原发性肺组织胞浆菌病一例报告并文献复习

报告一例北京居民发病的肺组织胞浆菌病，初始诊断肺结核，抗结核治疗病变恶化。胸部ＣＴ示两肺散在大小不一斑片状密度增高影，密度不均，部分有空洞影，两肺门影增大，经胸壁肺活检病理报告找到荚膜组织胞浆菌，病人住院期间尚出现皮疹－－－癣菌疹，经氟康唑治疗肺部病变大部吸收，皮疹消退。并结合文献复习进行了讨论。     

Acute pulmonary histoplasmosis from Ghana

A male patient developed acute pulmonary histoplasmosis 2 weeks after bathing in the water falls of Wli, Ghana. Exposure to Histoplasma capsulatum was probably mediated through inhalation of an aerosol of water and guano from the large colony of fruit bats of the falls. More cases of acute pulmonary histoplasmosis can be expected.     

Experimental pulmonary histoplasmosis and emphysema

Chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis often occurs in the setting of emphysema. However, it is unknown whether emphysema directly predisposes to the development of the necrotizing lesions of chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis. We evaluated this possibility using a murine model of pulmonary histoplasmosis. Using intratracheal inoculation of elastase, we induced pulmonary emphysema in Balb/c mice. When mice with emphysema were challenged intranasally with H. capsulatum (HC) yeast cells, the course of their disease was not significantly different from that of normal mice. Mice were also exposed to HC antigens by sublethal intranasal challenge with viable or heat-killed HC, or immunized with histoplasmin. Prior sublethal challenge with viable HC did not cause prolonged illness or increased mortality in the setting of emphysema. In contrast, such mice were protected against a severe rechallenge. Additional studies showed that intranasal administration of heat-killed HC or subcutaneous immunization with histoplasmal antigens had neither protective nor deleterious effects on the course of histoplasmosis. Therefore, in this murine model, we could not substantiate an interaction of underlying emphysema with acute primary or rechallenge pulmonary histoplasmosis.     

组织胞浆菌病和结核病的实验室诊断

组织胞浆菌病（HP）是由荚膜组织胞浆菌（HC）引起的一种传染性很强的系统性深部真菌病,常由呼吸道传染.该病临床表现多样,分为无症状型、急性肺型、播散型以及慢性肺型,极易误诊为结核、肺炎、结节病、败血症等.慢性肺型其临床表现为发热、咳嗽、多痰、咯血、胸痛、呼吸困难、盗汗、消瘦,X线胸片常呈边缘清楚的肺实变,长期则为结节状影,部分患者在肺尖部形成空洞,这些表现很难与结核病区别.我国结核病患者中2/3的细菌学检查为阴性,主要根据临床体征与X线胸片来确诊,这些患者中部分可能系HP或同时患有两种疾病,因而实验室鉴别诊断尤为重要.     

Bronchoscopy for the diagnosis of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease: Specificity and diagnostic yield in a retrospective cohort study

BackgroundBronchoscopy is a recognized method for obtaining specimens for the diagnosis of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD). However, its diagnostic properties remain to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to determine the specificity of bronchoscopy for the diagnosis of NTM-PD, and to examine the diagnostic yield of bronchoscopy for detecting nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) when patients cannot expectorate sputum with NTM.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study included 2657 patients who underwent bronchoscopy and mycobacterial culture between January 2004 and June 2018 in a tertiary care center in Tokyo, Japan. To examine the specificity of bronchoscopy, the first cohort comprised patients who underwent bronchoscopy for the diagnosis of lung cancer and mycobacterial culture. To investigate the diagnostic yield, patients with nodular bronchiectasis who underwent bronchoscopy for the diagnosis of NTM-PD were enrolled into the second cohort.ResultsIn total, 919 patients were diagnosed with lung cancer, 19 patients showed positive culture for NTM, and 14 patients showed findings for NTM-PD. Accordingly, the specificity was calculated as 900/905 (99.4%). In addition, NTM-PD was suspected before bronchoscopy in 199 patients; the diagnostic yield was 105/199 (52.8%). Four factors were associated with NTM-PD: upper lobe examination, absence of specific bacteria, absence of connective tissue disease, and a higher total computed tomography score.ConclusionsBronchoscopy has a high specificity for the diagnosis of NTM-PD. In addition, even when NTM is undetected in sputum, bronchoscopy may detect mycobacteria in approximately half of the patients suspected of having NTM-PD.     

输入型肺组织胞浆菌病的临床和影像及病理学特征

目的 探讨输入型肺组织胞浆菌病的临床、影像及病理特征及治疗方法,提高临床医生对该病的鉴别诊断能力.方法 对3例输入型肺组织胞浆菌病病例的临床、影像及病理学表现和治疗进行分析,并分别以“imported pulmonary histoplasmosis"、“输入病例”和“肺组织胞浆菌”为关键词在PubMed数据库和中国期刊全文数据库、万方数据库和维普数据库中检索1989-2014年发表的相关文献,对其中所有输入型肺组织胞浆菌病病例进行分析,阐述输入型肺组织胞浆菌病的临床特征、诊断和治疗措施.结果 3例肺组织胞浆菌病患者均为免疫正常宿主,均为男性,年龄44～67岁,有流行区蝙蝠洞/坑道暴露史,发病后症状轻重不一,但均出现流感样症状,影像学表现为双肺多发随机分布的结节影,伴纵隔淋巴结肿大.3例分别行经皮肺穿刺或开胸肺活检,病理组织学均表现为肉芽肿性炎症伴坏死,1例穿刺肺组织培养肺组织胞浆菌阳性.3例经伊曲康唑治疗后肺部病变吸收良好.共检索到13篇关于输入型肺组织胞浆菌病的外文文献,共报道60例患者,男42例,女16例,未报道性别2例,年龄为17 ～64岁.未检索到中文文献.这些患者的共同特征与本文病例一致,即流行病学史、流感样症状、双肺多发结节样病变,经抗真菌治疗或自行好转.结论 输入型肺组织胞浆菌病例的流行病史、流感样症状、双肺多发结节样病变等临床表现有重要的诊断价值,如果排除其他原因,即使无明确病原,根据临床表现、组织病理和对抗真菌治疗的良好反应也可诊断.     

Bronchoscopy for the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer

Bronchoscopy is an invaluable tool utilized for the diagnosis, staging, and management of lung cancer. Advancements in computer technology and engineering have allowed for the emergence of newer modalities to evaluate endobronchial, parenchymal, and mediastinal pathology. Established techniques such as white light video bronchoscopy and its ancillary procedures (forceps biopsy, brush biopsy, bronchoalveolar lavage, bronchial washings, and transbronchial needle aspiration) are discussed here, with their accuracy described in relation to tumor location, size, and type. Newer technologies such as autofluorescence bronchoscopy, narrow band imaging, endoscopic ultrasound, endobronchial ultrasound, electromagnetic navigation, optical coherence tomography, and confocal fluorescent laser microscopy are introduced and put into perspective. Special emphasis has been placed on their role in the early detection and staging of lung cancer. Some technology requires further study to delineate its role in the disease, whereas other modalities are emerging as the new gold standard in evaluation of lung cancer. The future holds great promise with further miniaturization of equipment and improvements in computer processing power that may allow for in vivo pathological evaluation of abnormal tissue.     

American pulmonary histoplasmosis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum

American pulmonary histoplasmosis is a deep mycosis imported from North America caused by the inhalation of Histoplasma capsulatum. It is endemic in several countries throughout the world and occasional cases have been reported in France, mainly imported from out lying French territories. The most frequent clinical forms observed in immunocompetent subjects are generally benign or silent and usually limited to a fortuitously discovered pulmonary nodule. Massive exposure may lead to an acute primary invasion producing a miliary aspect. Chronic forms simulating tuberculosis are exceptional. Inversely, opportunistic histoplasmosis in AIDS patients can produce an severe multiple organ disease. Ideally, mycelium should be isolated for diagnosis, a task which is easier in disseminated or operated nodular forms. More often, the epidemiological context, clinical and radiological features, the elimination of differential diagnoses and, retrospectively, serology are sufficient for diagnosis. The clinical course is usually favorable. Itraconazole is the treatment of choice for symptomatic or complicated forms.     

Laboratory diagnosis of histoplasmosis: update 2000

Histoplasmosis is a common infection in endemic regions of North and Latin America, causing a broad spectrum of clinical findings. Although acute pulmonary infection, chronic pulmonary, and progressive disseminated histoplasmosis are the most commonly recognized clinical manifestations, pericarditis, rheumatologic syndromes, esophageal compression, and sarcoid-like manifestations are well-recognized complications of histoplasmosis. Although excellent laboratory methods for diagnosis are available, diagnosis in many cases is missed or delayed because histoplasmosis is not considered in the differential. Physicians must be aware of the clinical syndromes and take advantage of epidemiologic clues. Furthermore, clinicians must be familiar with the uses and limitations of a battery of serologic and mycologic tests. Cultures, fungal stains, antigen detection, and serologic tests for antibodies are useful for diagnosis of histoplasmosis. All are reasonably specific and can serve as the basis for diagnosis in patients with compatible clinical findings. Each has certain limitations that must be recognized if they are to be used correctly. The approach to diagnosis of histoplasmosis will be reviewed.