急性腹腔镉染毒对小鼠血液成分的影响

目的　观察急性镉中毒对小鼠血液成分的影响。方法　小鼠腹腔注射氯化镉水溶液 ,剂量为 2mg/kg ,分别于注射后 1、 2、 4和 16d尾静脉取血 ,测定小鼠血液成分。结果　染镉后 1d ,白细胞〔 (6 0 2± 1 2 6)× 10 9/L〕与对照组〔(8 15± 2 3 4 )× 10 9/L〕比较明显减少 (P <0 0 5) ;染镉后 92h白细胞已经恢复正常。染镉后 1d ,红细胞减少 ,血红蛋白〔 (13 6± 15)g/L〕与对照〔 (157± 2 1)g/L〕比较明显下降 (P <0 0 5) ;染镉后 4d ,红细胞〔(10 88± 1 3 4 )× 10 12 /L〕与对照组〔 (8 68± 1 54)× 10 12 /L〕比较显著增多 (P <0 0 1) ,血红蛋白 (178± 16)g/L对照组(157± 2 1)g/L比较明显上升 (P <0 0 5)。血小板在 4d内变化不明显 ,但在 16d时显著增多。结论　急性镉中毒对血液中不同成分的作用存在差异 ,在一定时间内 ,导致白细胞减少 ,引起红细胞和血小板增多     

血清免疫球蛋白IgM和C-反应蛋白联合测定对诊断新生儿早期细菌感染的意义

目的　探讨血清免疫球蛋白IgM和C 反应蛋白(CRP)联合测定在新生儿早期细菌感染诊断中的意义。方法　采用散射比浊法测定5 0例发生细菌感染的新生儿(感染组)、2 5例正常足月新生儿(对照组)和36例非感染病症新生儿(未感染组)的血清IgM和CRP水平。结果　对照组IgM和CRP值分别为0 .2 1±0 .0 7g/L和1.0 0±0 .30mg/L;感染组IgM和CRP值分别为0 .4 4±0 .2 1g/L和4 5 .19±2 5 .79mg/L,均较对照组明显升高(P <0 .0 0 5 )。未感染组IgM值为0 .19±0 .0 2 g/L,与对照组比较,差异无显著性(P >0 .0 5 ) ,与感染组比较,差异有显著性(P <0 .0 0 5 ) ;CRP值为39.0 9±18.37mg/L,与对照组比较,差异有显著性(P <0 .0 0 5 ) ,与感染组比较,差异无显著性(P >0 .0 5 )。结论　血清IgM与CRP联合测定可作为诊断新生儿早期细菌感染的指标。     

腰背痛病人血清肌酸激酶和乳酸脱氢酶及其同功酶的水平

目的　探讨腰背痛病人血清肌酸激酶 (creatinekinase ,CK)、肌型肌酸激酶 (CK MM )、乳酸脱氢酶 (lactatedehydrogenase,LDH)及其同功酶的水平。 方法　应用病例 -对照研究 ,选择腰背痛病人 6 8例 ,对照人员 70例 ,取静脉血 ,应用琼脂糖凝胶电泳法、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法和酶动力学法测定两组人群血清中总CK及其肌型同功酶、总LDH及其同功酶的活力。结果　病例组血清CK总活力〔(15 5 93± 5 3 6 1)IU/L〕高于对照组〔(131 4 2± 5 1 79)IU/L〕 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1) ;病例组血清CK MM同功酶中CK MM1活力〔(4 5 4 3± 6 2 2 )IU/L〕低于对照组〔(5 5 95± 8 84 )IU/L〕 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 ) ,CK MM2 活力〔(32 34± 5 19)IU/L〕与对照组〔(30 90± 5 30 )IU/L〕比较 ,差异无显著性 ,CK MM3 活力〔(2 2 2 4±4 77)IU/L〕高于对照组〔(13 0 5± 3 0 1)IU/L〕 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1) ;病例组CK MM3 /CK -MM1比值(0 5 1± 0 13)高于对照组 (0 2 3± 0 0 7) ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1)。病例组血清肌型同功酶LDH5虽高于对照组 ,但与对照组比较 ,差异无显著性。结论　腰背痛病人血清CK、LDH及其同功酶发生变化 ,说明腰背痛病人肌肉有损伤 ,CK是其血清中变化较敏感的指标     

糖皮质激素治疗哮喘对患者血清骨钙素水平的影响

目的探讨糖皮质激素治疗对哮喘患者骨形成的影响。方法对短期(7 d)吸入二丙酸氯地米松7例(beclometha-sone,BDP 200μg tid,为二丙酸氯地米松组)或口服强的松8例(10~15 mg qd,为强的松组)的哮喘儿童(年龄11~14岁)以及非皮质激素治疗8例的哮喘儿童为对照组),吸入BDP 6例或口服皮质激素5例的成年哮喘患者(年龄20~40岁)以及非皮激素治疗5例哮喘成人患者对照组的血清骨钙素水平(osteocalcin)进行了自身对照研究。结果①在哮喘儿童中,治疗前3组患者骨钙素差异无显著性。吸入BDP(24.99±4.71)μg/L或口服强的松(18.46±4.84)μg/L 1周后,血清骨钙素水平均显著低于对照组〔(30.41±6.79)μg/L,P<0.05和P<0.01〕。吸入BDP前后骨钙素的变化值显著低于口服强的松前后骨钙素的变化值(P<0.01)。②在哮喘成人中,治疗后仅强的松组骨钙素水平〔(5.44±1.39)μg/L〕显著低于非激素组〔(7.05±3.53)μg/L,P<0.01〕。但BDP组治疗前〔(7.30±3.55μg/L)〕与后〔(6.04±2.83)μg/L〕血清骨钙素水平差异有显著性(P<0.05)。此外,还对长期(2个月)吸入小剂量BDP(200μg每日1次或2次)的患者进行了配对对照研究,发现吸入BDP 2个月后患者骨钙素[(28.54±5.24)μg/L]显著低于正常对照组〔(33.33±4.24)μg/L,P<0.05〕。结论提示吸入或口服治疗量的皮质激素可使骨钙素下降,有可能导致骨形成的抑制。但它的临床意义还有待进一步研究和探讨。     

近期感染引发的脑梗死发病中循环免疫复合物和C-反应蛋白

本文分析了循环免疫复合物 (CIC)、C-反应蛋白 (CRP)在有 /无近期感染史的脑梗死病例中的特征 ,对近期感染与脑梗死发病的关系进行了探讨。1　材料与方法1.1　研究对象　收集 2 0 0 0～ 2 0 0 1年脑梗死病例 97例为病例组 ,其中男性 5 7例 ,女性 4 0例 ,平均年龄 (6 4± 10 )岁。脑梗死的诊断采用第四届全国脑血管病会议修订标准 ,全部病例均以头颅 CT和 /或MRI扫描证实。对照组为同一医院同时期的其它科室住院病人 ,排除现患肝、肾等自身免疫性疾病 ,共 83例 ,男 4 4例 ,女 39例 ,平均年龄 (6 1± 10 )岁。两组按统一的调查表进行调查…     

生长期缺锌对大鼠血清元素的影响

目的:研究膳食锌缺乏对生长期大鼠血清各种元素的影响。方法:刚断奶的SD大鼠,按体重相近配伍,随机分为3组,每组8只:缺锌组(ZD),配饲组(PF),对照组(ZA)。缺锌饲料、正常饲料含锌量分别为0.4mg/kg3、0 mg/kg,实验期15 d。用等离子电感耦合质谱仪(ICP—MS)测定大鼠血清元素锌、铁、铜、硒、锰、钴、铬、钙、镁、镉的含量。结果:缺锌组大鼠:血清铁(573.86±201.71μg/L)明显低于配饲组(1372.37±118.69μg/L)和正常组(1463.55±331.66μg/L)(P<0.05);血清锰(12.28±5.33μg/L)明显高于配饲组(4.24±0.73μg/L)和正常组(3.10±1.10μg/L)(P<0.05);血清铜(534.71±113.77μg/L)、硒(262.55±38.57μg/L)、镁(25.26±9.29μg/dl)低于正常组(铜725.91±158.27μg/L,硒465.90±132.18μg/L,镁39.84±14.10μg/dl)(P<0.05),与配饲组无明显差异(铜566.86±134.96μg/L,硒336.71±112.30μg/L,镁29.59±6.99μg/dl)(P>0.05);相比于配饲组与正常组,血清钙有下降趋势,但差异无显著性(P>0.05),血清钴、铬、镉有升高趋势,但差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论:膳食锌缺乏影响生长期大鼠体内的微量元素水平。     

腹膜转运特性对持续不卧床腹膜透析患者营养状态的影响

目的　评价腹膜转运特性与持续不卧床腹膜透析 (CAPD)患者营养状况之间的关系。方法　我们观察了 3 9例CAPD病人 ,采用腹膜平衡试验将患者分为 3组 :高转运 +高平均转运组 (H +HA) ,低平均转运组 (LA) ,低转运组 (L)。测定 3组CAPD患者在腹透前后的营养指标 :标准化蛋白氮呈现率 (nPNA)与血清白蛋白值 (ALB) ,同时观察透析充分性指标 :每周肌酐清除率 (Ccr/W)与每周尿素清除指数 (KT/V .W)。并对 3组间的差异性进行统计学分析。结果　H +HA组患者在腹透后其nPNA、血清白蛋白值均明显低于另两组〔nPNA (g/kg.d) :0 84± 0 13和 1 0 7± 0 3 1、 1 0 4± 0 15 ,P值均 <0 0 5 ;ALB (g/L) :3 2 83±2 41和 3 6 2 2± 4 0 1、 3 5 2 3± 1 5 8,P值均 <0 0 5〕。H +HA组患者每周肌酐清除率显著高于另两组〔Ccr/W(L) :77 91± 2 8 3 2和 5 5 66± 8 41、 5 4 3 7± 8 68,P <0 0 5〕 ,但 3组病人在每周尿素清除指数上并没有明显的差异 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　腹膜转运性高的患者尽管透析更充分一些 ,但其营养状况要更差 ,腹膜转运特性可能是影响CAPD患者营养状态的重要因素。     

1154例临产孕妇凝血四项检测调查研究

目的:通过临产孕妇凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)、纤维蛋白原(Fbg)凝血四项调查研究,以探讨不同临床症状下临产孕妇的凝血功能状况。方法:采用日本SysmexCA-7000全自动血凝仪检测1 154例临产孕妇与59例育龄非妊娠健康妇女的凝血四项,并按不同合并症分组后进行统计分析。结果:正常妊娠组APTT(24.79±4.38)s明显低于正常非妊娠组(26.00±3.99)s(P<0.05),而正常非妊娠组Fbg(2.87±0.51)g/L最低(P<0.01);正常妊娠组与妊娠合并症组比较Fbg值有统计学差异,乙肝妊娠组(4.57±0.76)g/L明显增高(P<0.05),妊娠期高血压疾病组〔PIH(4.57±1.08)g/L〕、妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症组〔ICP(4.78±0.86)g/L〕和妊娠期糖尿病组〔GDM(4.93±0.78)g/L〕均显著增高(P<0.01),其余参数差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:临产孕妇Fbg增高,以妊娠合并症组最为明显,APTT缩短,说明其处于高凝状态,提示在产前及分娩过程中及时监测凝血四项对预测其止凝血功能,以便采取对症急救措施。     

瘦素与新生儿体重的关系

目的探讨妊娠高血压综合征(妊高征)患者和正常孕妇血清中的瘦素浓度与胎儿体重的关系。方法采用放射免疫分析法,分别检测177例孕妇血清中的瘦素水平,并对其结果进行t检验。结果妊高征患者血清中的瘦素水平〔(31.2±10.4)ng/ml〕明显高于正常孕妇〔(18.2±7.3)ng/ml〕,P<0.01;重度妊高征组血清中的瘦素水平〔(39.6±10.1)ng/ml〕明显高于轻度妊高征组〔(24.4±8.6)ng/ml〕,P<0.01,亦高于中度妊高征组〔(33.8±8.5)ng/ml〕,P<0.05;妊高征组的新生儿体重〔(3088±364)g〕明显低于正常孕妇组〔(3437±649)g〕,P<0.01,重度妊高征组的新生儿体重〔(2478±353)g〕明显低于轻度妊高征组〔(3434±342)g〕,P<0.01,亦低于中度妊高征组〔(3058±378)g〕,P<0.01。结论检测孕妇血清中的瘦素水平对于评估胎儿的发育和体重具有重要意义,对妊高征的治疗和预后评估也有指导价值。     

新型氨基酸注射液对创伤大鼠DNA损伤作用的研究

目的以国产创伤用 17种和 18种氨基酸注射液为对照 ,观察 2 0种新型氨基酸注射液 (含有谷氨酰胺、精氨酸、牛磺酸等 )对创伤大鼠外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤及血浆丙二醛(MDA)浓度的影响。方法雄性Wistar大鼠 (体重 180～ 2 0 0g) ,行创伤和中心静脉插管手术后随机分为创伤对照组、17AA组、18AA组和 2 0AA组 ,每组 8只。分别输以生理盐水、2 .6 % 17种氨基酸注射液、2 .6 % 18种氨基酸注射液和 2 .6 % 2 0种新型氨基酸注射液。 7d后经眼眶采血 ,分离其外周血淋巴细胞 ,利用单细胞凝胶电泳技术检测创伤大鼠外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤 ,同时测定血浆MDA浓度。结果 2 0AA组大鼠外周血淋巴细胞DNA移动距离〔(16 .92± 4 .2 4 ) μm〕和尾长〔(8.31± 1.4 9) μm〕分别明显低于 17AA组〔(2 8.0 0± 5 .2 7) μm、(13.4 7± 1.94 ) μm〕和 18AA组〔(2 5 .2 5± 4 .5 7) μm、(13.32± 1.75 ) μm〕 ;而其血浆MDA值〔(9.2 0± 1.0 5 ) μmol·L- 1〕较 17AA组〔(15 .88± 1.4 0 ) μmol·L- 1〕和 18AA组〔(19.95± 8.6 5 ) μmol·L- 1〕下降 (P <0 .0 1,P <0 .0 5 )。结论新型 2 0种氨基酸注射液可减轻创伤大鼠外周血淋巴细胞DNA损伤并抑制其脂质过氧化的发生。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.