缺血性结肠炎43例临床分析

目的 探讨缺血性结肠炎的临床表现、内镜特征及诊治方法.方法 回顾性分析43例缺血性结肠炎患者的临床资料.结果 缺血性结肠炎多发于60岁以上中老年女性患者,尤其伴有糖尿病以及心、脑血管等基础疾病者.腹痛、腹泻及便血为主要临床表现.结肠镜下以黏膜充血、水肿、糜烂、溃疡等为主要表现,病变主要见于左半结肠,呈节段性分布,病变与正常黏膜分界清楚,多数患者预后良好.结论 中老年人(尤其合并有心脑血管及糖尿病等疾病者)出现不明原因的腹痛、腹泻、便血者应考虑缺血性结肠炎可能,应尽早行结肠镜检查,必要时行血管造影或其他影像学检查.此外,结肠镜检查过程中有诱发缺血性结肠炎的可能.     

胶囊结肠镜对结肠黏膜炎症性改变的诊断价值初探

目的 探讨胶囊结肠镜下结肠黏膜损伤的内镜影像学特点对诊断溃疡性结肠炎的临床价值.方法 连续收集2009年7月至2010年6月间19例患者,其中男12例、女7例,平均年龄（44.2±14.6）岁,入组者以血便、腹泻、腹痛为主要临床表现,具备溃疡性结肠炎相关诊断依据.研究中将胶囊结肠镜和传统结肠镜下结肠黏膜病变严重程度分为轻、中、重三级,以传统结肠镜诊断为金标准,统计胶囊结肠镜与传统结肠镜下黏膜分级的一致性（Kappa值和P值）,并同时观察胶囊结肠镜检查过程中肠道清洁度、全结肠检查完成率、患者不良反应等情况.结果 胶囊结肠镜下黏膜轻度病变2例,中度8例,重度9例 而传统结肠镜下则轻度3例,中度8例,重度8例.经统计Kappa=0.826,确切概率计算P＜0.001,提示一致性良好.胶囊内镜全结肠检查完成率达100%（19/19）,肠道清洁度优良率达79%（15/19）,检查全过程中未出现明显不良反应.结论 胶囊结肠镜能客观反映溃疡性结肠炎患者黏膜病变程度,具有部分替代传统结肠镜进行结肠病变监测的价值.     

胶囊结肠镜对结肠黏膜炎症性改变的诊断价值初探

目的 探讨胶囊结肠镜下结肠黏膜损伤的内镜影像学特点对诊断溃疡性结肠炎的临床价值.方法 连续收集2009年7月至2010年6月间19例患者,其中男12例、女7例,平均年龄(44.2±14.6)岁,入组者以血便、腹泻、腹痛为主要临床表现,具备溃疡性结肠炎相关诊断依据.研究中将胶囊结肠镜和传统结肠镜下结肠黏膜病变严重程度分为轻、中、重三级,以传统结肠镜诊断为金标准,统计胶囊结肠镜与传统结肠镜下黏膜分级的一致性(Kappa值和P值),并同时观察胶囊结肠镜检查过程中肠道清洁度、全结肠检查完成率、患者不良反应等情况.结果 胶囊结肠镜下黏膜轻度病变2例,中度8例,重度9例;而传统结肠镜下则轻度3例,中度8例,重度8例.经统计Kappa=0.826,确切概率计算P＜0.001,提示一致性良好.胶囊内镜全结肠检查完成率达100%(19/19),肠道清洁度优良率达79%(15/19),检查全过程中未出现明显不良反应.结论 胶囊结肠镜能客观反映溃疡性结肠炎患者黏膜病变程度,具有部分替代传统结肠镜进行结肠病变监测的价值.     

胶囊结肠镜对结肠黏膜炎症性改变的诊断价值初探

目的 探讨胶囊结肠镜下结肠黏膜损伤的内镜影像学特点对诊断溃疡性结肠炎的临床价值.方法 连续收集2009年7月至2010年6月间19例患者,其中男12例、女7例,平均年龄(44.2±14.6)岁,入组者以血便、腹泻、腹痛为主要临床表现,具备溃疡性结肠炎相关诊断依据.研究中将胶囊结肠镜和传统结肠镜下结肠黏膜病变严重程度分为轻、中、重三级,以传统结肠镜诊断为金标准,统计胶囊结肠镜与传统结肠镜下黏膜分级的一致性(Kappa值和P值),并同时观察胶囊结肠镜检查过程中肠道清洁度、全结肠检查完成率、患者不良反应等情况.结果 胶囊结肠镜下黏膜轻度病变2例,中度8例,重度9例;而传统结肠镜下则轻度3例,中度8例,重度8例.经统计Kappa=0.826,确切概率计算P＜0.001,提示一致性良好.胶囊内镜全结肠检查完成率达100%(19/19),肠道清洁度优良率达79%(15/19),检查全过程中未出现明显不良反应.结论 胶囊结肠镜能客观反映溃疡性结肠炎患者黏膜病变程度,具有部分替代传统结肠镜进行结肠病变监测的价值.     

缺血性结肠炎临床特点分析

目的分析缺血性结肠炎的临床资料,探讨其临床特点,提高对该疾病的认识和临床诊治水平。方法对31例缺血性结肠炎患者的临床表现、结肠镜检查、辅助检查、治疗经过以及转归等进行回顾性研究。结果缺血性结肠炎多发于老年患者,其中60岁者占54.8%(17/31)。多伴有高血压、冠心病、脑梗塞、糖尿病等基础疾病。腹痛、腹泻以及便血为主要临床表现。结肠镜下主要表现为黏膜充血、水肿、糜烂、溃疡,病变主要见于左半结肠,呈节段性分布,多数患者预后良好。结论缺血性结肠炎临床症状与体征缺乏特异性,对于不明原因出现腹痛、血便或腹膜刺激征的中老年人应考虑缺血性结肠炎的可能,充分运用相关辅助检查,以明确诊断,指导治疗。     

老年人缺血性结肠炎的特点和处理策略

缺血性结肠炎(IC)多见于老年人群,是急性下消化道出血的主要原因之一。各种原因甚至老年人便秘所致的低血流灌注状态为其主要发病机制。临床表现与缺血累及范围和时间有关。发作性腹部疼痛不适伴排便急迫感、24 h内出现鲜红色或暗红色血便或血性腹泻,是老年人IC的主要临床表现。腹盆腔CT检查是明确肠道受累部位和病变范围首选的检查方法。结肠镜检查为确诊方法,如无肠坏死或肠穿孔,应于48 h内行结肠镜检查。内科治疗包括肠道休息、静脉补液、纠正电解质紊乱、治疗原发疾病和应用抗菌药物,必要时予肠外营养。与其他部位的结肠缺血相比,孤立性右半结肠缺血预后较差。对于孤立性右半结肠或全结肠缺血以及存在肠坏死的患者,应及时请外科会诊讨论有无手术治疗的可能性。     

结肠炎症性疾病的内镜、活检组织学与鉴别诊断

一、正常结肠的内镜与活检组织学特点 作出是否为“正常结肠黏膜”这一结论极为重要。许多患者结肠镜检查可呈正常表现（黏膜皱折与结肠袋排列有序，呈均匀橙红色，表面光滑、有光泽而带透明感，黏膜下分枝状血管网清晰可见）。但有些长期或间歇发作性腹泻患者（肠易激综合征、小肠疾病、自服缓泻剂或淋巴细胞性结肠炎等），其结肠黏膜可仅呈轻度炎性细胞浸润（仅见到正常范围内的少量炎性细胞），这时应根据细胞类型及其分布部位，与具有病理学意义的炎性浸润相区别，不应简单作出“结肠炎”的诊断。     

胶囊结肠镜的临床应用

胶囊结肠镜（CCE）是一种检查结肠黏膜病变的新型胶囊内镜。最初用于结肠癌的筛查,目前逐渐用于炎症性肠病,尤其是溃疡性结肠炎的诊断和病情评估。CCE在临床应用方面与传统结肠镜相比各有优劣。本文就CCE的临床应用现状作一综述。     

结肠黑变病53例临床病理分析

结肠黑变病（melanosis coli，MC）是一种少见的非炎症性、良性、可逆性的，以色素沉着为特征的黏膜色素沉着性病变，结肠黏膜内有很多吞噬有脂褐素样物质的巨噬细胞，可通过结肠镜检查而诊断。2001年3月至今，我院在结肠镜检查中发现结肠黑变病53例，其中31例进行了病理组织学检查，现报告分析如下。     

HIV(+)非特异性慢性结肠炎腹泻患者结肠黏膜血管的改变

目的:研究人免疫缺陷病毒阳性[HIV( )]非特异性慢性结肠炎腹泻患者结肠黏膜血管和结肠黏膜病理改变.方法:将同期不同症状和病因32例HIV( )非特异性慢性结肠炎腹泻患者600张电子结肠镜照片与300例非HIV患者3000张结肠镜照片对比,并对32例HIV( )非特异性慢性结肠炎腹泻患者病理切片内固有层内毛细血管分布情况和黏膜内出血情况进行分析.结果: HIV( )非特异性慢性结肠炎腹泻患者9例结肠镜照片显示结肠黏膜血管末梢呈环形改变,直径在1-2 mm左右,出血后环圈加粗变大;其他3000张肠镜对照照片未发现同样血管改变.HIV( )非特异性慢性结肠炎腹泻患者32例结肠黏膜病理切片除见非特异性慢性炎症改变外,13例黏膜皮下固有层中有出血,大量红细胞聚集,27例黏膜内皮下固有层中毛细血管明显增生.结论:结肠黏膜血管末梢环形改变可能是HIV( )非特异性慢性结肠炎腹泻患者结肠黏膜一种特异性特征.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.