淮北矿区煤工尘肺结核发病特点和危险因素及防治策略

目的 了解煤工尘肺合并肺结核的流行状况及发病特点并提出尘肺结核的防治策略.方法 用回顾性流行病学调查方法对淮北矿业集团1963年1月-2009年12月确诊的1019例尘肺合并肺结核情况进行调查分析.结果 (1)煤工尘肺合并肺结核的发病率为17.93％;(2)煤工尘肺合并结核与尘肺期别呈正相关,随着尘肺期别增加,结核合并率亦增加;(3)煤工尘肺合并肺结核后使尘肺晋期率显著升高,平均晋期时间显著缩短,随着尘肺期别的增加,尘肺结核合并率、病死率升高,尘肺结核合并率随入矿年代的增加而降低;(4)影响煤工尘肺结核的因素有尘肺期别、工种、接尘工龄、入矿年代等.结论 煤工尘肺易并发肺结核,肺结核是导致尘肺病人死亡的主要原因之一,尘肺合并结核后使病情进展很快,病死率高,因此应加强尘肺结核的预防控制.     

某煤矿尘肺并发结核流行规律及影响因素分析

目的调查某煤矿尘肺结核的流行状况及其发病影响因素,为尘肺结核的防治提供依据。方法用回顾性流行病学调查方法对确诊的2 242例尘肺患者进行调查,查阅职业健康监护资料,建立数据库,采用SPSS 13.0软件包进行统计处理。结果尘肺结核合并率为23.46%(526/2242);尘肺结核的发生与尘肺期别(OR=2.817)、尘肺发病年龄(OR=1.177)、接尘年龄(OR=1.213)、接尘年代(OR=0.579)、接尘工龄(OR=0.734)有关。结论尘肺结核发生的危险性随尘肺期别、尘肺发病年龄和接尘年龄的增加而升高,随接尘工龄和接尘年代的增加而降低;尘肺期别、尘肺发病年龄、接尘年龄、接尘年代、接尘工龄对尘肺结核的发生有明显的影响。     

重庆市某国有煤矿煤工尘肺合并肺结核的情况

目的了解重庆市某国有煤矿煤工尘肺合并肺结核的患病情况,为煤工尘肺结核患者的疾病预防和管理工作提供依据。方法对重庆市某国有煤矿自1976—2007年间829例煤工尘肺病例合并结核的情况进行分析。结果重庆市某国有煤矿1976—2007年间煤工尘肺合并结核率为8.20%,显著高于当地人群的肺结核患病率,差异具有统计学意义（χ2=114.03,P〈0.01）。煤工尘肺合并结核率随着期别增加而显著增高（χ趋2势=5.23,P〈0.05）。采煤、掘进、混合3个工种尘肺合并结核率分别为6.08%、6.60%、16.89%,其中混合工种尘肺合并结核率明显高于两个单纯工种,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。煤工尘肺合并结核率随发病年龄升高而升高（χ趋2势=30.71,P〈0.01）,煤工尘肺合并结核率随工龄升高无明显改变,差异无统计学意义（x趋2势=2.22,P〉0.05）。煤工尘肺合并肺结核患者死亡率为6.15%,死因构成比：肺心病占31.37%,肺结核占23.53%,肺癌占19.61%,肺部感染占15.69%,其他疾病为9.80%。结论尘肺期别越高,煤工尘肺合并结核率越高;混合工种煤工尘肺合并结核率明显高于两个单纯工种;煤工尘肺合并结核的死因前三位是肺心病、肺结核大咳血和肺癌。     

尘肺合并慢性阻塞性肺疾病的回顾性分析

目的研究尘肺患者慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)的合并率,以及尘肺期别、结核、吸烟、年龄对合并COPD的影响。方法回顾2008年9月—2009年5月在我院住院的292例尘肺患者COPD的合并率,在入院时对其进行支气管舒张试验,凡吸入沙丁胺醇后15min用力呼气容积/用力肺活量(FEV1/FVC)70%,并排除其他不完全可逆气流受限疾病即诊为尘肺合并COPD。结果尘肺患者COPD合并率为12.33%,尘肺随着期别的增加,合并COPD率也增高,尘肺Ⅲ期合并COPD率高达34.29%。尘肺结核COPD合并率26.15%,明显高于无结核组,差异有统计学意义(χ2=14.79,P0.01)。有吸烟史烟尘肺合并COPD率与无吸烟史组差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.23,P0.05)。尘肺患者随着年龄的增加合并COPD率有增高的趋势,70岁以上尘肺合并COPD率高达21.31%。结论尘肺合并COPD率明显高于全国平均水平,职业性粉尘与结核是尘肺合并COPD的危险因素。     

尘肺结核死亡分析

从贵州省1950～1986年尘肺流行病学调查发现,在6016例现患尘肺中,有900例尘肺病人合并肺结核占14.96%,矽肺结核高于煤工尘肺结核,各期尘肺结核病死率,随期别进展而增高,晚期后,尘肺结核病死率最高25.28%,尘肺志者死因中,肺结核居第二位,尘肺死亡病例中合并结核最高在60年代,以后,随着年代推移而有所降低,但始终保持在40%左右的较高水平。     

尘肺与结核的关系

从四川省1950—1986年尘肺流行病学调查中发现,尘肺结核的合并率为15.59％,不同类型尘肺中以矽肺结核合并率最高;不同期别中以Ⅲ期尘肺最高。尘肺患者的死因中,肺结核居第3位。从1970～1986年回顾性队列研究结果表明,总的尘肺及矽肺。煤工尘肺中结核死亡均明显高于四川省普通人群,SMR分别为6.42、9.98和4.57(P<0.01)。从60至80年代,尘肺死亡病例中结核合并率始终保持在25％左右的较高水平上。当前,加强对尘肺患者的防痨工作仍是十分必要的。     

阳泉市1 230例尘肺合并肺结核特征分析

目的探讨尘肺合并肺结核的危害,分析了解其预后和寻求防治对策。方法对1 230例尘肺合并结核病人进行了回顾性调查分析。结果阳泉市累计尘肺病发病共计5 149例(Ⅰ期3 155例,Ⅱ期1 546例,Ⅲ期448例);合并结核患者1 230例,占23.89%,尘肺期别越高,结核合并率越高;矽肺合并结核晋期率高于单纯矽肺,煤工尘肺合并结核晋期率也高于单纯煤工尘肺,尘肺合并结核病死率随尘肺期别增高而增大;尘肺合并结核及其死亡与尘肺患者的工种有关,掘进工结核合并率最高,采矿工合并结核病死率最高,经统计学检验,均有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论对接尘工人和尘肺病人进行防痨工作,及早发现结核,是降低尘肺合并结核率,保护尘肺患者健康的重要手段。     

某煤矿煤工尘肺合并肺结核现况调查及发病影响因素研究

目的 调查淮南矿业集团下属某煤矿煤工尘肺(CWP)合并肺结核的流行状况及其影响因素,为CWP结核的防治提供依据.方法 收集最近3个月内417例健在CWP患者的健康监护资料,采用统一的调查袁对患者进行问卷调查.受检率为85.61%.将所得资料用Excel 2003建立数据库,以SPSS 13.0 for windows统计软件包进行统计学分析.结果 ①该矿CWP合并肺结核的患病率为5.3%;②CWP合并结核与尘肺期别呈正相关(r=0.26,P<0.001),随着CWP期别增加,结核合并率亦增加;③该矿最大发病年龄为83.1岁,最小26.2岁.4个发病年龄组χ3检验差异无显著性(P>0.05);④单因素奈件logistic回归分析显示文化程度、蛋类摄入、卡痕和肺结核接触史等具有显著意义.其OR值分别为0.56、0.54、0..13、0.30(P<0.05);⑤多因素条件logistic回归分析,除肺结核接触史外,上述因素进入回归方程.结论 CWP易并发结核,CWP合并结核的发生与病人的文化程度、蛋类摄入、卡痕数密切相关.     

802例尘肺结核病例的调查

对 8 0 2例尘肺结核病人作了回顾性流行病学调查 ,发现结核是尘肺病人的主要直接死因之一 ;尘肺结核发病比例与尘肺期别呈正相关 ,并与病人的年龄密切相关 ;同时还注意到 ,尘肺类型、接尘工种、尘肺期别等对尘肺结核的发病和生存有一定影响。     

尘肺病合并肺结核发生情况的meta分析

目的了解我国尘肺病患者合并肺结核的情况及其影响因素,为尘肺病合并肺结核的预防、治疗研究提供依据。方法系统检索中国期刊全文数据库(CNKI)、维普中文科技期刊全文数据库和万方数据库中2000-2013年发表的、有关尘肺合并肺结核情况的文献。按照纳入标准选择文献,提取数据,用Stata软件进行单个率的meta分析,对不同期别尘肺、不同类型尘肺、不同年龄段患者合并肺结核情况进行比较分析。结果符合入选标准的文献共36篇,总样本量117 370人,其中有18 682人尘肺病合并肺结核,总的尘肺病合并肺结核率为14.8%。尘肺病合并肺结核率随期别晋升而升高,Ⅲ期尘肺病合并肺结核率高达45.1%;尘肺种类中以铸工尘肺合并结核率最高(16.0%);40岁以下年龄段尘肺患者合并结核率最高,为23.1%。结论不同期别、不同尘肺种类和不同年龄的尘肺病患者合并肺结核的情况存在差别。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.