肾盂输尿管连接梗阻并发同侧输尿管远端病变的诊治（附七…

１９６５～１９９２年共做离断性肾盂成形术３８５例，其中７例（２％）合并同侧远端输尿管病变。均为男孩。５例为输尿管膀胱连接部梗阻，２例为双侧膀胱输尿管反流。仅２例术前确诊。自１９９０年１１月我们注意到Ｂ超检查对了解输尿管正常或扩张很有帮助，如有扩张则提示输尿管远端有病变（梗阻或反流），除做静脉泌尿系造影外，加做排尿性膀胱尿道造影，了解尿道情况及有无膀胱输尿管反流，如无反流则再做经皮肾穿刺造影或逆行肾     

经尿道等离子电切术治疗输尿管囊肿的临床效果观察

目的探讨输尿管囊肿的内镜治疗方法。方法回顾性分析本院2013年6月至2018年1月收治的12例膀胱内型输尿管囊肿患者的临床资料,采用经尿道等离子电切术治疗输尿管囊肿,术中保留上方囊壁作为抗反流的活瓣,预防反流。结果12例患者均手术成功,症状缓解,手术平均时间33 min,平均住院日为5 d,术后随访6个月至1年,11例患者术后症状消失,肾积水及输尿管扩张减轻或消失,1例患者出现输尿管膀胱反流,二期行腹腔镜下输尿管膀胱乳头再植术后治愈。结论经尿道等离子电切术是一种治疗输尿管囊肿安全有效的微创治疗方法,利用等离子电切镜经尿道途径是值得尝试的手术方案。     

输尿管口囊肿的微创手术治疗

目的评价输尿管口囊肿的微创手术治疗方法及其疗效。方法回顾性分析25例行经尿道电切（TURU）手术治疗输尿管口囊肿患者资料。男9例，女16例；年龄18—61岁，平均38岁；单侧18例，双侧7例；单纯输尿管囊肿22例，异位输尿管囊肿3例。结果25例患者手术一次成功22例，手术平均时间15min，术后平均住院3d。术后定期B超、膀胱造影随诊，随诊时间1—9年，3例异位输尿管囊肿合并重复肾、输尿管畸形患者存在术后膀胱输尿管返流，2例再次行开放手术后痊愈。结论TURU是治疗成人输尿管口囊肿的有效方法；当合并存在重复肾输尿管畸形或术后膀胱输尿管返流时，应采用输尿管膀胱抗返流手术。     

输尿管囊肿伴发结石的腔内微创治疗

目的：评价腔内微创治疗输尿管囊肿伴结石的疗效。方法：回顾性分析2004年3月～2008年12月收治的12例输尿管囊肿伴发结石病例资料。囊肿位于左侧8例,右侧4例,均为单侧发病。9例伴输尿管囊内结石,3例并输尿管结石。输尿管囊肿采用经尿道输尿管囊肿切除术,术时保留上方囊壁作为抗反流的活瓣。结石采用输尿管镜钬激光碎石术。结果：12例患者均一次手术成功。术后随访3个月～1年,临床症状均消失,8例B超提示肾积水消失,4例明显减轻。4例行排尿性膀胱尿道造影未见明显反流现象。结论：使用腔内镜微创治疗输尿管囊肿伴发结石是一种简单有效的治疗方法。     

小儿先天性膀胱憩室

目的 总结先天性膀胱憩室患儿的诊疗特点.方法 回顾性分析22例先天性膀胱憩室患儿的临床资料.均为男童,年龄7 d～12岁,平均3.5岁.临床表现排尿困难、尿潴留、反复尿路感染等症状,均经排尿性膀胱尿道造影检查确诊.18例25根输尿管合并膀胱输尿管反流,术前18例行IVU检查,上尿路正常7例,上尿路扩张积水10例,右肾发育不良1例.结果 22例均行憩室切除、膀胱修复术,合并膀胱输尿管反流者同期行输尿管膀胱再吻合术.17例随访6个月～11年,平均4.5年,患儿临床症状均消失,憩室无复发.14例原膀胱输尿管反流者,反流消失12例,1例有Ⅰ度反流者,保守治疗半年反流消失,1例仍有双侧膀胱输尿管反流,行膀胱造瘘术后半年,目前仍在随访中.IVU复查12例,上尿路积水好转7例,积水无变化3例,2例左肾不显影者术后仍不显影.结论 小儿先天性膀胱憩室较少见,但可引起上尿路严重损害甚至危及生命,早期诊断、早期合理治疗是提高疗效的关键.     

输尿管镜术后膀胱输尿管反流临床观察(附152例报告)

目的:观察输尿管镜手术对膀胱输尿管反流的影响,探讨其发生机制。方法:选取152例行输尿管镜手术的患者,术前、术后分别行排尿性膀胱造影摄片,术后首次检查于拔除双J管后当天进行,若发现反流,3~6个月后再次复查。结果:152例患者术前均无膀胱输尿管反流,术后3~5周拔除双J管后当天行膀胱造影,1例发生Ⅰ级反流,5个月后复查恢复正常。结论:输尿管镜术后早期可出现膀胱输尿管反流,但发生率极低,程度轻;单次手术多次进镜不会增加术后反流的发生率;膀胱造影不必作为术后常规随访检查项目。     

影像尿流动力学检查在膀胱输尿管反流研究中的意义

目的：了解影像尿流动力学检查在膀胱输尿管反流研究中的意义。方法;对行影像尿流动力学检查的１８例有排尿障碍并伴肾积水的患者进行回顾性分析。结果：８例出现膀胱输尿管反流,其中７例出现反流时膀胱内压力≤３．９２ｋＰａ,１例〉３．９２ｋＰａ。出现反流的８例中,７例有膀胱顺应性降低,逼尿肌反射异常或膀胱颈梗阻。     

经尿道膀胱镜下钬激光治疗成人输尿管囊肿(附15例报告)

目的探讨经尿道膀胱镜下钬激光治疗成人输尿管囊肿的疗效。方法2005年1月~2007年1月,对15例16侧成人输尿管囊肿采用经尿道膀胱镜下治疗,其中单纯输尿管囊肿13例,2例合并囊内结石。对于直径<1cm的囊肿,以钬激光从管口切开直到囊肿根部;对于直径>1cm但<3cm的囊肿,于囊肿膨胀时将囊肿低位切开并切除下1/3囊肿壁。对合并囊内结石者,将囊肿切开后用钬激光直接行碎石治疗,然后用Ellik冲洗器将碎石冲出。结果15例手术均一次成功。手术时间25~65min,平均35min。无输血与死亡病例。术后住院3~7d,平均5d。15例术后病理报告均示输尿管囊肿。患者的血尿、腰腹部疼痛及排尿困难消失。15例随访6~24个月,平均18个月,B超及膀胱造影等检查证实无复发,无输尿管反流,无输尿管开口狭窄;8例单侧肾积水消失,1例双侧肾积水明显减轻。结论对于成人直径<3cm的输尿管囊肿,经尿道膀胱镜下钬激光治疗疗效满意,值得推广应用。     

去带可控性盲结肠新膀胱术(附七例报告)

目的介绍一种膀胱全切术后尿流改道方法。方法１９９６年１２月～１９９７年１２月对７例全膀胱切除患者行去带可控性盲结肠新膀胱术。结果随访２～１２个月,贮尿囊平均容量４２０ｍｌ,平均内压（１５±９）ｃｍＨ２Ｏ,贮尿囊造影未见输尿管返流,ＩＶＵ上尿路无积水和输尿管狭窄,排尿控制良好,插管容易,尿液中无致病菌生长。结论去带可控性盲结肠新膀胱术具有手术操作简单、容量大、内压低、无返流、能自由控制排尿等优点,明显改善了患者的生活质量,具有较好的应用价值     

经尿道电切术治疗输尿管囊肿18例报告

目的总结经尿道电切术治疗成人输尿管囊肿的手术经验。方法经尿道电切术治疗后发生输尿管囊肿18例,其中男11例、女7例,年龄21~59岁,囊肿位于左侧10例、右侧8例、双侧3例。其中9例伴有同侧肾脏不同程度积水,2例伴有囊肿内结石。主要症状为反复尿路感染7例,无痛性肉眼血尿8例;腰部及下腹部胀痛5例,常规体格检查发现2例。18例患者均常规行B超检查,明确诊断为输尿管囊肿13例,2例为膀胱结石。16例行静脉造影检查,13例诊断为输尿管囊肿。所有患者均经膀胱镜检查确诊为输尿管囊肿,输尿管囊肿直径约为1.8~5.2cm。结果本组患者均经一次手术切开囊肿,18例术后均获随访6~22个月,平均12个月,患者症状完全消失或明显减轻。复查I VU及B超提示囊肿消失。肾脏积水明显改善。术后行膀胱造影16例,有3例有轻度反流,均为囊肿较大,切开长度较长者,2例合并结石患者也在此列,未发现其他并发症,效果良好。结论经尿道电切术治疗成人输尿管囊肿较开放手术视野清晰操作简单、创伤小、并发症少等优点,是一种比较理想的手术方法。     

经尿道电切治疗成人输尿管囊肿7例报告

目的探讨经尿道电切治疗成人输尿管囊肿的效果。方法回顾分析2008-06—2014-06间收治的7例输尿管囊肿患者的临床资料。患者术前均行超声、IVP、膀胱镜明确诊断。行经尿道输尿管囊肿电切除术,术中保留上方囊壁作为抗反流的活瓣。合并结石患者采用大力钳碎石或输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术。结果 7例患者手术均成功,症状缓解,6例肾积水消失,1例减轻。结论经尿道输尿管囊肿电切术是治疗输尿管囊肿的有效方法。     

The modern endoscopic approach to ureterocele

PURPOSE: During the last 20 years the surgical approach to ureterocele has evolved from major open surgery to minimally invasive endoscopic puncture. We believe that the endoscopic approach decreases the need for open surgical procedures. We identified specific factors that predict the need for repeat surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the charts of 60 new patients with ureterocele treated with primary endoscopic incision between 1991 and 1995. Followup ranged from 4 to 62 months (mean 20). Mode of presentation, ureterocele location, associated vesicoureteral reflux and association of the ureterocele with a duplex system were evaluated. Ureterocele wall thickness was assessed subjectively via radiographic and cystoscopic methods, and categorized as thin, intermediate and thick. RESULTS: All 9 patients with a single system ureterocele had an intravesical ureterocele. No patient had associated reflux nor did any require a secondary open procedure. In 3 cases new onset ipsilateral reflux into the ureterocele spontaneously resolved. Of the 51 patients with a duplex system and associated ureterocele 19 (37%) required a secondary open procedure. The ureterocele was intravesical and ectopic in 22 (43%) and 29 (57%) cases, respectively. Reflux was associated with the ureterocele in 27 patients (53%), and 12 (44%) required a secondary open procedure. A total of 11 patients underwent ureteral reimplantation of 15 refluxing renal units and only 2 renal units required ureteral tapering. Reflux is no longer present in 14 of the 15 renal units (93%). Patients with a thick walled ureterocele required repeat puncture more frequently than those with a nonthick ureterocele. CONCLUSIONS: With the use of modern endoscopic techniques children with intravesical and single system ureteroceles require secondary open surgery less frequently than those with ectopic and duplex system ureteroceles. The mode of presentation does not predict the need for a repeat open procedure. Thick walled ureteroceles require repeat endoscopic puncture more frequently than thin and intermediate walled ureteroceles.     

输尿管囊肿的诊断与治疗(附14例报告)

目的：提高输尿管囊肿的诊治水平。方法：14例患者术前均由B超或IVU、膀胱镜确诊。开放性手术10例，经尿道手术4例。结果：14例手术均一次成功，开放性手术平均时间107min，术后平均住院12．8d，腔内手术平均62．5min，术后平均住院4．0d。结论：B超结合IVU、膀胱镜检查可以提高确诊率。开放性囊肿切开去顶术是基本治疗方法；当存在输尿管反流时，应行输尿管膀胱抗反流吻合术；经尿道的腔内手术可以减少手术创伤及术后并发症，缩短手术及住院时间。     

Clinical value of primary decompression operation for unilateral ureterocele with complete duplex system

PURPOSE: To assess a value of decompression operation for a unilateral ureterocele with a complete duplex system as an initial procedure. METHODS: We reviewed records of 33 pediatric patients with a unilateral ureterocele in a complete duplex system who underwent decompression operation between 1987 and 2000. We checked the patient operative age, followup period, position of the ureterocele, type of decompression operation, and additional operation. Furthermore we also checked postoperative vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in patients who underwent transurethral incision (TUI). RESULTS: Mean operative age and followup period were 6 months old and 82 months. Of the patients, 22 underwent TUI and 11 underwent upper moiety operation (UMO). In the TUI group, 14 (63.6%) had postoperative VUR and 13 (59.0%) underwent additional operations. These rates were higher in the patients with ectopic ureteroceles than with intravesical ureteroceles. Most additional operations were undergone for the patients with postoperative VUR in TUI group by lower complete reconstructions without UMO. All patients with non-functioning upper moiety underwent heminephrectomy at the additional operations. In the other hand, in the UMO group, 3 (27.3%) had additional operation because of persistent VUR which was found preoperatively in lower moiety or contralateral renal unit. CONCLUSION: TUI was useful approach as an initial procedure for intravesical ureteroceles because of low additional operation rate. For ectopic ureteroceles with functioning upper moiety, TUI was high additional operation rate, but it was more useful initial operation of two-staged operation than UMO because of avoiding UMO, like heminephrectomy, at additional operation. UMO was low additional operation rate for ectopic ureteroceles without preoperative VUR of renal unit excluding upper moiety. Especially heminephrectomy was a useful approach as an initial procedure if upper moiety was non-functioning.     

Surgical management of ureteroceles in children: strategy based on the classification of ureteral hiatus and the eversion of ureteroceles

Experience in the surgical management of ureteroceles in children is reported. Six patients with intravesical and 16 with ectopic ureteroceles are included. In the case of intravesical ureterocele of noneverting type. Transurethral distal incision of the ureterocele was performed without reflux. In the case of everting ureterocele, excision with reimplantation of the ureter was performed, thus avoiding reflux inevitably induced by transurethral incision. In the patient with an ectopic ureterocele, a one-stage operation with complete excision of the ureterocele and ureteral stump was attempted. Our choice of operative procedure was decided after the assessment of the following features: cystography and cystoscopy to assess eversion, type of ureteral hiatus (common or separate), whether there was reflux or not to the ipsilateral ureter, and renal function by scintigraphy. Accordingly, hemi-nephroureterectomy or twin ureteroneocystostomy were most commonly performed. When based on these thorough preoperative evaluations, our results were quite favorable.     

腔内手术与开放手术治疗输尿管膨出的疗效比较

目的　探讨腔内手术和开放手术治疗输尿管膨出的临床价值。　方法　对 2 9例输尿管膨出患者实施外科手术治疗 ,其中开放手术治疗 19例 ,腔内手术治疗 10例。　结果　开放手术治疗膀胱内型 11例 ,再手术者 2例 ,膀胱外型 8例 ,再手术者 1例。腔内手术治疗膀胱内型 5例 ,再手术者 2例 ,膀胱外型 5例 ,再手术者 4例。 2 7例疗效满意 ,2例失败 ,需再次手术治疗。　结论　腔内手术可作为膀胱内型输尿管膨出的首选治疗 ,但膀胱外型输尿管膨出最好选择开放手术治疗。     

经尿道电切治疗输尿管口囊肿18例报告

目的探讨经尿道电切治疗输尿管囊肿的临床效果。方法回顾性分析18例输尿管囊肿的临床资料。结果 18例均一次手术治愈。随防6个月～3年,效果良好。所有患者均未见囊肿复发,无管口狭窄及返流。结论经尿道输尿管囊肿的腔内手术疗效显著,减少了手术创伤及术后并发症,缩短了手术及住院时间,是目前治疗输尿管囊肿的首选方法。     

经尿道腔镜下囊肿内切开术治疗单纯输尿管囊肿

目的探讨经尿道腔镜下囊肿内切开术治疗单纯输尿管囊肿的疗效。方法回顾总结12例行经尿道输尿管囊肿内切开术治疗的单纯输尿管囊肿患者临床资料，所有患者均经IVP、超声、膀胱镜检查确诊，手术方法包括行囊肿切开术4例及部分囊肿壁切除术8例。结果所有手术均取得成功，无一例转为开放手术，术后随访5～21个月，临床症状消失，肾积水减轻，无膀胱输尿管反流发生。结论经尿道电切术治疗单纯输尿管囊肿，具有创伤小，患者痛苦小，术后恢复快，并发症少等优点，可作为单纯输尿管囊肿治疗的首选方法。     

Laser incision of ureterocele in the pediatric patient.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the effectiveness of initial laser transurethral incision of ureterocele for relieving obstruction, prevention of infection and need for subsequent surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the medical records and imaging studies of 30 children with ureterocele treated between 1995 and 2000. Of 30 children 14 underwent initial transurethral laser incision of the ureterocele. Records and images were evaluated for mode of presentation, ureterocele location, thickness, and decompression, and relief of obstruction. The incidence of urinary tract infection, new onset vesicoureteral reflux, upper segment renal function and need for subsequent surgery after incision was investigated. RESULTS: There were 5 boys and 9 girls in our series. Mean patient age at presentation was 17.5 months. There were 12 patients who had ectopic and 2 orthotopic ureteroceles. Ureterocele was defined as thick if ultrasound measurement was 4 mm. or greater. Thick ureterocele was present in 4 (28%) patients. All patients had ultrasound evidence of decompression of the ureterocele and upper tract with 1 treatment. Urinary infection risk was 0.015 per month of followup after incision. Vesicoureteral reflux was present in 8 of 12 (67%) ectopic systems before incision and 9 of 10 (90%) after. None had resolved reflux during followup. Upper pole renal function was assessed by renal scan and/or renal ultrasound. Upper pole function or increased cortical thickness was documented in 9 of 11 (82%) patients. Endoscopic laser incision was the only treatment required in 4 of 14 (28%) patients, including 2 with orthotopic and 2 ectopic ureteroceles. Of 14 patients 5 (36%) had undergone definitive surgery and 5 were followed. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic laser incision of ureterocele allows a precise incision and decompression of the ureterocele with 1 treatment. Laser incision of ureterocele should be considered as the initial treatment in most patients.