经尿道治疗膀胱癌93例

目的 探讨膀胱癌经尿道治疗的适应证、手术方法及其疗效评定。方法 自1984年10月－2001年6月共收治膀胱癌患124例，其中93例行经尿道治疗；93例中单纯电切治疗69例，电切＋汽化治疗24小时。结果 随访78例，癌症复发28例，已死亡18例。结论 经尿道治疗膀胱癌具有操作简单、损伤小、风险低、出血少、恢复快等优点。     

浅表性膀胱肿瘤双极等离子电极电切26例临床研究

 目的 评价经尿道双极等离子电切治疗浅表性膀胱癌的安全性。方法 2005年3月至2006年3月用双极等离子电切治疗浅表性膀胱癌26例。男23例，女3例，平均年龄58岁。多发肿瘤14例，单发肿瘤12例，膀胱侧壁有肿瘤分布者16例。结果　经尿道膀胱肿瘤双极等离子电切手术时间 15～75 min，膀胱穿孔1例（4 ％）；16例侧壁肿瘤切除过程中2例有轻度闭孔神经反射（12.5 ％）。结论　用双极等离子经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切（TURBt）治疗浅表性膀胱癌，术中出血少，无水中毒发生，是一种安全、有效的手术方式。     

肌层浸润性膀胱癌保留膀胱综合治疗的疗效评价研究

目的 评价髂内动脉灌注化疗+经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术+膀胱内灌注化疗综合治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌的临床疗效.方法 比较64例采用髂内动脉灌注化疗(吡柔比星40 mg/m2、5-FU 1000 mg/m2、羟喜树碱30 mg/m2)+经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术+膀胱内灌注化疗(综合治疗组)和62例采用经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术+膀胱内灌注化疗(对照组)的肌层浸润性膀胱癌(T2N0M0期)患者经治疗后的肿瘤复发/转移率、死亡率及治疗相关不良反应的发生情况.结果 至随访截至日期,综合治疗组的无复发/转移率为93.75%(60/64),明显高于对照组的45.16%(28/62),差异有统计学意义(P=0);转移死亡率为3.13%(2/64),低于对照组的16.13%(10/62),差异有统计学意义(P=0.015);非膀胱癌死亡率为10.94%(7/64),与对照组的12.90%(8/62)相比,差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05).结论 髂内动脉灌注化疗+经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术+膀胱内灌注化疗的综合治疗方案,能够降低肌层浸润性膀胱癌(T2N0M0)患者肿瘤复发率和死亡率,不增加非癌性死亡风险,值得进一步探讨.     

老年前列腺增生合并膀胱癌的外科治疗

目的：提高前列腺增生合并膀胱癌的治疗水平。方法：回顾分析了近十年来我院手术治疗并获得随访的前列腺增生合并膀胱癌患者72例的资料,其中行开放膀胱部分切除加前列腺挖除手术21例,经尿道膀胱癌电切电灼（TURBT）加经尿道前列腺电切气化手术（TURP）49例,行膀胱全切,乙状结肠原位代膀胱手术2例。结果：3年后膀胱癌和前列腺增生均治愈的患者61例,占84.7%,术后3年内膀胱癌复发9例。复发率12.5%,单纯前列腺增生治愈67例,治愈率93.1%。结论：前列腺增生合并膀胱癌应尽量一次手术切除,选择手术方式时应以“膀胱癌”病灶能切除彻底为主。     

浅表性膀胱癌二次经尿道电切的意义

目的:探讨对表浅性膀胱癌实施二次经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术的指征和意义。方法:以确立的二次经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术入选标准对126例表浅性膀胱癌患者实施手术,满足条件的81例患者中32例拒绝二次手术为A组,49例在术后4周行二次经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术为B组,2组患者术后膀胱灌注相同。所有患者随访2年,比较2组间膀胱肿瘤进展率和复发率。结果:A组患者在术后2年随访中共有14例出现复发,分别为术后半年3例,1年内8例,1年至2年间6例。B组的16.3%（8/49）患者在第二次手术时发现肿瘤。2年随访期间复发8例,其中1年内3例,1年后5例,2组间在肿瘤复发上有统计学差异。结论:二次经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术能降低非肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者的肿瘤复发;切除标本中有无肌层是明确手术切除彻底的标志。经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术需要经验丰富的医师实施。     

钬激光与等离子电切治疗浅表性膀胱尿路上皮癌的疗效比较

目的:比较钬激光与经尿道等离子电切治疗浅表性膀胱尿路上皮癌的疗效和安全性。方法:用钬激光和经尿道等离子电切分别连续治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌各30例,比较两组年龄、性别、肿瘤数、肿瘤大小、肿瘤分级、手术时间、闭孔神经反射发生率、膀胱穿孔例数、手术成功例数。结果:两组患者年龄、性别、肿瘤数、肿瘤大小、肿瘤分级、膀胱穿孔例数、手术成功例数差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,经尿道等离子电切组闭孔神经反射发生率为40.0%,钬激光治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌组无闭孔神经反射（P=0.000）,且手术时间明显短于经尿道等离子电切组（P=0.000）。结论:钬激光与经尿道等离子电切治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌均有效,但钬激光治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌较经尿道等离子电切更安全、手术时间更短。     

2 μm激光整块切除与电切治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌的临床分析

目的:比较2 μm激光整块切除与电切治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌的有效性及安全性。方法:回顾性分析2015年4月-2017年4月分别采用经尿道2微米激光整块切除(50例)和经尿道电切(48例)治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者临床随访资料。结果:所有患者手术均顺利完成，激光组与电切组患者手术时间相当，两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)，激光组患者留置尿管、膀胱冲洗及住院时间均少于电切组，比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)；激光组患者并发症发生率、一年复发率及术区复发率低于电切组，两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)；激光组术后病理含肌层率高于电切组，两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:经尿道2微米激光整块切除治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌是一种安全、有效的治疗方式且术后肿瘤分期精确、减少肿瘤残留，是治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌较好的手术治疗选择，值得临床上推广应用。     

浅表性膀胱癌经尿道行肿瘤电切术临床探讨

目的:探讨浅表性膀胱癌经尿道行膀胱肿瘤电切术(TURBt)治疗的临床疗效。方法:对26例浅表膀胱肿瘤患者行经尿道电切术,其中8例伴有前列腺增生症,6例同期行经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP)。观察其疗效及并发症。结果:26例患者成功实施(TURBT)术,术后随访3个月～4年,平均2年;输尿管开口损伤1例。无严重出血等并发症。有7例肿瘤复发,1例死于肿瘤远处转移。结论:TURBT治疗浅表膀胱肿瘤是一种安全有效的方法,具有操作简单、损伤小、恢复快、并发症少等优点。     

经尿道等离子针状电极整块切除与环状电极电切治疗膀胱肿瘤疗效及安全性比较

目的:比较经尿道等离子针状电极整块切除非肌层浸润性膀胱癌与经尿道等离子环状电极电切治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌的疗效和安全性。方法:经尿道等离子针状电极整块切除非肌层浸润性膀胱癌和经尿道等离子环状电极电切治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌各25例,比较两组患者年龄、性别、肿瘤部位、肿瘤大小、肿瘤数目、肿瘤分级、手术时间、闭孔神经反射发生例数、膀胱穿孔例数、肿瘤标本显示肌层例数、肿瘤复发例数和手术后随访时间。结果:两组患者年龄、性别、肿瘤部位、肿瘤大小、肿瘤数目、肿瘤分级、手术时间、膀胱穿孔例数、肿瘤复发例数和手术后随访时间比较无显著差异（P＞0.05）,经尿道等离子针状电极整块切除非肌层浸润性膀胱癌组显示膀胱肿瘤基底肌层22例,经尿道等离子环状电极电切显示膀胱肿瘤基底肌层3例,前组可比后组显示更多的膀胱肿瘤基底肌层患者（P＜0.05）。经尿道等离子针状电极整块切除非肌层浸润性膀胱癌组发生闭孔神经反射1例,经尿道等离子环状电极电切组发生8例,前组发生闭孔神经反射发生率明显低于后组（P＜0.05）。结论:经尿道等离子针状电极整块切除术与经尿道等离子环状电极电切治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌均安全、有效。但前组比后组闭孔神经反射发生率更少（P＜0.05）;前组比后组可获得更多的肿瘤基底肌层标本（P＜0.05）,更有利于病理分期。     

浅表性膀胱癌经尿道行肿瘤电切术临床探讨

目的：探讨浅表性膀胱癌经尿道行膀胱肿瘤电切术（TURBt）治疗的临床疗效。方法：对26例浅表膀胱肿瘤患者行经尿道电切术，其中8例伴有前列腺增生症，6例同期行经尿道前列腺电切术（TURP）。观察其疗效及并发症。结果：26例患者成功实施（TURBT）术，术后随访3个月～4年，平均2年；输尿管开口损伤1例。无严重出血等并发症。有7例肿瘤复发，1例死于肿瘤远处转移。结论：TURBT治疗浅表膀胱肿瘤是一种安全有效的方法，具有操作简单、损伤小、恢复快、并发症少等优点。     

经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术对膀胱癌患者生存情况及不良反应的影响

目的：探讨经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术（TURBt）对膀胱癌的治疗效果,分析其安全性和有效性。方法回顾性分析85例膀胱癌患者的临床资料,根据手术方式不同将患者分为膀胱部分切除组（36例）和TURBt组（49例）。观察两组患者的手术一般情况,比较两组患者术后生存率、肿瘤标志物水平和不良反应发生情况。结果TURBt组患者手术时间和术后留置导尿管时间均较膀胱部分切除组短（t=54.396、10.215,P﹤0.001）,术中出血量较膀胱部分切除组少（t=42.843,P﹤0.001）;两组患者的中位随访时间为51个月,95%CI为18～80个月;TURBt组患者的生存情况明显优于膀胱部分切除组;手术前,两组患者的肿瘤标志物水平比较,差异无统计学意义（P﹥0.05）,出院前,TURBt组患者的CEA、CA19-9和CA125水平均低于膀胱部分切除组（P﹤0.001）;TURBt组不良反应总例数少于膀胱部分切除组（P=0.001）。结论 TURBt对膀胱癌患者有较好的治疗效果,且对排尿功能影响较小,具有较好的临床应用价值。     

膀胱癌治疗体会(附165例报告)

目的:总结不同治疗方法治疗膀胱癌的效果。方法:回顾分析165例膀胱癌患者的临床治疗资料,经尿道膀胱肿瘤电灼手术93例,膀胱部分切除手术51例,膀胱切除肠管代膀胱手术21例,所有患者术后都行膀胱局部化疗。结果:165例膀胱癌,随访1~5年,复发29例,复发率17.6%。结论:选择正确的手术方式,注意处理好术前、术中和术后细节,可降低膀胱癌的复发率。     

The effects of intravesical chemoimmunotherapy with epirubicin and bacillus Calmette-Guérin for prophylaxis of recurrence of superficial bladder cancer: a preliminary report

The effects of intravesical chemoimmunotherapy with epirubicin and bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) for prophylaxis of recurrence of superficial bladder cancer (pTa, pT1) were investigated in 29 patients aged a median of 70 years between January of 1991 and May of 1993. The patients received intravesical instillation of 40 mg epirubicin immediately after transurethral resection (TUR) of the bladder cancer. At 1 week after TUR, 80 mg Tokyo-strain BCG was instilled into the bladder once a week for 6 weeks. Thereafter, the patients were followed by cystoscopy and urinary cytology at 3-month intervals until recurrence was detected. Of the 29 patients, 28 had no evidence of disease over a mean follow-up period of 20 months. The 1 case of recurrence occurred at 3 months after TUR and that patient died of cancer progression. The simple recurrence rate was 3.5% after therapy. According to the person-years method, the number of recurrent tumors per 100 patient-months was 0.17. The cumulative nonrecurrence rate determined for all cases was 96.5% at 30 months. Adverse reactions, including urinary frequency, urgency, and miction pain, among others, were observed in 27 patients (93%). Only 1 patient was withdrawn from the treatment because of severe bladder-irritation symptoms due to the BCG instillation. The intravesical chemoimmunotherapy with epirubicin and BCG seemed to be effective for prophylaxis of recurrence of superficial bladder cancer.Paper presented at the 5th International Conference on Treatment of Urinary Tract Tumors with Adriamycin/Farmorubicin, 24–25 September 1993, Hakone, Japan     

One-stage transurethral resection of the urinary bladder and the prostate in patients with superficial cancer of the urinary bladder combined with benign prostatic hyperplasia

Combination of urinary bladder cancer (UBC) with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a prognostically unfavourable factor. To assess clinical efficacy of one-stage transurethral resection of UBC and BPH in combination with adjuvant immunotherapy, we examined 181 patients with UBC stage Tis, Ta-T1 and BTH. All the patients have undergone one- and two-stage endoscopic operations. TUR of the urinary bladder and the prostate was made in 87 patients. Stage-by-stage TUR of the urinary bladder and TUR of the prostate were made in 94 controls. We conducted postoperative immunotherapy with BCG vaccine (imuron) as an adjuvant therapy in 114 (63%) patients. Postoperative UBC recurrence occurred in 124 (68.5%) patients: 49 (56.3%) patients of the study group and 75 (79.7%) controls (p < 0.05). Reoperation (TUR of the urinary bladder) was performed in all cases of UBC recurrence. Five-year survival in the study group was 71% and 68.0% survived in the control group (p > 0.05). The conclusion is made that in combination of superficial UBC with BPH indications appear for TUR of the urinary bladder and TUR of the prostate with adjuvant immunotherapy. Early elimination of infravesical obstruction lowers UBC recurrence rate and improves the patients' quality of life.     

Treated natural history of superficial bladder cancer.

BACKGROUND: The present study was conducted to examine the natural history of superficial bladder cancer. METHODS: One hundred and forty-four patients with superficial bladder cancer who had been treated with transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBt) alone were analyzed. RESULTS: The non-recurrence rate was 64.8% at 36 months and 61.2% at 60 months after TURBt. When the non-recurrence rate after TURBt was analyzed by background variables, the rate differed significantly between the solitary tumor group and the multiple tumor group. The tumor recurrence hazard curves for the entire population had one high peak before 500 days and another slight peak around 1500 days after TURBt. CONCLUSIONS: These results will provide basic information useful when evaluating new regimens of intravesical instillation therapy for prophylaxis of superficial bladder cancer after our complete TURBt in the Nara Uro-Oncology Research Group.     

Subsequential telomerase activity in exfoliated urinary cells detects recurrent disease in bladder cancer after transurethral resection.

We assessed urinary telomerase activity in bladder cancer patients to provide additional information for monitoring after transurethral resection (TUR). Urinary telomerase activity was detected in 22/26 (84.6%) patients with known bladder tumor before TUR. Ten of 11 patients who were available for sequential follow-up examination had urinary telomerase activity before TUR. In 4 of the 10 patients, urinary telomerase activity disappeared following TUR with or without adjuvant intravesical therapy. Three of the remaining 6 patients had recurrent bladder tumors within three months after TUR. Urinary telomerase activity analysis from patients after TUR provides important information on microscopic recurrent bladder cancer.     

Transurethral resection of muscle-invasive bladder cancer: 10-year outcome.

PURPOSE: To determine the 10-year outcome of patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated by transurethral resection (TUR) alone. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Of 432 newly evaluated patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer, 151 were treated by standard radical cystectomy or by definitive TUR, if restaging TUR of the primary tumor site showed no (T0) or only non-muscle-invasive (T1) residual tumor. Patients were followed-up every 3 to 6 months thereafter for a minimum of 10 years and up to 20 years. Primary end points of the study were disease-specific survival, survival with a bladder, frequency of recurrent invasive tumors in the bladder, and survival after salvage cystectomy. RESULTS: The 10-year disease-specific survival was 76% of 99 patients who received TUR as definitive therapy (57% with bladder preserved) compared with 71% of 52 patients who had immediate cystectomy (P: = .3). Of the 99 patients treated with TUR, 82% of 73 who had T0 on restaging TUR survived versus 57% of the 26 patients who had residual T1 tumor on restaging TUR (P: = .003). Thirty-four patients (34%) relapsed in the bladder with a new muscle-invasive tumor, 18 (53%) were successfully treated with salvage therapy via cystectomy, and 16 patients (16%) died of disease. CONCLUSION: Radical TUR for muscle-invasive bladder cancer is a successful bladder-sparing therapeutic strategy in selected patients who have no residual tumor on a repeat vigorous resection of the primary tumor site.     

静脉应用维库溴铵预防膀胱侧壁肿瘤电切术闭孔神经反射的研究

目的探讨静脉应用维库溴铵在预防膀胱侧壁肿瘤行经尿道肿瘤电切术(TURBt)中发生闭孔神经反射的可行性。方法 统计哈尔滨医科大学附属肿瘤医院自2009年1月—2012年9月行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术的109例患者,其中采用静脉麻醉配合喉罩通气,同时应用肌松药物维库溴铵患者65例(静脉麻醉组),采用连续硬脊膜外麻醉者44例(连续硬膜外麻醉组),观察两组患者的一般情况、闭孔神经反射情况、膀胱穿孔、出血量情况、是否中转开放手术、以及术后留置导尿管时间情况。结果 静脉麻醉组与连续硬膜外麻醉组的一般情况差异无统计学意义。静脉麻醉组中,有5例于术中发生了极其轻微的下肢抖动,其余60例患者手术全程未发生闭孔神经反射;连续硬脊膜外麻醉组中,发生闭孔神经反射29例。与硬膜外组比较,静脉麻醉组中闭孔神经反射的发生率明显降低(P＜0.01)。结论 相对于连续硬膜外麻醉而言,全身麻醉同时静脉应用维库溴铵配合喉罩通气是一种简单、安全、有效的预防膀胱侧壁肿瘤电切术中发生闭孔神经反射的方法。     

吉西他滨膀胱灌注预防高危非肌层浸润性膀胱癌术后复发的疗效观察

目的观察吉西他滨膀胱灌注预防高危非肌层性浸润膀胱癌术后复发的疗效。方法90例高危非肌层浸润性膀胱癌经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切(TURBt)术后患者随机分为两组,每组45例,分别采用吉西他滨(治疗组)和吡柔比星(对照组)膀胱灌注。术后定期行膀胱镜检查,观察两组患者肿瘤复发情况及不良反应。结果治疗组患者随访期间有7例复发,总复发率为15.5%;对照组患者随访期间有16例复发,总复发率为35.5%,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗组发生不良反应10例,对照组发生不良反应9例,主要为尿频、尿急、尿痛和血尿等,对症治疗后缓解,两组患者均未发生严重不良反应。结论 TURBt术后膀胱灌注吉西他滨预防高危非肌层浸润性膀胱癌术后复发的疗效确切,患者耐受性好,是较理想的膀胱灌注化疗药。