下颌骨外板修复颅颌面畸形

目的研究自体下颌骨外板移植在颅颌面骨骼畸形或缺损修复中的应用。方法经口内切口显露下颌升支下份、下颌角、下颌体 ,根据所需骨量的大小及形状 ,采取一侧或双侧下颌外板 ,经裁剪塑形后配合坚强内固定技术用于颅颌面充填植骨或骨骼支架的重建。结果自 1993年 4月至 1999年 10月共采用下颌骨外板治疗颅颌面骨组织缺损或畸形 5 6例。其中颅颌面先天畸形 15例 ,创伤后畸形修复 2 1例 ,肿瘤切除后重建 3例 ,美容整形 17例。随访 6个月至 3年 ,移植骨与邻近骨愈合良好 ,骨质无明显吸收 ,所有患者面部形态均得到明显改善。结论自体下颌骨外板主要是密质骨 ,移植后很少吸收 ,适合于面部骨骼的充填植骨 ,具有较高的机械强度 ,配合小夹板坚强内固定技术可很好的完成面部支架的重建 ,有效地矫正各种原因导致的颅颌面部骨骼畸形 ,采取方便 ,手术创伤小 ,于体表不遗留瘢痕 ,对生理功能干扰小 ,是理想的自体骨移植材料之一。     

下颌骨外板修复颅颌面畸形

目的研究自体下颌骨外板移植在颅颌面骨骼畸形或缺损修复中的应用.方法经口内切口显露下颌升支下份、下颌角、下颌体,根据所需骨量的大小及形状,采取一侧或双侧下颌外板,经裁剪塑形后配合坚强内固定技术用于颅颌面充填植骨或骨骼支架的重建.结果自1993年4月至1999年10月共采用下颌骨外板治疗颅颌面骨组织缺损或畸形56例.其中颅颌面先天畸形15例,创伤后畸形修复21例,肿瘤切除后重建3 例,美容整形17例.随访6个月至3年,移植骨与邻近骨愈合良好,骨质无明显吸收,所有患者面部形态均得到明显改善.结论自体下颌骨外板主要是密质骨,移植后很少吸收,适合于面部骨骼的充填植骨,具有较高的机械强度,配合小夹板坚强内固定技术可很好的完成面部支架的重建,有效地矫正各种原因导致的颅颌面部骨骼畸形,采取方便,手术创伤小,于体表不遗留瘢痕,对生理功能干扰小,是理想的自体骨移植材料之一.     

下颌骨外板修复颅颌面畸形

目的 研究自体下颌骨外板移植在颅凳面骨骼畸形或缺损修复中的应用。方法 经口内切口显露下颌长支下份、下颌角、下颌体,根据所需骨量的大小及形状,采取一侧或双侧下颌外板,经裁塑形后配合坚强内固定技术用于颅颌面充填植骨或骨骼支架的重建。结果 自１９９３年４月至１９９９年１０月共采用下颌骨外板治疗颅颌面骨组织缺损或畸形５６例。其中颅颌面先天畸形１５例,创伤后畸形修复２１例,肿瘤切除后重建３例,美容整形１７例     

自体下颌骨外板在外伤后严重鞍鼻畸形矫正中的应用

目的探讨自体下颌骨外板作为鼻支架在外伤后严重鞍鼻畸形矫正中的应用.方法口内入路采取自体下颌骨外板,将其修整塑形后备用.鼻背剥离隧道,充分松解鼻周组织,延长外鼻.鼻根部两侧做弧形切口,电钻横穿鼻骨钻孔,支架植入后用钢丝固定在鼻骨上.结果对12例外伤后严重鞍鼻行自体下颌骨外板移植鼻支架重建,术后形态满意.无鼻背皮肤红肿、感染、支架外露、骨坏死及移位发生,伤口Ⅰ期愈合.经6个月至2年的随访观察,无明显骨吸收、变形,效果稳定.结论自体下颌骨外板采取方便,切口隐蔽,具有足够强度,骨吸收少,作为鼻支架矫正外伤后严重鞍鼻畸形是一种理想的移植材料.     

自体下颌骨外板游离移植技术在颅颌面外科中的应用进展

颅颌面外科是通过特殊的截骨和植骨方法将颅颌面骨分块移动,并按照整形美容原则重新组合固定,达到从根本上矫正畸形或美化容貌的新兴学科.骨移植是颅颌面外科中最重要的技术之一.目前,国内外常用于骨移植的供区主要有髂骨、肋骨、颅骨外板等;而关于下颌骨外板的应用最常见于通过将其截除以减小患者下面部的宽度.自体下颌骨外板作为一种骨游离移植供区,早在1970年,SN Kline就应用下颌骨颏部供骨治疗了1例下颌骨骨折延迟愈合的患者,并证实下颌骨外板取材方便、血供充分、并发症少,是良好的骨供区.     

颅颌面骨纤维异常增殖症的手术治疗

目的 探索颅颌面骨纤维异常增殖症及其造成的颅颌面骨骼畸形的有效安全的手术矫正方法.方法 根据患者的具体情况设计不同手术切除和重建的方案,经头皮冠状切口或口内切口及下睑缘切口入路,对病灶进行完全或部分切除,采用自体颅骨外板或内板、下颌骨外板、Med-por、钛网、个性化钛修复体及人工骨重建颅颌面骨骼支架.结果 19例中,完全切除4例,不完全切除15例.自体颅骨内板修复1例,下颌骨外板修复2例,Medpor修复3例,钛网2例,个性化钛修复体修复2例,人工骨修复1例.随访9个月～5年,效果满意.结论 在充分做好术前设计和严防并发症的情况下,加以现代麻醉和颅颌面外科技术的保证,利用现代计算机模拟手术,可安全进行病变骨广泛切除、重建颅颌面骨骼支架,远期疗效尚需进一步观察.     

自体下颌骨外板在外伤后严重鞍鼻畸形矫正中的应用

目的 探讨自体下领骨外板作为鼻支架在外伤后严重鞍鼻畸形矫正中的应用。方法 口内入路采取自体下领骨外板，将其修整塑形后备用。鼻背剥离隧道，充分松解鼻周组织，延长外鼻。鼻根部两侧做弧形切口，电钻横穿鼻骨钻孔，支架植入后用钢丝固定在鼻骨上。结果 对12例外伤后严重鞍鼻行自体下领骨外板移植鼻支架重建，术后形态满意。无鼻背皮肤红肿、感染、支架外露、骨坏死及移位发生，伤口工期愈合。经6个月至2年的随访观察，无明显骨吸收、变形，效果稳定。结论 自体下领骨外板采取方便，切口隐蔽，具有足够强度，骨吸收少，作为鼻支架矫正外伤后严重鞍鼻畸形是一种理想的移植材料。     

颅骨外板游离移植修复颅面骨缺损畸形

因创伤、感染及先天畸形所致的颅骨和面部骨缺损，常造成功能障碍或外观畸形而需要手术植骨修复。近年来，自体的颅骨外板被认为是较理想的供骨［1］，在修复颅面骨缺损尤显优越。但因供骨制取较困难，临床合用不广泛。自1990年以来，以自体颅骨外板游离移植，修复了26例颅面骨缺损畸形，经12～24个月的随访，效果满意，报告如下。 1　临床资料 　　本组26例，男21例，女5例。年龄6～45岁(仅1例为6岁，其余均在17岁以上)。其中外伤性额、眶部颅骨缺损19例，感染性眶骨缺损1例，肿瘤术后下颌骨缺损1例，上颌骨先天发育不全1例，复杂性鞍鼻4例。游离颅骨外板最大面积为6cm×9cm，最小为1.5cm×3cm。     

下颌骨外板与颅骨外板移植后吸收率的比较研究

目的 通过比较下颌骨外板与颅骨外板移植后的吸收率.以为下颌骨外板在临床应用提供理论依据.方法 8～12个月龄成年小香猪8只,分别截取一侧下颌骨外板及部分颅顶部外板并修整成相同大小(2.5 cm×1.0 cm),用排水法测量体积后将两骨块贴附植于鼻拱部两侧.随机挑选2只动物,于术后12周处死,取下颌骨外板及颅骨外板贴附植骨区各1.5 cm×0.5 cm大小骨质标本行组织学检查;另6只动物于术后24周处死,用印模材料翻制移植骨块模型后用排水法测量其体积,同时取骨质标本行组织学检查.结果 下颌骨外板贴附移植后总体吸收率为(41±5)%,颅骨外板为(46±12)%,两者比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.51),移植骨愈合改建过程与颅骨外板一致.结论 下颌骨外板是颅面部贴附植骨良好的自体骨源.     

颅骨外板游离移植修复颅面骨缺损畸形

因创伤、感染及先天畸形所致的颅骨和面部骨缺损 ,常造成功能障碍或外观畸形而需要手术植骨修复。近年来 ,自体的颅骨外板被认为是较理想的供骨[1] ,在修复颅面骨缺损尤显优越。但因供骨制取较困难 ,临床合用不广泛。自1990年以来 ,以自体颅骨外板游离移植 ,修复了 2 6例颅面骨缺损畸形 ,经 12～ 2 4个月的随访 ,效果满意 ,报告如下。1　临床资料　本组 2 6例 ,男 2 1例 ,女 5例。年龄 6～ 45岁 (仅 1例为6岁 ,其余均在 17岁以上 )。其中外伤性额、眶部颅骨缺损19例 ,感染性眶骨缺损 1例 ,肿瘤术后下颌骨缺损 1例 ,上颌骨先天发育不全 1例 ,…     

The use of vascularized cranial bone in reconstruction of the maxilla and mandible

Defects of the maxilla and mandible can cause significant functional and aesthetic problems for patients. Vascularized calvarium was used to reconstruct six mandible and four maxillary defects between 1991 and 1998. The ages of patients ranged from 15 to 68 years.Full thickness calvarial bone was preferred for the repair of segmental mandibular defects but split thickness calvarial bone onlay was used to reconstruct contour deformities. When full thickness calvarial bone was used, the donor site defect was covered with split thickness cranial bone. In small defects, a bipedicled galea pericranial flap was used for reconstruction. The bone was supplied by the superficial temporal vessels in all cases. A tunnel in the subcutaneous plane was used for the flap transfer to avoid facial nerve branches. Immediate expansion was performed during the preparation of the tunnel to prevent pedicle compression. Bone vascularization was checked with bone scan and serial X-rays and clinical examinations were also performed in the postoperative period. Flap necrosis was observed in one case, satisfactory functional and aesthetic results were achieved in all other patients. Vascularized cranial bone has not only the same structural features as facial bones but also a reliable vascular supply. The superficial temporal fascia and hairy skin may be included in the cranial bone flap to treat complex defects. The donor site scar is well hidden in the scalp. There is minimal donor site discomfort. In conclusion, vascularized cranial bone is a good method of treatment in selected cases. Received: 19 October 1998 / Accepted: 1 March 1999     

Rigid internal fixation of mandibular fractures using autologous bone grafts: the autologous bone plate

The mandible is the second most commonly fractured part of the maxillofacial skeleton because of its position and prominence. Over the past three decades, many different techniques and approaches have been described in the literature to surgically correct facial fractures. The present study has attempted to study the role of bone grafts in open reduction and internal fixation of mandibular fractures. Fourteen patients with mandibular fracture were considered for the study from August 2006 to August 2008. Autologous bone grafts were used for rigid fixation of these fractures in all the cases. Patients presenting with unilateral fractures of the body of the mandible were considered and enrolled for rigid internal fixation using autologous bone grafts. Fourteen patients were included in the study of which 11 were males and the rest were females. The average age at presentation was 30.4 years (18–62 years). Unicortical outer table parietal calvarial bone graft was used in all patients. The size of bone graft harvested ranged from 55 × 20 mm to 60 × 20 mm. Autologous calvarial bone graft harvested from the outer table appears to be a safe, cheaper, and effective alternative to miniplates in selected cases of mandibular fractures.     

自体颅骨移植在眶底重建中的应用

目的 评价自体颅骨移植在治疗面部外伤致眶底缺损中的作用。方法 对34例面部创伤眶底爆裂骨折（以下简称眶底骨折）有骨质缺损者,采用冠状切口取自休遭受,结膜切口加外眦切开入路进行骨移植修复缺损。结果 所有病例术后创口愈合良好,无感染。供骨区无并发症发生。1例术后3个月内有轻微下睑外翻,通过自行按摩半年后已不明显,8例术前有眶下区麻木者,术后1-6个月全部恢复,4例有复视者术后消失,通过半年至5年（平衡11个月）的随诊,移植骨成活良好,供受骨区切口瘢痕不明显,均取得了满意的临床疗效。结论 自体颅骨移植并发症少,对眶底的重建有许多优点。是眶底重建的理想移植材料。     

下颌骨外板修复面斜裂鼻眶骨畸形

目的 探讨采用下颌骨外板修复面斜裂患者鼻眶骨骼畸形的适应证及临床意义。方法 经口内入路显露颏孔、下颌体、下颌角、下颌升支中下份的外侧骨面，用小裂钻和骨凿在下颌升支下份咬合平面水平、下颌骨外斜线及颏孔后3～5mm垂直线范围内劈开外板后取出骨块。将下颌骨外板进行适当塑形后，配合钛合金钉、板坚强内固定系统植入或贴附于需行骨骼重建部位。结果 采用下颌骨外板修复面斜裂骨骼发育不良或缺损7例。随访6个月～3年，移植骨与邻近相接骨组织愈合良好，局部骨骼重建效果完美稳定。结论 下颌骨外板与颅骨外板的骨密度接近但采取更加方便，并不遗留任何皮肤瘢痕，是目前修复面斜裂骨骼发育不良或缺损的比较理想的材料和方法。     

Use of the calvarium for bone grafting in cranio-maxillo-facial surgery

Bone grafts's traditional donor sites in cranio-maxillo-facial surgery have been for many years and are still in some occasions the ribs, iliac crest and tibia. Bone grafts taken from the calvaria have been used by some surgeons in the past but its wide acceptance was only achieved after Paul Tessier had reported his own experience. The calvaria is composed of inner and outer tables that encloses a layer of cancellous bone called the diploe. A high degree of variability exist with respect to skull thickness. Nevertheless parietal bones is the preferable site for the harvesting of the graft. The embryonic origin of the cranium should be responsible for greater survival of the graft. Membranous bone would maintain its volume to a greater extent than endochondral bone when autografted in the cranio-facial region. However this remains controversial. Two techniques can be used for the harvesting of a calvarial bone grafts. A split thickness calvarial graft involves removal of the outer table while leaving the inner layer in place. Its main disadvantage is the relatively thinness of the bone transferred. A full thickness segment of skull involves the cranium cavity be entered. A half of the graft can be split along the diploe space and returned to fill the donor site. The other half is used for reconstruction. It is a more complicated procedure. Cranial grafts have been used in the following cases. Correction of contour defect of the forehead and zygomatic bones, orbital floor reconstruction, restoration of the nasal bridge, bone grafting of the maxilla and mandibule. The advantages are the following: the donor and recipient sites are in adjacent surgical fields, the donor site scar is hidden in the scalp, morbidity associated with removing the graft is almost inexistent. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Cranial nasal bone grafts

Reconstitution of the nasal scaffolding with maintainence of soft tissue proportions either following severe facial trauma or as a sequela to aesthetic rhinoplasty misadventures frequently is best achieved using the stability afforded by bone grafts. Split cranial bone grafts offer many advantages and may be the donor site of choice, and may even allow such surgery to be performed on an outpatient basis in some cases. The use of miniplate or screw osteosynthesis, now commonly accepted as a superior technique in craniomaxillofacial procedures, may simplify fixation of these calvarial nasal bone grafts with an apparent decrease in the risk of resorption.     

严重复杂性颅颌面骨折后继发畸形的修复重建

目的 探讨严重复杂性颅颌面骨折后,继发畸形晚期重建的手术步骤及手术方法.方法 采用头皮冠状切口、下睑睫毛缘切口及口内龈颊沟切口入路,充分显露所有骨折部位.按照先上后下、再中间,由外向内的顺序进行各功能区域的修复.首先经颅内外联合入路修复额眶部畸形,然后进行眶颧部外侧面部支架的截骨重建,再行下颌骨截骨复位,最后行上颌骨Le Fort Ⅰ型截骨,颌间结扎后,通过下颌骨确定上颌骨的位置并用小夹板内固定.应用自体骨重建鼻背骨性支架,重塑鼻背轮廓;内眦韧带复位固定和内眦整形矫正创伤性内眦距增宽,恢复鼻根部高度与内眦间距的协调比例关系;同时眶壁植骨修复,缩小扩大的眶腔,矫正眼球内陷畸形.结果 共治疗复杂性颅颌面骨折后继发畸形12例.所有患者畸形均获明显改善,咬牙合功能恢复良好.结论 复杂性颅颌面骨折多涉及颅面骨三个或三个以上区域,骨折变化多样.熟知各区域的解剖功能特点、合理设计手术方案,方可最大程度地改善外形,恢复功能.     

The healing of bone and cartilage

Transplantation of bone should be preceded by careful assessment of the recipient site. The function of the transplanted bone as an interposition graft, as an onlay graft, or in restoration or construction of a missing part of the skeleton must be considered. Cortical bone provides superior mechanical strength and can be incorporated with plate fixation to span interposition defects. Membranous bone used as onlay grafts for augmentation of craniofacial skeletal contour has been shown to be superior to endochondral grafts in maintaining volume. The use of rigid fixation to secure onlay grafts may eliminate the differences in resorption seen with membranous versus endochondral bone. The vascularity and quality of soft tissue at the recipient site may necessitate the use of vascularized bone or composite free tissue transfer. The calvarium is the most popular donor site for bone grafts used in craniofacial skeletal procedures. This membranous bone undergoes less resorption and revascularizes faster than endochondral bone. Cranial bone has excellent mechanical strength due to its large cortical component. The calvarial donor site causes less discomfort to the patient compared with rib or iliac crest, and the scar is well hidden. Harvesting and shaping cranial bone require special expertise, and there is potential morbidity. In cartilage transplantation, the surgeon must take into account the properties of viscoelasticity, the intrinsic balanced system of forces, and immunologic privilege. Cartilage deformed by an external force will tend to return to its original shape unless the deformation is maintained for several months. Surgical carving produces changes in the balance of intrinsic tensile and expansile forces, causing distortion in cartilage shape. Distortion can be minimized by carving in balanced cross-section. Carved cartilage grafts should be used for special indications in rhinoplasty. Autogenous cartilage is the framework of choice in ear construction. Composite grafts incorporating cartilage have been used successfully in eyelid reconstruction. Fresh autogenous cartilage is preferable to preserved allogeneic sources, as the latter undergo eventual resorption because there are no viable chondrocytes to maintain the matrix.