百乐康

正零售连锁药店慢病管理之路众所周知,中国的医药零售市场是一个巨火的市场,尤其是在处方外流工作即将深入开展的现在,医药零售市场会迎来更多的机遇。但对于众多的医药门店来说,机遇的同时,却是更为激烈的市场竞争,尤其自2015年7月1日新版GSP(《药品经营质量管理规范》)实施开始,中国近43万家医药门店才真正进入了"深水区"。零售药店的板块中,单体药店有26.3万家,占了60.6%,新版GSP实施后,单体药店相较于连锁药店而言,承担了更多的政策压力,     

零售连锁药店慢病管理之路

<正>众所周知,中国的医药零售市场是一个巨大的市场,尤其是在处方外流工作即将深入开展的现在,医药零售市场会迎来更多的机遇。但对于众多的医药门店来说,机遇的同时,却是更为激烈的市场竞争,尤其自2015年7月1日新版GSP(《药品经营质量管理规范》)实施开始,中国近43万家医药门店才真正进入了"深水区"。零售药店的板块中,单体药店有26.3万家,占了60.6%,新版GSP实施后,单体药店相较于连锁药店而言,承担了更多的政策压力,     

零售连锁药店慢病管理之路

<正>众所周知,中国的医药零售市场是一个巨大的市场,尤其是在处方外流工作即将深入开展的现在,医药零售市场会迎来更多的机遇。但对于众多的医药门店来说,机遇的同时,却是更为激烈的市场竟争,尤其自2015年7月1日新版GSP(《药品经营质量管理规范》)实施开始,中国近43万家医药门店才真正进入了"深水区"。零售药店的板块中,单体药店有26.3万家,占了60.6%,新版GSP实施后,单体药店相较于连锁药店而言,承担了更多的政策压力,因为按新政策的要求,单体药店必须有两名以上的执业药师,对于很     

青岛医药零售市场调查研究

近几年，青岛医药零售药店如雨后春笋般遍地开花。岛城药店的蓬勃发展，为方便市民购药、用药发挥了应有的作用，但也产生了各种矛盾，看法很多，争论很多。笔者为此进行了广泛的调查，现就医药零售市场发展的现状、焦点、问题及预测等谈点个人的看法，供同仁们商榷：一、青岛医药零售市场发展简况从１９９８年以来，青岛的零售药店由原来的１００多家发展到现在１０００多家。２０００年成立市药品监督管理局后，医药零售市场得到培育，药店数量快速扩张，药品零售经济成为青岛医药领域新的经济增长点。可以说，市药品监督管理局的成立，标…     

零售连锁药店慢病管理之路

<正>众所周知,中国的医药零售市场是一个巨大的市场,尤其是在处方外流工作即将深入开展的现在,医药零售市场会迎来更多的机遇。但对于众多的医药门店来说,机遇的同时,却是更为激烈的市场竞争,尤其自2015年7月1日新版GSP(《药品经营质量管理规范》)实施开始,中国近43万家医药门店才真正进入了"深水区"。零售药店的板块中,单体药店有26.3万家,占了60.6%,新版GSP实施后,单体药店相较于连锁药店而言,承担了更多的政策压力,因为按新政策的要求,单体药店必须有两名以上的执业药师,对于很     

零售连锁药店慢病管理之路

<正>众所周知,中国的医药零售市场是一个巨大的市场,尤其是在处方外流工作即将深入开展的现在,医药零售市场会迎来更多的机遇。但对于众多的医药门店来说,机遇的同时,却是更为激烈的市场竞争,尤其自2015年7月1日新版GSP(《药品经营质量管理规范》)实施开始,中国近43万家医药门店才真正进入了"深水区"。零售药店的板块中,单体药店有26.3万家,占了60.6%,新版     

我国连锁药房发展要抓住机遇

1 我国医药零售业的现状。1．1 医药零售业市场具有很大的潜力。目前，我国医药零售业主要由医药零售药店和医院的药房组成，我国的消费者主要通过医院药房(即医院零售市场)和零售药店(即医药零售市场)购买药品。     

政府将整顿批零兼营的药店

“全国目前医药零售企业仅12万家。要让老百姓买药方便,今后零售药店可以发展到30万家！”国家药品监督管理局局长郑筱萸借在广药集团产品全国展销会作“入世后中国医药市场发展趋势”主题报告会的机会,向业界透露了政府对医药流通业发展的指导方向。 按照中国入世的承诺,2003年1月1日     

药品零售业将告别暴利时代

<正> 随着各行各业进军医药零售业引发的竞争,药房的赢利空间越来越小,有的甚至陷入亏损境地,全国药店亏损面已达到50%。我国药品零售业已不再是暴利行业. 经济药房有广阔发展空间据《文汇报》报道,根据国外药房与人员的配备及人均用药水平分析,我国零售药店数量可发展至30万家,而目前我国的药店总数为18万家,其中零售连锁企业近2000家,拥有门店数4万多家。据上海第一医药股份有限公司总经理邵松岐介绍,我国医药零售业已初步形成了遍布城乡,连接生产与消费,基本满足人民群众防病治病需要的零售网络。但由于尚未实现医药分业,     

金象大药房的商海沉浮

在北京医药零售市场数千家零售门店格局中,品牌药店金象大药房独树一帜。其门店除遍布北京外,还进军天津、河北、四川等多个省、市、自治区的零售市场,目前在全国已拥有零售门店近300家,会员超过60万。作为全国知名的药品零售连锁企业,金象大药房伴随着中国药品零售行业的迅速发展不断成长。从创立品牌药店开始,金象人就勇于创新,敢为人先:1999年成为北京地     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.