深低温停循环行主动脉瘤根治术的脑保护方法

目的:总结深低温停循环主动脉瘤根治术中脑保护的方法,停循环中右锁骨下动脉选择性脑灌注的方法及优点.方法:2003年5月～2004年7例行主动脉瘤根治术中,3例行单纯停循环,4例停循环中右锁骨下动脉选择性脑灌注.结果:3例单纯停循环中有2例出现轻度神经系统症状,予甘露醇、奋乃静等药物后好转,4例采用右锁骨下动脉选择性脑灌注者无明显神经系统异常.结论:深低温停循环主动脉瘤根治术应着重强调循环功能的稳定,限制停循环时间,进行脑保护,并尽可能常规采用右锁骨下动脉选择性脑灌注.     

主动脉弓中断矫治术中体外循环管理体会

目的　探讨主动脉弓中断 (IAA)矫治术中体外循环方法。方法　IAA患儿 8例 ,男 4例 ,女 4例 ;年龄 1m～2岁 ,体重 3～ 8.3kg ;其中A型 4例 ,B型 4例。均在深低温体外循环下一期矫治IAA及其合并心脏畸形。除早期 1例采用单根主动脉灌注外 ,其余均采用上下半身同时灌注。早期 2例采用α稳态血气管理 ,后期采用 pH稳态和α稳态相结合的血气管理方式。结果　深低温停循环 (DHCA) 5例 ,深低温低流量 (DHLF) 2例 ,DHCA与DHLF相结合 1例。平均转流时间 (130± 13)min ,平均阻断时间 (72± 10 )min ,平均DHCA时间 (34.5± 10 .2 )min。死亡 1例 ,神经系统并发症 2例。结论　婴幼儿IAA宜在深低温体外循环下一期矫治 ,转流中采用持续脑灌注、控制停循环时间、pH稳态和α稳态相结合的血气管理等措施减少神经系统并发症。     

胸主动脉瘤手术的体外循环管理

①目的探讨胸主动脉瘤手术的体外循环(CPB)管理方法.②方法 1991年9月～2001年9月在不同CPB方法下实施胸主动脉瘤手术52例.采用中低温完全CPB灌注法29例;降主动脉重建术4例,其中2例采用深低温停循环(DHCA),另外2例在常温部分CPB下完成;术中实施脑保护者19例,其中10例用DHCA+上腔静脉逆行灌注(RCP)法,另外9例用DHCA+右锁骨下动脉灌注(SCP)法.心肌保护方法改良式温氧合血停搏液持续逆行灌注法(温血组)9例,4∶1冷氧合血停搏液顺行或逆行间断灌注法(冷血组)27例,改良冷晶体St.Thomas停搏液顺行或逆行间断灌注法(冷晶组)16例.③结果 CPB时间(195±89)min,主动脉阻断时间(135±63)min,RCP时间(37±4)min,SCP时间(33±12)min.CPB期间平均鼻温(24.9±3.9)℃,肛温(27.7±3.5)℃.心脏自动恢复冲动率温血组67%,冷血组44%,冷晶组31%.住院死亡9例,平均CPB时间(302±109)min,主动脉阻断时间(249±120)min.其余43例病人术后(20±6)d痊愈出院.④结论采用DHCA+RCP及DHCA+SCP法是一种较好的脑保护措施,可降低术后卒中发生率和手术死亡率.胸主动脉瘤的CPB方法选择及术中保护各重要脏器功能是CPB管理的关键.     

全身麻醉深低温停循环选择性脑灌注技术在主动脉弓替换和支架"象鼻"手术中的应用

目的回顾性总结Stanford A型主动脉夹层动脉瘤病人行升主动脉及全弓替换+支架"象鼻"手术的麻醉、体外循环及脏器保护方法.方法 2003年4月至2004年1月,本院连续在全麻深低温停循环选择性脑灌注下对Stanford A型主动脉夹层动脉瘤病人实施升主动脉及全弓替换+支架"象鼻"手术40例.其中男35例,女5例,年龄28～78(53)岁.急诊手术23例,择期手术17例.结果全组平均体外循环时间(166±38)min,心肌血运阻断时间(107±28)min,选择性脑灌注时间(30±15)min.死亡率住院死亡2例(5%,2/40),其中1例术后2周死于多器官功能衰竭,另1例术后2个月死于多发脑梗塞.并发症术后突发截瘫1例(2.5%,1/40);血管吻合口出血二次开胸止血3例;乳糜胸3例,经治疗后治愈.全组38例出院病人随访4～36周,无晚期死亡或需要再次手术病例.结论升主动脉及全弓替换+支架"象鼻"手术中应用全身麻醉、深低温停循环、选择性脑灌注及多种脑保护、血液保护措施可成功保障手术安全,有效减少术后并发症.     

深低温停循环选择性脑灌注技术在主动脉瘤手术中的应用

目的探讨深低温停循环选择性脑灌注技术在主动脉瘤手术中的应用,为以后的临床治疗提供经验。方法分析20例主动脉瘤患者行主动脉弓部手术资料,术中采用深低温停循环选择性脑灌注技术。结果手术中体外循环时间(220.87±83.70)min;心肌阻断时间(125.26±72.30)min;最长停循环时间66min,平均(32.89±12.80)min;最低鼻咽温16.2℃。术后清醒时间(6.12±1.85)h,呼吸机辅助呼吸时间(24.30±15.38)h。术后死亡3例。结论深低温停循环选择性脑灌注技术在主动脉瘤手术中的应用可以提高手术成功率,提供有效的脑保护,减少术后并发症。     

深低温停循环选择性脑灌注下行主动脉弓置换术(附5例报告)

目的:总结DeBakeyⅠ型主动脉夹层动脉瘤患者行主动脉弓置换术中的麻醉管理、体外循环和重要脏器保护的经验.方法:2005年6月至2006年6月间,在全身麻醉深低温停循环选择性脑灌注技术下行主动脉弓置换手术患者5例,均为急诊手术,男3例,女2例,年龄49～76岁.回顾性分析其临床资料,总结麻醉管理经验.结果:5例患者均采用普鲁泊福等完全静脉麻醉.体外循环(CPB)时间111～148 min,平均(127.2±16.6) min;CPB预充液采用复方醋酸林格液(勃脉力-A).停循环脑灌注时间11～18 min,平均(15.2±2.8) min;维持最低温度19～22℃,平均(20.4±1.5)℃;降温管理采用pH稳态的血气管理模式;复温时严格控制复温速度.采用腋动脉顺行灌注法进行脑灌注;深低温停循环期间监测听觉诱发电位(AEPI),5例患者均为0.术中输血量600～1 400 ml.术后随访4例患者存活,均无严重神经系统并发症;1例于术后第6天死于肾功能衰竭.结论:全身麻醉结合深低温停循环、选择性脑灌注等技术可以为主动脉弓置换手术提供良好的保障.     

主动脉瘤外科手术的体外循环管理(附38例报告)

目的:探讨主动脉瘤外科手术的体外循环方法及应用效果。方法:总结38例主动脉瘤患者,在体外循环下行动脉瘤切除术、人工血管置换及带瓣人工血管置换时体外循环方法,手术方法及手术预后情况。结果:38例患者中采用常规浅低温体外循环16例,采用深低温停循环8例,采用深低温选择性灌注14例。38例患者体外循环时间(100.74±38.96)min,心肌阻断时间(57.70±17.53)min;停循环时间14min-58min。术后死亡2例,死亡率5.22％,其他患者无并发症,均痊愈出院。结论:主动脉瘤手术的体外循环方式应根据患者病情决定;建立体外循环的方法要有利于脏器的灌注和保护,特别是神经系统的保护。     

体外循环非心脏手术的麻醉(附8例病例分析)

目的　总结体外循环非心脏手术病人的术前评估与麻醉。方法　回顾性分析了 8例病人的 9次体外循环行非心脏手术的麻醉情况 ,其中 6次经左或右股动、静脉、1次右经锁骨下动、静脉建立部分体外循环 ,2次常规体外循环。结果　该组病人平均体外循环时间 96～ 1 84 (1 31± 31 )min ,平均手术时间 4～ 9.5 (5 .9± 1 .8)h ,平均出血量 6 0 0～ 35 0 0 (1 35 0± 96 7)ml,平均输血量 4 0 0～ 30 0 0 (95 0± 886 )ml,平均尿量 4 0 0～ 1 80 0 (1 0 0 1± 4 5 0 )ml,术后平均呼吸支持时间 4 .5～ 96 (2 8.5± 30 .8)h。 1例病人术后 4 2d死于多器官功能不全综合征。结论　体外循环用于呼吸道难于维持、循环功能难于稳定或特殊要求的病人具有明显优点 ,加强麻醉前评估和麻醉管理有利于麻醉、手术成功进行     

脑保护灌注技术在胸主动脉瘤外科手术中的应用

目的：研究胸主动脉瘤外科手术实施脑保护临床意义。方法：胸主动脉瘤手术患者7例，男5例，女2例，病变种类有Debakey Ⅰ型4例、Ⅱ型1例、Ⅲ型1例、主动脉弓动脉瘤1例。术中均实施脑保护措施，其中应用深低温停循环者2例，深低温停循环＋上腔静脉逆行灌注者1例，深低温停循环＋左右颈总动脉灌注者4例。心肌保护均应用4：1冷氧合血停搏液经主动脉根部或经冠状动脉窦顺行间断灌注。结果：成活至今6例，因吻合口渗血1例于术后2小时死亡，术后4—6h清醒5例，1例清醒时间延长。体外循环时间111—420min，平均193min；主动脉阻断时间58—154min，平均82min；颈总动脉灌注时间26—68min，平均48rain；上腔静脉逆行灌注时间53min。4例自动复跳。结论：胸主动脉瘤外科手术特别是弓部手术的脑保护是手术成功的重要环节之一；深低温停循环＋双侧颈总动脉灌注、深低温停循环＋上腔静脉逆行灌注、深低温停循环技术均能有效保护脑功能，提高手术成功率。     

急性DeBakey Ⅰ型主动脉夹层手术的围麻醉期管理

目的 回顾总结深低温停循环下DeBakey Ⅰ型主动脉夹层血管置换手术38例,探讨其围麻醉期管理方法.方法 38例急性DeBakey Ⅰ型主动脉夹层患者,全身麻醉深低温停循环(DHCA)下完成手术.术中实施多脏器保护.结果 该组患者均顺利完成手术,麻醉诱导、维持平稳;平均体外循环时间(192.39±29.76)min,深低温停循环时间为(48.2±13.5)min,选择性脑灌注时间为(46.42±11.25)min;30例病人8～24 h完全苏醒,顺利脱机拔管,8例出现短暂神经功能异常,通过术后脑保护措施,72 h完伞苏醒拔管,1例病人双下肢肌力减退,5 d后完全恢复;肾功能衰竭6例;手术3 d后死亡4例,2例死于肾功能衰竭,1例死于肺栓塞,1例死于呼吸功能衰竭,死亡率为10%;全部患者无麻醉死亡.结论 充分的术前准备、术中麻醉管理、重要脏器的保护是提高主动脉弓动脉瘤血管置换手术成功率的关键.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.