原发性骨肉瘤亚型的影像学特点

目的:分析原发性骨肉瘤亚型的影像学特征.方法:对经手术和病理证实的11例原发性骨肉瘤亚型进行回顾性分析,11例均行X线检查,6例行CT检查,4例行MR检查.重点描述肿瘤的位置、骨皮质改变、髓腔内侵犯等影像学表现.结果:2例毛细血管扩张型骨肉瘤分别位于股骨骨干和股骨远端,X线及CT显示病灶呈地图样溶骨性骨质破坏,进展性骨膜反应.骨皮质破坏,软组织肿块影明显.1例小细胞型骨肉瘤位于胫骨近端,X线显示渗透样髓内骨质破坏,临近骨皮质破坏.5例皮质旁骨肉瘤中4例位于股骨远端,1例位于胫骨近端.3例肿瘤围绕骨表面生长,2例肿瘤与骨皮质间形成透亮间隙,3例CT扫描显示肿瘤呈高密度肿块.1例骨膜骨肉瘤位于胫骨骨干,X线表现为肿瘤内钙化或骨化呈垂直状排列延伸至周围软组织肿块内.2例多发性骨肉瘤病灶见于股骨、胫骨、肱骨及骨盆,为云团状瘤骨,进展性骨膜反应,骨皮质破坏及临近软组织肿胀.结论:原发性骨肉瘤亚型的影像学特征有助于明确诊断以及制定相应的治疗方案和评估预后.     

软骨母细胞瘤的影像诊断

目的:探讨软骨母细胞瘤的影像学特点。方法:回顾性分析18例经手术病理证实的软骨母细胞瘤患者的影像学表现,其中16例均有X线平片,CT扫描12例,MRI检查10例。结果:16例X线片中,14例可以显示骨质破坏,6例可以显示周围硬化边;12例CT均清晰显示病灶骨质破坏、硬化边及钙化;10例MRI检查能清晰显示骨髓水肿及周围软组织水肿。结论:软骨母细胞瘤的影像学表现具有一定的特征性。     

软骨母细胞瘤的影像学诊断及鉴别诊断

目的：探讨软骨母细胞瘤的影像学表现及其特征。材料与方法：搜集资料完整的经病理证实的软骨母细胞瘤10例,回顾性分析软骨母细胞瘤的影像学表现。结果：10例均摄X线平片,7例行CT检查,7例行MRI检查,髂骨2例,胫骨骨骺3例,股骨远端骨骺1例,髌骨2例,肱骨大结节骨骺1例,股骨大转子骨骺1例,1例合并动脉动瘤样骨囊肿,X线平片显示3例有钙化,CT检查5例有钙化灶,7例行MRI检查均提示病灶内有软骨样基质T2WI较高的信号和肿瘤边缘有MRI的T,WI及T2WI上均为低信号的环形硬化边。结论：掌握软骨母细胞瘤的影像学特点,对软骨母细胞瘤的定性诊断及鉴别诊断具有重要意义。     

软骨母细胞瘤的临床特点与诊断治疗

目的：探讨软骨母细胞瘤的临床特点与诊断治疗方法。方法：对病理诊断明确，X线资料完整的8例患者的临床特点进行分析。结果：软骨母细胞瘤有其自身特点，主要发生于长骨骨骺，如股骨近端与远端或胫骨近端。具有转移倾向。主要症状为疼痛、活动受限。主要辅助检查为X线、CT等。治疗以局部病灶清除＋自体或异体植骨为主。结论：软骨母细胞瘤临床少见，需结合病史、辅助检查做出正确诊断与处理，防止复发与转移。     

毛细血管扩张性骨肉瘤的影像学分析

目的探讨研究毛细血管扩张性骨肉瘤的影像学特点与临床的关系.方法分析16例毛细血管扩张性骨肉瘤的临床及影像学特点.其中16例中均摄X线片,13例做CT扫描检查,8例做MR检查.结果 16例肿瘤均发生长管状骨.其中位于胫骨近端的6例,肱骨近端6例,3例位于股骨远端,胫骨远端的1例.X线及CT、MR均可见溶骨性破坏及囊状膨胀性改变.肿瘤破坏区可见软组织肿块影及囊状液平.骨皮质变薄及筛孔样破坏.结论毛细血管扩张性骨肉瘤的影像学表现及临床病理上有一定的特点.对疾病的诊断和治疗提供了依据.     

骨韧带样纤维瘤5例影像表现并文献复习

目的：分析骨韧带样纤维瘤（Desmoplastic fibroma of bone,DF）的临床及影像学特点,提高对该病的影像学认识。材料和方蜘顾分析5例术后病理证实的DF的临床及影像学资料,结合文献资料复习。患者术前均行x线检查,2例行MRI检查,1例行CT检查。结果：5例DF中,病变位于肱骨干上段2例,股骨粗隆部l例,股骨远端1例,髂骨l例。X线表现为囊样骨质破坏2例,溶骨性骨质破坏1例,地图样骨质破坏边缘硬化1例,侵蚀样骨质破坏并大量斑片状、根须状瘤骨形成及巨大软组织肿块1例。2例行MRI检查可见病变区呈等长T0WI、等短T2WI为主的不均匀信号,1例见自肱骨干向外延伸的根须状低信号瘤骨形成。结论：DF是一种罕见的具有局部侵袭性的良性骨肿瘤,X线表现复杂,分型方法不一,诊断具有一定难度,需与MRI检查及临床表现综合考虑,其中以“小梁型”更为罕见,但其X线及MRI表现具有较为特征的影像征象,结合临床可以诊断。     

软骨母细胞瘤X线诊断

目的:探讨本病的X线征象及X线诊断依据。材料与方法:回顾性分析经手术病理证实的10例软骨母细胞瘤的资料,男6例,女4例。年龄18~35岁。病程0.5~6年。有外伤史5例。主要症状为关节无规律的疼痛,休息后疼痛缓解或消除。术前均作X线平片检查。结果:病变主要累及长管状骨。右侧6例,左侧4例。上肢1例,为肱骨头部。下肢9例,胫骨近端骨骺端4例,股骨大粗隆部3例,股骨颈2例。X线表现:10例均见圆形或椭圆形囊样透亮区,病变区有房隔,病变边缘见硬化环9例,扇状硬化1例。病变区有砂粒样钙化3例,絮状钙化2例。结论:本病好发于骺软骨部位,以长管状骨骺端最常见。X线表现囊状溶骨性破坏区,边缘多有薄层硬化环。病灶内见砂粒样或片絮状钙化是本病诊断依据。     

长骨嗜酸性肉芽肿的X线及CT影像分析

目的分析长骨嗜酸性肉芽肿的X线及CT表现,以提高对本病的诊断水平。方法回顾性分析经手术或穿刺后病理证实的19例长骨嗜酸性肉芽肿的临床和影像学资料,所有的病例均作X线平片检查,其中加作CT检查6例。结果全部病例为单发病灶,发生于股骨12例,胫骨4例,肱骨2例,腓骨1例;其中发生于骨干13例,干骺端6例;主要的影像表现为骨质破坏、邻近骨皮质改变、骨膜反应。结论长骨嗜酸性肉芽肿的影像表现有一定的特征性,X线平片结合CT检查对该病的诊断和鉴别诊断有重要价值。     

动脉瘤样骨囊肿的影像诊断(附42例分析)

目的:探讨动脉瘤样骨囊肿影像表现特征。材料和方法:回顾性分析42例经手术及病理证实的动脉瘤样骨囊肿的影像表现,42例均行X线检查,28例CT检查,12例MR检查。结果:①皂泡状或吹气球样膨胀性骨破坏:X线36例,CT 22例,MR 6例;②病灶内骨小梁间隔或骨嵴:X线 33例,CT 18例,MR 4例;③邻近病灶端骨质轻度硬化:X线 16例,CT 14例,MR 8例;④骨壳边缘不全病理骨折:X线 9例,CT 8例,MR 4例;⑤骨膜反应:X线 2例,CT 1例;⑥软组织肿块:X线 1例,CT 3例,MR 1例;⑦病灶内单发或多发液-液平面:CT 21例,MR 10例。结论:动脉瘤样骨囊肿具有一定的影像学特征,X线、CT及MR三者结合能明显提高诊断准确率。     

股骨近端骨样骨瘤影像学表现及诊断价值

目的:探讨股骨近端骨样骨瘤影像学表现及其诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析病理证实的6例股骨近端骨样骨瘤患者临床及影像学资料。结果:6例均为单发病灶,其中1例位于股骨头,3例位于股骨颈,1例位于小转子,1例位于转子下。X线平片4例可见圆形或卵圆形瘤巢影,周围有不同程度骨质硬化,其中3例可见点状钙化。CT检查4例均显示类圆形透亮瘤巢影,周围伴骨质增生硬化,其中2例瘤巢内见斑点状钙化。MRI检查2例,均显示瘤巢,T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈稍高信号,其中1例瘤巢中央可见点状钙化,于T1WI及T2WI均呈低信号。结论:股骨近端骨样骨瘤与其他部位骨样骨瘤影像学表现相似,X线平片结合CT可对其作出正确诊断,可避免不必要穿刺活检或MRI检查。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.