闭式分离术后再狭窄的经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术

对闭式分离术后平均１３．９±６．５（４～２４）年的１６例风湿性二尖瓣狭窄病人进行了经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术（ＰＢＭＶ）治疗。男性５例，女性１１例。平均年龄４３±６（３２～５２）岁。结果：二尖瓣口面积由０．９８±０．２０ｃｍ２增加至１．９１±０．４９ｃｍ２（Ｐ＜０．００１）；二尖瓣跨瓣压差由１．５８±１．０８ｋＰａ（１２±８ｍｍＨｇ）降至０．５０±０．５０ｋＰａ（４±４ｍｍＨｇ，Ｐ＜０．０１）。并发症：术后发生二尖瓣返流１例，返流加重１例；４例发生房间隔水平分流；３例扩张时球囊破裂。结果提示：对二尖瓣闭式分离术后再狭窄病人（１）行ＰＢＭＶ治疗是一种安全有效的方法；（２）二尖瓣超声记分对其病例选择及疗效判断有重要价值，记分≤１０者疗效最佳；（３）操作中房间隔穿刺及二尖瓣口扩张有时将面临困难，应慎重对待。     

食管测压对反流性食管炎的诊断价值

目的探讨食管测压对反流性食管炎的诊断价值．方法使用专用软件控制的高分辨多道灌注测压系统（ＰＣｐｏｌｙｇｒａｆＨＲ瑞典产）测定了正常人１２例及反流性食管炎患者３２例的食管下括约肌动力指标、胸腹段长度及食管体动力参数．结果患者组ＬＥＳＰ，ＬＥＳＲＰ压力（ｋＰａ）明显低于对照组（１０±０７对２６±１０；０１±０４对０４±０２，Ｐ均＜００１）；食管中远段振幅（ｋＰａ）亦低于对照组（干咽：４６±３３对６５±２６，５３±３７对９１±３７，Ｐ均＜００５；湿咽：５３±３３对８９±３６，６１±４６对±１２４±４５，Ｐ均＜００５）．患者组ＬＥＳＬ１（ｃｍ）比对照组短（１７±０８对２６±０９，Ｐ＜００１）．结论反流性食管炎患者ＬＥＳＰ低下，ＬＳＥＬ１过短，食管体中远段动力低下，为临床选用动力药提供了客观依据     

金属支架（Ultraflex）治疗食管狭窄

Ｕｌｔｒａｆｌｅｘ食管支架治疗狭窄１２例．其中食管癌８例，贲门癌术后２例，肺癌食管转移１例，食管烧碱灼伤１例。所有患者均置管成功，术后吞咽困难明显好转，狭窄部直径由１．００±０．６０扩张至３．０８±０．５１（Ｐ＜０．０１）．反流性食管炎为术后最常见的并发症，其次发热，食管再狭窄的发生率为４１．６７％，２例为肿瘤复发入网，１例为肉芽组织入网，１例为食物嵌顿，１例为支架扩张不良所致。     

老年健康人及反流性食管炎患者食管运动功能的测定

目的比较老年和非老年健康人、反流性食管炎患者食管运动功能的异同。方法应用微气囊法对３０例老年健康人、１９７例非老年健康人、３０例老年反流性食管炎患者、４５例非老年反流性食管炎患者食管运动功能进行检测。结果（１）老年健康人食管下括约肌（ＬＥＳ）松弛时间为（８．１±０．８）秒,长于非老年健康人的（７．１±１．０）秒（Ｐ＜０．０１）,食管蠕动波压力和食管上括约肌压力〔（４０．５±２．９）ｍｍＨｇ和（４８．７±１８．１）ｍｍＨｇ,１ｍｍＨｇ＝０．１３３ｋＰａ〕低于非老年健康人的（４５．０±１０．５）ｍｍＨｇ和（５６．１±２１．２）ｍｍＨｇ（Ｐ＜０．０１）,同步收缩波发生率较非老年健康人增多（Ｐ＜０．０１）;（２）老年反流性食管炎组ＬＥＳ松弛时间〔（１０．８±１．１）秒〕延长和食管蠕动波压力〔（３３．２±２．９）ｍｍＨｇ〕降低比非老年组〔（９．２±３．７）秒、（４０．３±６．３）ｍｍＨｇ〕更明显（均为Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论（１）老年健康人有食管运动功能障碍;（２）老年反流性食管炎患者食管运动障碍比非老年患者明显。     

开展经皮二尖瓣球囊成形术的经验和体会

采用Ｉｎｏｕｅ法对５０例风心二尖瓣狭窄（ＭＳ）患者施行经皮二尖瓣球囊成形术（ＰＢＭＶ）治疗。单纯ＭＳ者１４例，伴二尖瓣返流（ＭＲ，１－２／４度）及轻度主动脉瓣病变３６例。房颤２１例，外科闭式分离术后再狭窄４例，术后血液动力学显著改善：左房平均压从２３．７±７．７降至１１．０±４．９ｍｍＨｇ（Ｐ＜０．００１），跨二尖瓣压差（ＭＶＰＧ）由２０．２±８．３降至４．１±３．２ｍｍＨｇ（Ｐ＜０．００１）。二尖瓣瓣口面积从０．９１±０．２０扩大到２．０３±０．２ｃｍ２（Ｐ＜０．００１），左房径从４．９６±０．８２缩小至４．１±０．５１ｃｍ（Ｐ＜０．０１），主功能从３±０．４６提高到１．３７±０．５１（Ｐ＜０．００１）。本组病例无１例发生严重并发症。掌握好房间隔穿刺技术，选择无明显瓣膜钙化和瓣下严重融合的病例，对房颤病人进行抗凝准备和正确掌握扩张终点是ＰＢＭＶ成功和减少严重并发症的重要保证。     

经皮穿刺二尖瓣球囊成形术术后及随访结果

采用Ｉｎｏｕｅ及国产球囊对４１例患者施行了经皮穿刺二尖瓣球囊扩张术（ＰＢＭＶ），成功的４０例平均左房压由术前的１５．７±３．１ｍｍＨｇ降到６．７±２．９ｍｍＨｇ（Ｐ＜０．００１），跨瓣压差由术前的１３．１±２．１ｍｍＨｇ降到４．５±２．４ｍｍＨｇ（Ｐ＜０．００１），二尖瓣口面积由术前的１．１０±０．２５ｃｍ２增加到１．９９±０．２７ｃｍ２（Ｐ＜０．００１），左房内径由４５．８±５．３ｍｍ减少到４１．２±４．９ｍｍ（Ｐ＜０．０５），心功能由术前的３．１０±０．６２级改善到１．５８±０．７４级（Ｐ＜０．０１）。２４例随访９±５个月结果示除２例发生再狭窄外，其余病例与术后３天相比，二尖瓣口面积和心功能无明显改变，左房内径进一步下降到３８．２±４．６ｍｍＨｇ（Ｐ＜０．０５）。表明，ＰＢＭＶ的近远期效果良好。     

一次口服单硝酸异山梨酯对心力衰竭患者的急性血液动力学效应

对９他心力衰竭患者（冠心病４例，高血压性心脏病１例，扩张型心肌病４例）一次口服单硝酸异山梨酯２０ｍｇ后，采用有创检查观察急性血液动力学效应，发现用药后半小时显效，１小时效应达高峰时，平均肺动脉压，肺毛细血管嵌压分别从服药前的４．６５±１．１７ｋＰａ（３４．９±８．８ｍｍＨｇ），２．８１±０．９２ｋＰａ（２１．１±６．９ｍｍＨｇ）降至３．００±１．０３ｋＰａ（２２．５±７．７ｍｍＨｇ）及１．７６±０．５４ｋＰａ（１３．２±４．１ｍｍｇ，Ｐ＜０．００１），中心静脉压从１．１９±０．６２ｋＰａ（８．９±４．７ｍｍＨｇ）降至０．６９±０．４６ｋＰａ（５．２±３．５ｍｍＨｇ，Ｐ＜０．０１），肺血管阻力由２９，２２±１４．８９ｋＰａ·ｓ／Ｌ降至１６．９６±８．６６ｋＰａ·ｓ／Ｌ（Ｐ＜０．０１）。药物最大效应持续至少６小时。在服药后０．５～２小时，平均动脉压明显下降（Ｐ＜０．０５）。心率无变化。一次口服未见副作用。提示单硝酸异山梨酯是治疗心力衰竭有前途的新药。     

瓣膜球囊扩张术治疗右向左分流重症肺动脉瓣狭窄

报告１０例伴有右向左分流重症肺动脉瓣狭窄，应用超大球囊法进行经皮球囊肺动脉瓣扩张术，肺动脉瓣扩张术跨瓣压差（△Ｐ）由术前１５．８±５．９ｋＰａ降至２．６±０．５ｋＰａ，术时动脉血氧饱和度（ＳａＯ２）由术前８６．８±３．７％降至６１．８±２６．１％，术毕时ＳａＯ２升至９３．４±４．１％。随访６个月内７例ＳａＯ２达≥９０％，２例于６～１２个月ＳａＯ２达≥９５％，１例ＰＢＰＶ后３年ＳａＯ２仍为９２％。作者认为重症肺动脉瓣狭窄伴右向左分流仍为ＰＢＰＶ适应证，并着重讨论球囊扩张术方法。     

经皮穿刺二尖瓣球囊成形术200例报告

本文对１９８８年５月至１９９２年７月间以Ｉｎｏｕｅ单球囊瓣膜成形术治疗二尖瓣狭窄２００例进行分析。本组中男６３例，女１３７例，平均年龄３６．５±８．８岁。经血液动力学及左室造影观察，取得良好效果。左房平均压自３．３４±１．２２ｋＰａ（２５．０８±９．１３ｍｍＨｇ）下降至１．４２±０．５５ｋＰａ（１０．６４±４．１０ｍｍＨｇ）（Ｐ＜０．００１）；二尖瓣跨瓣压差由３．４０±１．３６ｋＰａ（２５．４９±１０．２２ｍｍＨｇ）下降为０．８９±０．６５ｋＰａ（６．７１±４．８７ｍｍＨｇ），肺动脉收缩压由７．０４±２．８６ｋＰａ（５２．７８±２１．４２ｍｍＨｇ）下降为５．１４±２．２０ｋＰａ（３８．５６±１６．４７ｍｍＨｇ）（Ｐ＜０．００１）；心输出量由３．８４±０．１１Ｌ／ｍｉｎ上升为４．６６±０．２８Ｌ／ｍｉｎ（Ｐ＜０．００１）；二尖瓣口面积由１．０８±０．２８ｃｍ２增大为２．２０±０．４７ｃｍ２（Ｐ＜０．００１）。５０例随访６～４８个月（平均２４个月），临床症状改善率为１００％。本文对经皮穿刺二尖瓣球囊成形术（ＰＢＭＶ）适应证、方法、效果、并发症及其作用机制进行了讨论。     

Inoue气囊经皮瓣膜成形术治疗成人肺动脉瓣狭窄

１９８５年１２月至１９９４年８月，５３例成人先天性肺动脉瓣狭窄（ＰＳ）患者用Ｉｎｏｕｅ气囊进行经皮肺动脉瓣成形术（ＰＢＰＶ），成功率为１００％，无严重并发症。术后ＰＶＤ口压力阶差从９０．９±４５．９ｍｍＨｇ减至３８．１±３２．３ｍｍＨｇ（Ｐ＜０．００１）。ＰＶ口直径从８．９±３．６ｍｍ增至１７．４±４．６ｍｍ（Ｐ＜０．００１）。在６．４±２．８（０．８至９．５）年的随访期，心功能保持在Ⅰ级至Ⅱ级，其中９例重行心导管术检查，术前术后及随访的ＰＶ压力阶差分别为１０６．９±４７．７ｍｍＨｇ、５０．１±２９．２ｍｍＨｇ及２９．６±１６．０ｍｍＨｇ（术前比术后及随访Ｐ＜０．０５）；ＰＶ口径分别为８．２６±１．４、１７．２±２．０５及１８．７±１．３ｍｍ（Ｐ＜０．００１）（术前比术后及随访Ｐ＜０．０５）．认为Ｉｎｏｕｅ气羹ＰＢＰＶ对ＰＳ是有效和安全的方法，远期疗效满意。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.