塞克硝唑对口腔厌氧病原菌体外抗菌活性的测定

目的 测定实验药物塞克硝唑对口腔厌氧病原菌的体外抗菌作用。方法 本试验采用美国国立临床实验室标准化研究所（CLSI／NCCLS）推荐的厌氧菌药物敏感试验-琼脂稀释法，检测塞克硝唑对6株模式株和参考株及35株口腔临床分离株的体外抗菌活性，并与同类药物甲硝唑进行比较。结果 塞克硝唑和甲硝唑对6株模式株和参考株的MIC值分别是0．062-0．5μg／ml、0．125-0．5μg／ml；对35株临床分离株的MIC值分别是0．031-0．5μg／ml、0．031～1．0μg／ml。结论 塞克硝唑与甲硝唑相比体外抗厌氧菌活性相似或略强。     

In vitro activity of antimicrobial agents against mycobacteria

The aims of this study were to investigate the possible effects of new antimicrobial agents, the conventional antituberculosis drugs and several combinations of these agents against 190 clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and 30 of M. avium.     

In vitro activity of imipenem against gram-positive anaerobic bacteria

The in vitro activity of imipenem, a new penem antibiotic, was determined against 210 clinical Gram-positive anaerobic isolates and compared with the activities of metronidazole, clindamycin, cefoxitin, moxalactam, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone and cefotiam. All investigated strains were inhibited by a 4-mg/l concentration of imipenem. Cefoxitin demonstrated good activity against most strains with exception of some Clostridium difficile and Clostridium ramosum strains. Cephalosporins were classed in decreasing activity order as follows: cefoxitin moxalactam ceftriaxone ceftizoxime cefotiam. Metronidazole had better activity against Clostridium spp. than against non-sporulated bacilli. Clindamycin resistance rates were superior to 10% for most groups, with the exception of Clostridium perfringens. Actinomyces and Bifidobacterium. Imipenem was the most potent inhibitor, as 81% and 95% of tested strains were inhibited at concentrations of 0.25 and 0.5 mg/l respectively.     

In vitro activity of antimicrobial agents against Acinetobacter calcoaceticus

The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro activity of several new microbial agents against 96 Acinetobacter calcoaceticus isolates. Among several new beta-lactams, imipenem, a new, broad-spectrum, highly potent penem, was the most active drug in vitro against these strains, with a geometric mean MIC of about 0.3 mg/l. Ceftazidime and ceftizoxime also demonstrated good in vitro activity with geometric mean MICs of 6 mg/l and 7 mg/l respectively. Among new quinolones, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and pefloxacin were substantially active in vitro: geometric means were 0.8, 0.9 and 1.5 mg/l respectively. A progressive increase in resistance to aminoglycosides has been observed and 80 to 90% of isolates were resistant to all but amikacin, tobramycin and habekacin, which showed geometric mean MICs of 7.0, 6.0 and 1.2 mg/l.     

5种抗菌药物对厌氧菌的体外抗菌活性研究

测定了罗红霉素、ａｚｉｔｈｒｏｍｙｃｉｎ、头孢西丁、托舒沙星对６０株厌氧菌的体外抗菌活性，并同甲硝唑比较，发现托舒沙星对厌氧菌的体外抗菌活性最好，ＭＩＣ_（５０）和ＭＩＣ_（９０）为０．１２５和２ｍｇ／Ｌ优于甲硝唑（０．２５和１６ｍｇ／Ｌ）；罗红霉素（０．５、１６ｍｇ／Ｌ）与甲硝唑相似，ａｚｉｔｈｒｏｍｙｃｉｎ、头孢西丁的体外抗菌活性比甲硝唑略差，ＭＩＣ_（５０）和ＭＩＣ_（９０）分别为４和３２、２和３２ｍｇ／Ｌ，它们对脆弱拟杆菌的体外抗菌活性优于对其它拟杆菌的体外抗菌活性，对短真杆菌、变形链球菌、普氏消化链球菌等也具有较好的体外抗菌活性。     

In vitro activity of vancomycin and teicoplanin against anaerobic bacteria

The in vitro activity of vancomycin and teicoplanin, a new glycopeptide antimicrobial, was determined against a total of 286 anaerobic bacteria including Bacteroides fragilis group (100), B. melaninogenicus (21), B. bivius (16), Fusobacterium spp. (15), Peptococcus spp. (20), Peptostreptococcus spp. (21), Clostridium perfringens (23), C. difficile (41) and Propionibacterium acnes (29). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined using an antimicrobial incorporation technique in Wilkins-Chalgren agar approximately 10(4) colony forming units (cfu) contained in 10 microliters Wilkins-Chalgren broth, which was applied to the surface of the agar plates using a multipoint inoculator. Following inoculation, plates were incubated for 48 h at 37 degrees C in an anaerobic atmosphere. Both vancomycin and teicoplanin were highly active against all the Gram-positive anaerobic bacteria examined, 90% of all isolates being inhibited by 0.5 micrograms/ml of either antimicrobial. Isolates of B. fragilis group and Fusobacterium spp. were resistant to vancomycin (MIC90 64 micrograms/ml) and teicoplanin (MIC90 128 micrograms/ml). Unexpectedly, isolates of B. melaninogenicus and B. bivius which were resistant to vancomycin (MIC90 64 and 128 micrograms/ml respectively) were sensitive to teicoplanin (MIC90 2 and 2 micrograms/ml respectively).     

Comparative in vitro activities of several antimicrobial agents against Helicobacter pylori

Comparative in vitro activities of several antimicrobial agents against Helicobacter pylori were evaluated. Minimum inhibitory concentrations against 41 strains of H. pylori were determined by using E test. All 41 strains were isolated from gastric mucosa of patients suspected to have gastric ulcer. The ranges of MIC of amoxicillin was from 0.016 microgram/ml and less to 0.064 microgram/ml. The ranges of MIC of clarithromycin, erythromycin, and azithromycin were from 0.016 microgram/ml and less to 64 micrograms/ml, from 0.016 microgram/ml and less to more than 256 micrograms/ml, from 0.064 to more than 256 micrograms/ml, respectively. The ranges of MIC of ciprofloxacin, sparfloxacin, levofloxacin, norfloxacin were from 0.016 microgram/ml and less to 32 micrograms/ml, from 0.002 microgram/ml and less to more than 32 micrograms/ml, from 0.002 microgram/ml and less to more than 32 micrograms/ml, from 0.064 to more than 32 micrograms/ml, respectively.     

18种抗菌药物体外抗解脲枝原体活性的比较

采用微量稀释法，比较了１８种抗菌药物对６２株解脲枝原体的体外抑制作用。结果显示解脲枝原体对青霉素、氨苄西林、利福平、多粘菌素Ｂ、林可霉素、磺胺嘧啶钠、呋喃妥因不敏感，其ＭＩＣ_（９０）＞１０２４μｇ／ｍｌ；对红霉素、头孢唑林、大观霉素、庆大霉素、卡那霉素、链霉素、诺氟沙星有一定的耐药性，其ＭＩＣ_（９０）在１６～６４μｇ／ｍｌ之间，对盐酸四环素、氯霉素、氧氟沙星和多西环素有较高的敏感性，其ＭＩＣ_（９０）≤８μｇ／ｍｌ，尤以多西环素为著，其对四环素耐药的解脲枝原体株都有较强的抑制作用。     

联合用药对鲍曼不动杆菌体外抗菌活性考察

目的:初步探究12种临床常用抗菌药物对鲍曼不动杆菌的体外抗菌活性以及几种抗菌药物的体外联合抗菌活性,为临床治疗鲍曼不动杆菌提供联合用药的实验依据。方法:河北医科大学第二医院检验科分离自临床感染患者的40株耐药鲍曼不动杆菌,采用微量肉汤稀释法测定12种临床常用抗菌药物及异帕米星与头孢哌酮钠/舒巴坦钠、头孢吡肟、比阿培南两两联用药的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果:12种临床常用抗菌药物中除异帕米星对鲍曼不动杆菌显示一定的体外抗菌活性外,其余11种全部表现为强耐药;而联合用药的实验结果显示:异帕米星与头孢哌酮钠/舒巴坦钠联合后FIC均小于1,表现为协同和相加作用,比阿培南的联合抑菌指数(FIC)>1占40%,头孢吡肟的FIC>1占30%,表现为无关作用。结论:鲍曼不动杆菌对临床常用抗菌药物已经产生了很强的耐药性,临床可优先选择异帕米星与头孢哌酮钠/舒巴坦钠,也可根据患者具体情况选用头孢吡肟、比阿培南的联合进行治疗,以防耐药株的产生和医院感染的扩散,并注意消毒与隔离,防止交叉感染。     

In vitro antibacterial activity of drugs against human intestinal anaerobic bacteria.

The in vitro antibacterial activity, against the major groups of anaerobic fecal bacteria, of a series of drugs was examined by an agar diffusion test and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test. Only the phenothiazines and amitriptyline showed any marked antibacterial activity, the MIC's being in the 40-640-mu-g/ml range. It is suggested that the detergent nature of the molecules of these drugs in aqueous solution is responsible for the observed antibacterial activity.     

In vitro activity of antimicrobial agents against clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Two hundred and seven clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were collected at Tenri Hospital between April 2003 and March 2004. We determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 16 antimicrobial agents, including prulifloxacin, pazufloxacin and biapenem which were recently published in Japan, against these isolates according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. For the fluoroquinolones, the rank order of activity was prulifloxacin (MIC50, 0.5 microg/ml)>ciprofloxacin (1 microg/ml)> pazufloxacin (2 microg/ml)=levofloxacin (2 microg/ml)>gatifloxacin (4 microg/ml). For the carbapenems, the rank order of activity was meropenem (MIC50, 1 microg/ml)=biapenem (1 microg/ml)>imipenem (2 microg/m)>panipenem (8 microg/ml). For the cephalosporins and monobactam, the overall rank order of activity was cefozopran (MIC50, 4 microg/ml)= ceftazidime (4 microg/ml)>cefepime (8 microg/ml)=piperacillin/tazobactam (8 microg/ml)>aztreonam (16 microg/ml)= cefoperazone/sulbactam (16 microg/ml)=cefpirome (16 microg/ml). The rates of susceptibility to antimicrobial agents as per the criteria of the Japanese Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy were especially high for cefozopran (63%), biapenem and meropenem (61%), and pazufloxacin (53%) and ciprofloxacin (53%). These findings suggest that prulifloxacin, pazufloxacin and biapenem, which are newly introduced, are clinically effective in the treatment of infection caused with P. aeruginosa.     

抗菌药物联用对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌体外抗菌活性研究

目的了解万古霉素与头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、亚胺培南、左氧氟沙星联用对MRSA的体外抗菌活性,指导临床合理用药。方法常规方法培养分离细菌,用VITEK微生物自动分析仪或API系统鉴定到种。MRSA鉴定应用乳胶凝集试剂盒,药敏试验采用肉汤倍比稀释法和琼脂平板稀释法。结果万古霉素对40株MRSA的MIC90为4mg/L,而与头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、亚胺培南、左氧氟沙星联用MIC90降为0.25～1mg/L。结论万古霉素与上述三种药物联用以协同作用为主,抗菌活性提高4倍以上。临床上治疗由MRSA引起的重症感染应根据药敏试验结果采用万古霉素与亚胺培南或头孢哌酮/舒巴坦或其它抗菌药物联合应用。     

万古霉素等11种抗菌药物对葡萄球菌的体外抗菌活性

以５０３株葡萄球菌为研究对象，通过琼脂稀释法测定万古霉素等１１种抗菌药物的最低换 浓度，评价其体外抗菌活性，同是地对耐药性进行了分析。     

In vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activities of cefmetazole against Bacteroides fragilis

Cefmetazole was investigated on stability to beta-lactamases produced by Bacteroides fragilis and on therapeutic effects in mice infected with B. fragilis. 1. Cefmetazole, like other cephamycins, was found extremely stable to beta-lactamases obtained from B. fragilis. 2. Cefmetazole showed good antimicrobial activities to 50 strains of B. fragilis and extremely high stability to their beta-lactamases. 3. Cefmetazole showed an excellent protecting effect to infections due to beta-lactamase producing B. fragilis. 4. Cefmetazole exhibited an excellent chemotherapeutic effect against polymicrobial infections in mice due to E. coli (beta-lactamase -)and B. fragilis (beta-lactamase +).     

比阿培南与其他抗菌药物对某院临床分离致病菌的体外敏感性比较

目的:比较研究比阿培南和其他抗菌药物的体外抗菌活性。方法:收集2015年1-5月某院分离的344株临床常见致病菌,采用纸片扩散法测定比阿培南和对照药(美罗培南、亚胺培南、厄他培南、氨曲南、左氧氟沙星、哌拉西林他唑巴坦、头孢他啶和头孢吡肟)对革兰阴性菌的敏感性,及比阿培南和对照药(美罗培南、左氧氟沙星、万古霉素、利奈唑胺、克林霉素、青霉素和呋喃妥因)对革兰阳性菌的敏感性。结果:比阿培南与美罗培南、亚胺培南、厄他培南、哌拉西林他唑巴坦对产和不产ESBL的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌及其他肠杆菌的敏感率相仿,且差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但比阿培南对铜绿假单胞菌的敏感率显著高于其他抗菌药物(P<0.05);比阿培南与美罗培南对甲氧西林敏感的金葡菌、耐甲氧西林的金葡菌、粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌的敏感率相仿,但显著低于万古霉素、利奈唑胺和呋喃妥因(P<0.001)。结论:与其他抗菌药物相比,比阿培南对某院临床分离的革兰阴性菌尤其是铜绿假单胞菌有较高的敏感率,但对鲍曼不动杆菌和肠球菌有较高的耐药率。     

替硝唑对厌氧菌体外抗菌活性的研究

测定了替硝唑对临床分离的１４８株厌氧菌和２株标准株的ＭＩＣ，确定替硝唑对革兰氏阴性厌氧菌活性最强，其ＭＩＣ为０．０６２～１ｍｇ／Ｌ，它们对梭菌的ＭＩＣ为０．２５～０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ，对革兰氏阳性无芽孢厌氧杆菌，除了真杆菌ＭＩＣ为４ｍｇ／Ｌ外，抗菌活性较低，其ＭＩＣ为大于６４ｍｇ／Ｌ，对厌氧球菌也有相当的活性，其ＭＩＣ为０．２５～１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

In vitro efficacy of imipenem in combination with six antimicrobial agents against Mycobacterium abscessus

Antimicrobial therapy of Mycobacterium abscessus infection is difficult because there are relatively few effective treatment regimens and single-agent therapy frequently fails clinically. In light of the lack of data on the susceptibility profile of M. abscessus strains recovered from infections in Japan, the in vitro activity of imipenem in combination with clarithromycin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, minocycline, amikacin or tobramycin was investigated by the checkerboard method and compared with the combination amikacin and cefoxitin. The combination of imipenem with moxifloxacin, levofloxacin or clarithromycin had a higher synergistic and/or additive effect than amikacin and cefoxitin. A decrease in the MIC(90) value (minimum inhibitory concentration for 90% of the organisms) was observed in the presence of imipenem for clarithromycin, minocycline, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin. The data suggest that a combination regimen including imipenem may be a good choice in empirical treatment of M. abscessus infection.     

常用抗菌药物对101株铜绿假单胞菌的体外抗菌活性研究

目的调查医院临床分离的铜绿假单胞菌对常用抗菌药物的体外抗菌活性,了解其耐药趋势,指导临床合理应用抗菌药物。方法收集2005—2006年临床分离的铜绿假单胞菌,药敏实验采用K-B纸片扩散法和琼脂平板稀释法,按NCCLS/CLSI规定的标准进行。结果铜绿假单胞菌在呼吸道的分离率为89.11%,头孢吡肟、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)90已达到256μg/ml,头孢他啶为128μg/ml,亚胺培南为64μg/ml,美罗培南和帕珠沙星为32μg/ml。除美罗培南和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的抑菌率分别为70.30%和68.31%,其余均在50%以下,其中头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的抑菌率仅为19.80%。结论铜绿假单胞菌的感染主要为呼吸道标本,临床应加强对呼吸系统感染的护理和监控,铜绿假单胞菌的多重耐药现象越来越高,临床治疗其感染应根据药敏实验和患者的个体情况合理联合应用抗菌药物。