多层螺旋CT肺部低剂量与常规剂量检查的放射剂量评估

目的比较多层螺旋CT肺部低剂量与常规剂量检查的X线辐射剂量,为低剂量多层螺旋CT普查早期肺癌提供剂量参数. 资料与方法肺部低剂量与常规剂量多层螺旋CT扫描共54例.其中,低剂量扫描24例,扫描参数为:120 kV,20 mAs,准直器4×5 mm,重建层厚8 mm,床速30 mm/周,螺距为7,扫描时间0.5 s/周;常规剂量扫描30例,扫描参数为:120 kV,90 mAs,准直器4×5 mm,重建层厚8 mm,床速30 mm/周,螺距为7,扫描时间0.5 s/周.观察并计算两种扫描剂量的权重CT剂量指数(CTDIw),有效mAs,总mAs,剂量长度乘积(DLP)及有效辐射剂量. 结果肺部低剂量扫描的CTDIw为1.38 mGy,是常规剂量扫描(6.21 mGy)的22.2%;低剂量扫描的DLP为44 mGy*cm,明显低于常规剂量扫描的189 mGy*cm(P＜0.01);低剂量扫描的总mAs为459,是常规剂量扫描(1 308)的35.1%;低剂量扫描的X线最大有效辐射剂量为0.9 mSv,明显低于常规剂量扫描的4.2 mSv(P＜0.01). 结论多层螺旋CT肺部低剂量扫描(20 mAs)的有效辐射剂量为常规剂量扫描的21.4%,适用于高危人群普查早期肺癌.     

肺部低剂量螺旋CT放射剂量的研究

目的 :评价低剂量与常规剂量螺旋CT扫描的X线放射剂量比。方法 :对肺内结节用 2 0 0mAs行常规剂量螺旋CT扫描 ,扫描参数为 :12 0kV ,层厚 10mm ,扫描间隔 10mm ,螺距 1 5。选取不同层厚 (5mm、10mm)分别用 2 0 0mA、4 0mA、30mA、2 0mA、10mA扫描 ,记录各组每次扫描的单次CT剂量加权指数CTDIw(mGy)及mAs。对所有数据进行统计学处理 ,P <0 0 5时差异有统计学意义。结果 :2 0 0mA常规剂量组之CTDIW及毫安秒值与低剂量各组 (40mA、30mA、2 0、10mA)值比较差异有统计学意义 (P <0 0 5 ) ;以 2 0 0mAs常规剂量为标准 ,其余低剂量组 4 0mA ,30mA ,2 0mA ,10mA毫安秒及CTDIw分别降低了 80 %、90 %、95 %。结论 :用 2 0mAs低剂量螺旋CT扫描毫安秒及CTDIW仅仅相当于用 2 0 0mAs的 1/10 ,辐射剂量降低了 90 %。 2 0mA是肺部扫描的最佳剂量 ,具有辐射量小、敏感性强、性价比高的特点 ,值得推广应用。     

小儿头部多层螺旋CT检查的放射剂量评价

目的　评价小儿头部低剂量与常规剂量多层螺旋CT检查的放射剂量 ,为小儿头部多层螺旋CT检查提供扫描剂量参数。资料与方法　 (1)按年龄把 12 0例 0～ 6岁小儿分成 2组 ,患儿 <6个月 ,12 0kVp、90mAs扫描 30例 ;6个月～ 6岁 ,12 0kVp ,15 0mAs扫描 30例 ;常规扫描剂量为 12 0kVp、2 6 0mAs,依照上述年龄段各扫描 30例。其余扫描参数为 :准直 1.5mm ,层厚 6mm ,重建间隔 6mm ,床速 11.7mm/r,扫描时间 0 .75s。分别比较 2种扫描剂量产生的有效mAs、CT权重剂量指数 (weightedCTdoseindex ,CTDIw)及剂量长度乘积 (dose lengthproduct,DLP) ,并作 χ2检验。 (2 )由 3名医师盲法评价CT图像。按正常图像、图像有少许伪影、图像有严重伪影的等级对每帧图像进行质量评判 ,并进行统计学处理。结果　 (1)小儿各年龄段低剂量 (90mAs、15 0mAs)扫描的CTDIw为 17.2 8mGy、2 8.8mGy ,分别是常规剂量 (2 6 0mAs)扫描的 34.6 %、5 7.8% ;前者的DLP分别为 2 37mGy·cm、4 2 3mGy·cm ,明显低于后者的 6 83mGy·cm、731mGy·cm(P <0 .0 1)。 (2 ) 98%以上小儿头部低剂量CT图像可满足临床影像诊断需要 ,与常规剂量小儿头部图像相比无显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　小儿头部低剂量多层螺旋CT扫描的辐射剂量为常规剂量扫描的 35     

儿童埋伏牙多层螺旋CT检查中的辐射剂量评价

目的 探讨适合儿童埋伏牙多层螺旋CT(MSCT)检查的低剂量曝光条件。方法 80例经16层螺旋CT检查出埋伏牙的患儿,按曝光量不同分为5、25、125及250mAs4组,由放射科2名正主任医师及3名副主任医师采用双盲法评价图像质量,并记录不同毫安秒扫描时的加权CT剂量指数(CTDI_w)、剂量长度乘积(DLP),使用SAS9.1统计分析系统进行统计学处理。结果 4组的扫描图像均能准确显示埋伏牙结构及其相邻关系。5mAs扫描组在牙槽突骨小梁及牙龈等周围软组织的分辨能力较25、125及250mAs组下降,但仍能满足诊断要求。5mAs组CTDI_w值及DLP值仅为250mAs组的2%。结论 5mAs的MSCT低剂量扫描可以满足儿童埋伏牙诊断需要,减少了患儿接受的辐射剂量。     

多层螺旋CT低剂量扫描对肺门区段支气管显示率的评估

目的　比较低剂量与标准剂量的多层螺旋CT扫描对肺门区段支气管的显示情况 ,以决定多层螺旋CT低剂量扫描是否适合用于早期中央型肺癌的普查。方法　 5 0名健康自愿者分成 2组 ,2 0例行胸部低剂量多层螺旋CT平扫 ,扫描参数为 :12 0kV、17mAs、Pitch 1:7,8mm层厚。 3 0例行胸部标准剂量多层螺旋CT平扫 ,扫描参数均为 :12 0kV、80mAs、Pitch 1:7,8mm层厚。比较 2种剂量的CT图像上肺门区段支气管的显示情况。结果　双肺段支气管总显示率 :低剂量扫描为 84% ,标准剂量为 86% ,两者无统计学差别 (Ρ >0 .0 5 )。右肺低剂量与标准剂量多层螺旋CT扫描的各叶段支气管总显示率分别为 :上叶 91%和 95 % ;中叶均为 88% ;下叶 91%和 93 %。右肺各段支气管的总显示率分别为 90 %和 92 % ,两者无统计学差别 (Ρ >0 .0 5 )。左肺低剂量与标准剂量多层螺旋CT扫描的各叶段支气管显示率分别为 :上叶 97%和 98% ;舌叶 47%和 5 0 % ;下叶 91%和 95 %。左肺各段支气管的总显示率分别为 78%和 80 % ,两者无统计学差别 (Ρ >0 .0 5 )。结论　低剂量多层螺旋CT扫描并不降低肺门区段支气管的显示率 ,它适合用于肺部普查 ,检出肺门区段支气管壁上的小肿瘤。     

CT引导肺部穿刺活检的低剂量参数优选及应用

目的:评价肺部不同扫描参数下的辐射剂量和图像质量,探讨低剂量扫描在CT引导下肺部穿刺活检中的应用价值。方法:①CT引导下肺部穿刺活检的患者30例(肺穿组),扫描参数为10 mA,120 kV,层厚5 mm,螺距1.5,床速15 mm/s;30例患者(对照组)行胸部常规智能自动毫安扫描,参数为30~175 mA,平均(82.0±13.5)mA,120 kV,层厚10 mm,螺距1.5,床速30 mm/s;②分别比较两种扫描参数下的CT权重剂量指数(CTDIw)和剂量长度乘积(DLP)、图像质量及总扫描帧数。结果:30例肺穿患者在10 mA低剂量扫描参数下全部穿刺成功。肺穿组的CTDIw和DLP分别为(15.9±8.4)mGy和(2.9±2.3)Gy.cm,明显低于对照组(P<0.01)。结论:采用10 mA低剂量扫描参数,不仅可以保证CT引导下肺部穿刺活检成功,而且能减少患者的受线量。     

新生儿头颅多层螺旋CT低剂量扫描的临床应用

目的：评价新生儿头颅多层螺旋CT低剂量扫描的临床价值。方法：选取头颅CT检查的新生儿80例,随机等分成2组,分别使用120kV、90mAs及120kV、260mAs各扫描40例。其余扫描参数为：准直1．5mm,层厚6mm,重建间隔6mm,床速11．7mm／r,扫描时间0．75s。分别比较2种扫描剂量产生的总mAs、CT权重剂量指数（CTDIw）及剂量长度乘积（DLP）,并作t检验。由3名医师采用盲法评价CT图像。按正常图像、图像有少许伪影、图像有严重伪影的等级对每帧图像进行质量评价,并进行统计学处理。结果：90mAs、260mAs组扫描的CTDIw分别为17．28mGy、49．85mGy,DPL分别为245mGy·cm、711mGy·cm。经t检验,90mAs组的CTDIw、DLP明显低于260mAs组（P〈0．01）。满足诊断需要的低剂量扫描图像所占比例（98．6％）与常规剂量扫描（99．9％）相比无显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论：新生儿头颅多层螺旋CT低剂量扫描的辐射剂量为常规剂量扫描的35％,而且图像不影响诊断,低剂量扫描适用于新生儿头颅CT检查。     

鼻骨低剂量螺旋CT扫描技术的应用

目的 探讨鼻骨低剂量多层螺旋CT扫描技术的应用价值.方法 将80例鼻骨正常的患者平均分为4组,保持球管电压120 kV不变,分别用常规剂量(125 mAs)和低剂量(75 mAs、50 mAs、25 mAs)进行扫描,扫描时分别记录辐射剂量值.由3名影像医师采用双盲法评价各剂量组的横断面图像及不同算法的重组图像的质量,结果用统计学方法处理.结果 各低剂量组的鼻骨轴位图像质量与常规剂量组相比无显著性差异(P>0.1);各组骨算法重组图像与软组织算法重组图像质量对比有显著性差异(P<0.01);25 mAs组长度剂量乘积(DLP)与常规剂量相比有显著性差异(P<0.01),容积剂量指数(CTDIvol)为常规剂量扫描的20.0%.结论 鼻骨低剂量CT扫描既能保证图像质量,又可大幅度降低病人的辐射剂量.采用软组织算法的VR图像优于骨算法VR图像.     

多排螺旋CT低剂量扫描在小儿胸部的应用

目的评估低剂量扫描在小儿胸部的应用。方法水模测试:在水体模的同一层面做3mm层厚的150、80、50、35、15mAs扫描。在每幅图像的5个相同感兴趣区测CT值,做CT值的均匀性和噪声水平比较。病例扫描:随机选择肺部感染的患儿40例,先行常规剂量(150mAs)扫描以确定感染部位,再在感染局部做低剂量扫描(50,35mAs及15mAs)。其他参数为:120kV,床进28.8mm/圈,0.5s/圈,16×1.5mm准直,重建层厚及间隔均为3mm。比较不同剂量的CT权重剂量指数(CTDIw)及剂量长度乘积(DLP);由2位高年资医师按优、良、合格及不合格的等级盲法评价不同剂量的图像质量,结果进行统计学处理。结果CT图像的均匀性随着扫描剂量的减少而变差,图像噪声水平随扫描剂量的减少而增高。小儿胸部150、50、35、15mAs的CTDIw分别为:10.0、3.3、2.3、1.0mGy,其DLP分别为:117.8、39.3、27.5和11.8;150、50、35mAs的符合临床诊断图像(包括优,良,合格3个等级)所占比例,肺窗和纵隔窗均不小于90%,而15mAs的不合格图像所占比例为20%。结论在保证图像质量的前提下,多排螺旋CT小儿胸部检查采用35mAs的扫描条件较为适宜。     

儿童肺部CT曝光参数及其辐射剂量的比较分析

目的优化儿童肺部CT曝光参数，减少其辐射危害。方法对疑有肺部病变的儿童及青少年210例，降低曝光量行肺部CT扫描，以肺部支气管分叉层面的胸廓前后径和横径线长的平均值为依据，以儿童常规曝光量的70％为起始扫描剂量，逐次减少曝光量10mAs，观察其成像质量，直至图像质量良好，符合诊断的要求，并分析其曝光量mAs和单次扫描的CT剂量加权指数CTDIW及剂量长度乘积DLP。结果与儿童常规肺部曝光量200mAs相比，不同肺部发育的个体，其肺部CT曝光量可降低到其常规曝光量的45％～80％，单次扫描的CT剂量加权指数CTDIW及剂量长度乘积DLP均可降至27．45％～80％。结论根据儿童胸部个体发育差异，适当地降低曝光量，可以有效地降低其辐射剂量，减少其辐射危害。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.