脉使用;(2)腹横肌平面阻滞;(3)无阿片类药物的静脉镇痛泵。对照组只使用传统静脉镇痛泵。观察两组患者术后疼痛评分、镇痛相关不良反应发生率以及术后康复情况。结果 M组术后2 h、6 h、12 h、24 h、48 h疼痛评分明显低于对照组。多模式镇痛组术后恶心、呕吐、嗜睡、低血压发生率、追加止痛药及追加止呕药发生率均低于对照组。多模式镇痛组术后下床活动时间、排气时间、排便时间、住院时间明显早于对照组。结论多模式镇痛能有效减轻行达芬奇机器人辅助根治性膀胱全切除联合原位回肠新膀胱术患者的术后疼痛,促进早期下床活动,有利于患者术后康复,缩短住院时间。     

The role of regional anaesthesia and multimodal analgesia in the prevention of chronic postoperative pain: a narrative review

Effective prevention of chronic postoperative pain is an important clinical goal, informed by a growing body of studies. Peri-operative regional anaesthesia remains one of the most important tools in the multimodal analgesic toolbox, blocking injury-induced activation and sensitisation of both the peripheral and central nervous system. We review the definition and taxonomy of chronic postoperative pain, its mechanistic basis and the most recent evidence for the preventative potential of multimodal analgesia, with a special focus on regional anaesthesia. While regional anaesthesia targets several important aspects of the mechanistic pathway leading to chronic postoperative pain, evidence for its efficacy is still mixed, possibly owing to the heterogeneity of risk profiles within the surgical patient, but also to variation in techniques and medications reported in the literature.     

右美托咪定自控镇痛对结肠癌患者术后肠功能恢复及炎症反应的影响

目的 探讨右美托咪定(dexmedetomidine,Dex)自控镇痛对结肠癌患者术后肠功能恢复及炎症反应的影响.方法 选择90例结肠癌根治术患者,参照随机数字表法分为Dex自控镇痛组(A组)、舒芬太尼自控镇痛组(B组)、止痛针组(C组),每组30例.A组术后采用Dex+舒芬太尼+格拉司琼电子镇痛泵进行患者自控镇痛(patient-controlled analgesia,PCA);B组术后采用舒芬太尼+格拉司琼电子镇痛泵进行PCA;C组不使用PCA,在患者疼痛时由医师给予肌内注射强痛定.3组术后镇痛时间均为3d,于患者术后12 h(T1)、24 h(T2)、48 h(T3)及72 h(T4)使用VAS进行镇痛评分,使用Ramsay进行镇静评分,同时抽取静脉血检测TNF-α与IL-6含量,记录患者肛门排气时间.结果 与C组比较,A组与B组T1～T4 VAS评分较低、镇静评分较高(P＜0.05).A组与B组在全部时间点VAS评分差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).与B组比较,A组在全部时间点Ramsay评分较高(P＜0.05).与B组、C组比较,A组静脉血浆TNF-α、IL-6浓度较低(P＜0.05).B组、C组静脉血浆TNF-α、IL-6浓度差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).与B组比较,A组、C组肛门排气时间较短(P＜0.05).A组、C组肛门排气时间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 使用Dex联合舒芬太尼术后自控镇痛有较好的镇痛、镇静效果,同时减轻了机体炎症反应,不延长患者术后肠功能恢复,是结肠癌术后较好的PCA方式.     

酮咯酸氨丁三醇预防性镇痛对乳腺癌改良根治术患者镇痛效果及免疫功能的影响

目的探讨酮咯酸氨丁三醇预防性镇痛应用于乳腺癌改良根治术患者的镇痛效果及对免疫功能的影响。方法选择择期乳腺癌改良根治术患者70例,年龄36~65岁,体重45~75kg,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,根据患者是否接受镇痛分为预防性镇痛组(A组)和对照组(C组),每组35例。两组患者均采用气管插管全麻,预防性镇痛组在麻醉诱导前30min给予酮铬酸氨丁三醇60mg入壶静滴,对照组同时给予等量生理盐水。记录两组患者麻醉诱导前(T_0)、术后30min(T_1)、1h(T_2)、4h(T_3)和24h(T_4)时疼痛VAS评分。在T_0、T_4时测量患者血浆T_淋巴细胞亚群(CD3~+、CD4~+、CD8~+)及白细胞介素(IL)~(-1)β、IL-6、IL~(-1)0水平。结果 T_1~T_4时C组患者VAS评分明显高于T_0时和A组(P0.05);T_4时C组T_淋巴细胞亚群CD3~+、CD4~+及CD8~+明显低于T_0时和A组(P0.05),两组CD4~+/CD8~+组间组内差异无统计学意义;T_4时C组IL~(-1)β和IL-6水平明显高于T_0时和A组,T_4时A组IL~(-1)0水平明显高于T_0时和C组(P0.05)。结论酮咯酸氨丁三醇预防性镇痛应用于乳腺癌改良根治术患者能取得较好的镇痛效果,同时能够保护患者免疫功能,抑制炎性反应,减轻手术及麻醉对患者免疫功能的抑制作用。     

氟比洛芬酯联合吗啡镇痛对胃癌患者术后吗啡用药量及肠功能恢复的影响

目的 观察氟比洛芬酯联合吗啡镇痛对胃癌患者术后吗啡用药量及肠功能恢复的影响.方法 40例择期全麻下行胃癌根治术患者,随机分为氟比洛芬酯组和吗啡组,每组20例,分别于术前0.5 h静注氟比洛芬酯或安慰剂英脱利匹特.术后距第一次给药6 h再次静注氟比洛芬酯或英脱利匹特.两组患者术后均行患者自控静脉镇痛(PCIA).记录两组患者术后12、24、36、48 h的VAS和舒适评分(BCS),记录术后吗啡用量以及术后第一次肛门排气的时间.结果 两组VAS和BCS评分在各相应时间点差异无统计学意义.术后1～12 h氟比洛芬酯组吗啡用量为(16.99±3.51)mg,明显低于吗啡组的(25.09±4.63)mg(P<0.01).氟比洛芬酯组患者术后第一次肛门排气的时间为(69.05±11.20)h,短于吗啡组的(78.05±12.94)h(P<0.05).结论 围术期使用氟比洛芬酯可减少胃癌患者术后静脉镇痛的吗啡用量,促进肠功能恢复.     

Anesthesia and postoperative analgesia after percutaneous hallux valgus repair in ambulatory patients

Background

Postoperative pain is often severe after hallux valgus repair. Sciatic nerve blocks with long-acting local anesthetics have been recommended for surgical anesthesia and postoperative analgesia. However, a novel percutaneous approach may require less analgesia and make the procedure suitable for ambulatory care. We thus tested the hypothesis that mid-foot block and sciatic nerve blocks provide comparable surgical anesthesia and postoperative analgesia, but that patients ambulate independently sooner after mid-foot block.

Study design

Prospective, randomized study.

Methods

Forty patients scheduled for ambulatory percutaneous hallux valgus repair were randomly assigned to two anesthesia and analgesia blocks: foot infiltration achieved by a mild foot block, or sciatic nerve block (30 mL of 7.5% ropivacaine for each block). Surgery was performed without sedation or additional analgesia. Both groups were given oral paracetamol/codeine and ketoprofene systematically; tramadol was added if necessary. Walking ability and pain scores were assessed for 48 postoperative hours.

Results

Demographic and morphometric characteristics, and duration of surgery were similar in each group. Pain scores were comparable and low in each group at rest and while walking. The time to ambulation without assistance was significantly less for patients in the infiltration group (3.8 ± 1.4 hours) than patients in the sciatic group (19.2 ± 9.5 hours; P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

After percutaneous hallux valgus repair, mid-foot block and sciatic nerve block provided comparable postoperative analgesia. However, mid-foot block seems preferable since the time to ambulation without assistance is much reduced.     

Levobupivacaine – dextran mixture for transversus abdominis plane block and rectus sheath block in patients undergoing laparoscopic colectomy: a randomised controlled trial

We performed a randomised controlled double‐blinded study of patients having laparoscopic colectomy with bilateral transversus abdominis plane block plus rectus sheath block, comparing a control group receiving 80 ml levobupivacaine 0.2% in saline with a dextran group receiving 80 ml levobupivacaine 0.2% in 8% low‐molecular weight dextran. Twenty‐seven patients were studied in each group. The mean (SD) maximum plasma concentration of levobupivacaine in the control group (1410 (322) ng.ml^?1) was higher than the dextran group (1141 (287) ng.ml^?1; p = 0.004), and was reached more quickly (50.6 (30.2) min vs 73.2 (24.6) min; p = 0.006). The area under the plasma concentration–time curve from 0 min to 240 min in the control group (229,124 (87,254) ng.min.ml^?1) was larger than in the dextran group (172,484 (50,502) ng.min.ml^?1; p = 0.007). The median (IQR [range]) of the summated numerical pain rating score at rest during the first postoperative 24 h in the control group (16 (9–20 [3–31]) was higher than in the dextran group (8 (2–11 [0–18]); p = 0.0001). In this study, adding dextran to levobupivacaine decreased the risk of levobupivacaine toxicity while providing better analgesia.     

Gynecomastia and breast pain induced by adjuvant therapy with bicalutamide after radical prostatectomy in patients with prostate cancer: the role of tamoxifen and radiotherapy

Purpose

We investigated the role of tamoxifen and radiotherapy (RT) for the prevention and treatment of gynecomastia and breast pain during adjuvant bicalutamide monotherapy after radical prostatectomy (RP) in patients with prostate cancer. Also, we evaluated their effects on patient hormonal status, quality of life (QOL), sexual function and prostate specific antigen relapse-free survival.

Materials and Methods

This was a multicenter prospective trial. From January 2002 to February 2004, 102 patients who had undergone RP for localized or locally advanced prostate cancer were recruited and randomized into 3 groups, namely group 1—those receiving only 150 mg bicalutamide as adjuvant hormonal therapy, group 2—those receiving bicalutamide and 10 mg tamoxifen, and group 3—those receiving bicalutamide and RT. Patients in group 1 in whom gynecomastia or breast pain developed were subsequently randomized to receive tamoxifen or RT soon after symptoms started. Gynecomastia, breast pain, prostate specific antigen, QOL, sexual function and hormonal levels were assessed. Minimum followup was 12 months.

Results

Of group 1 patients 67% had gynecomastia compared with 8% in group 2 and 34% in group 3. Breast pain was more frequent in group 1 than in groups 2 and 3 (58% vs 7% and 30%, respectively). Differences were significant between groups 1 and 2 (OR 0.12 p <0.001), and groups 1 and 3 (OR 0.52 p <0.01). In patients in group 1 who had gynecomastia or breast pain a significant decrease in symptoms was achieved in those receiving tamoxifen (p <0.05). Treatments were well tolerated in the 3 groups. No differences in QOL between groups 2 and 3 were found. At a median followup of 26 months we observed 12 biochemical relapses.

Conclusions

Gynecomastia and breast pain induced by bicalutamide monotherapy after RP can be prevented and treated. Tamoxifen has been shown to be more effective and safe than RT in this setting. QOL and sexual function are not negatively influenced by these 2 treatment options.     

Comparison between patient-controlled analgesia and subcutaneous morphine in elderly patients after total hip replacement

Background. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effectivenesson postoperative pain, and cognitive impact, of patient-controlledanalgesia (PCA) compared with subcutaneous (s.c.) injectionsof morphine in elderly patients undergoing total hip replacement(THR). Methods. Forty patients older than 70 yr were randomly assignedto two different postoperative analgesic techniques for 48 h:i.v. PCA morphine (dose, 1 mg; lockout interval, 8 min; PCAgroup) or regular s.c. morphine injections (SC group). Postoperativepain was assessed at rest and when moving, using a visual analoguescale (VAS) every 4 h. A Mini Mental Status (MMS) examinationwas used to assess cognitive functions before surgery, at 2h, 24 h and 48 h after surgery, and at hospital discharge. Side-effectswere also recorded systematically during the first 48 h aftersurgery. Results. The PCA group showed significantly lower pain scoresthan the SC group both at rest and during mobilization. However,the clinical significance of pain scores was weak. There wasno intergroup difference in postoperative MMS scores. The incidenceof side-effects was similar in both groups. Conclusions. We conclude that in healthy elderly subjects undergoingTHR, the flexibility of the analgesic regimen is more importantthan the route of administration with regard to efficacy, adverseeffects and recovery of cognitive function. Br J Anaesth 2003; 90: 53–7     

Neurovascular structure-adjacent frozen-section examination (NeuroSAFE) increases nerve-sparing frequency and reduces positive surgical margins in open and robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: experience after 11,069 consecutive patients

Background

Intraoperative frozen-section analysis allows real-time histologic assessment of surgical margins (SMs) and identification of candidates for nerve-sparing (NS) procedures.

Objective

To examine the efficacy and oncologic safety of a systematic neurovascular structure-adjacent frozen-section examination (NeuroSAFE) during NS radical prostatectomy (RP).

Design, setting, and participants

From January 2002 to June 2011, 11 069 consecutive RPs were performed at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf. Of these, 5392 (49%) were conducted with NeuroSAFE.

Surgical procedure

Our NeuroSAFE approach included the whole laterorectal circumference of the prostate to determine the SM status of the complete neurovascular tissue-corresponding prostatic surface.

Outcome measurements and statistical analysis

The impact of NeuroSAFE on NS frequency, SM status, and biochemical recurrence (BCR) was analyzed by chi-square test, and by Kaplan-Meier analyses in propensity score–based matched cohorts.

Results and limitations

Positive SMs (PSMs) were detected in 1368 (25%) NeuroSAFE RPs, leading to a secondary resection of the ipsilateral neurovascular tissue. Secondary wide resection resulted in conversion to a definitive negative SM (NSM) status in 1180 (86%) patients. In NeuroSAFE RPs, frequency of NS was significantly higher (all stages: 97% vs 81%; pT2: 99% vs 92%; pT3a: 94% vs 72%; pT3b: 88% vs 40%; p < 0.0001) and PSM rates were significantly lower (all stages: 15% vs 22%; pT2: 7% vs 12%; pT3a: 21% vs 32%; p < 0.0001) than in the matched non-NeuroSAFE RPs. In propensity score–based comparisons, NeuroSAFE had no negative impact on BCR (pT2, p = 0.06; pT3a, p = 0.17, pT3b, p = 0.99), and BCR-free survival of patients with conversion to NSM did not differ significantly from patients with primarily NSM (pT2, p = 0.16; pT3, p = 0.26). The accuracy of our NeuroSAFE approach was 97% with a false-negative rate of 2.5%. The major limitations of this study are its retrospective nature and relatively short follow-up.

Conclusions

NeuroSAFE enables real-time histologic monitoring of the oncologic safety of a NS procedure. Systematic NeuroSAFE significantly increases NS frequencies and reduces PSMs. Patients with a NeuroSAFE-detected PSM could be converted to a prognostically more favorable NSM status by secondary wide resection.