股前内侧皮瓣紧急替代股前外侧皮瓣修复颌面部贯通缺损1例

股前外侧皮瓣作为口腔颌面部软组织缺损的修复皮瓣,近年来已得到临床医生的广泛应用,但其血管的解剖变异往往会给手术造成困难,甚至取皮瓣失败。本文报道1例因股前外侧皮瓣血管解剖变异而术中紧急采用股前内侧皮瓣替代股前外侧皮瓣修复颌面部贯通缺损的病例,并结合文献探讨股前内侧皮瓣的解剖及应用。     

游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣制取中多普勒的应用价值

目的 评价便携式多普勒在股前外侧穿支皮瓣制取中的应用价值.方法 2007年5月至2010年5月中国医科大学口腔医学院口腔颌面外科修复头颈部手术缺损25例,用26块游离股前外侧皮瓣.股前外侧皮瓣自近心端向远心端一般有1～3支穿支血管,分别命名为A、B、C,术前参照ABC系统记录多普勒测3个穿支声音强度、位置,术中测量皮瓣相应穿支直径、位置及人体质指数(body mass index,BMI).结果 A、B、C穿支出现概率分别为58%(15/26)、92%(24/26)和77%(20/26).直径>0.5 mm的穿支血管中,A点11/15(<20不计算百分比)、B点92%(22/24)、C点40%(8/20).多普勒信号强度与穿支血管直径明显呈正相关.信号位于穿支周围半径0.5 cm范围的准确率为85%(50/59),多普勒定位的准确度随BMI的增加而下降.结论 便携式多普勒在游离股前外侧皮瓣的穿支定位和管径评估中有应用价值,但精确程度不足.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the accuracy of Hadeco ES-1000spm hand-held doppler during the anterolateral thigh(ALT)flap harvest.Methods Twenty-five patients(26 sides)with ALT flaps for head and neck reconstruction between May 2005 and May 2010 received preoperative Doppler examination for the location of the cutaneous perforators of ALT flaps.The Doppler signals and body mass index(BMI)were recorded preoperatively according to ABC system.The locations of Doppler signals and of the actual cutaueous perforators at surgery were plotted and compared.The diameter of perforators was measured.Results One to three cutaneous perforators of the ALT flap were consistently found at specific locations.They were named perforators A,B,C from proximal to distal.Perforators A,B and C were present in 15(58%),24(92%)and 20(77%)cases and the diameter(>0.5 mm)of A,B and C were 11/15,22(92%)and 8(40%)respectively.The Doppler signal was within 0.5 cm of the actual perforator location in 85% flaps.The accuracy of Doppler decreased with increase of BMI.Conclusions Preoperative assessment by hand-held Doppler is useful in predicting the perforator vessels'locations and diameter although it's accuracy is limited.     

Double anterior (anterolateral and anteromedial) thigh flap for oral perforated defect reconstruction

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to assess the therapeutic efficacy of oral perforated defect reconstruction with a double anterior (anterolateral and anteromedial) thigh flap through the modified lateral lip-submandibular approach.Materials and methodsFrom July 2010 to August 2013, eight patients with oral perforated defects secondary to oral cancer ablation involving the superior partial mandible or the posterior partial maxilla, with immediate reconstruction by double anterior (anterolateral and anteromedial) thigh flaps, were retrospectively enrolled into this study.ResultsAll double anterior flaps were musculocutaneous flaps. Seven double flaps resulted in good functional and aesthetic outcomes with complete flap survival. One patient required operative exploration in the postoperative period due to thrombosis in the external jugular vein. After the salvage, one of the double flaps in the intraoral region resulted in partial failure of the superficial skin of the flap. No functional impairment at the donor sites occurred in any of the cases.ConclusionThe double anterior (anterolateral and anteromedial) thigh flap is a feasible and acceptable technique for reconstruction of an oral perforated defect involving the mandible or the maxilla through the modified lateral lip-submandibular approach. It presents a very acceptable aesthetic and functional result with the additional advantage of low morbidity at the donor site.     

An anatomic assessment on perforators of the lateral circumflex femoral artery for anterolateral thigh flap

The anterolateral thigh flap was originally described in 1984 as a septocutaneous flap based on the descending branch of the lateral femoral circumflex artery (LCFA). This flap has many advantages for head and neck reconstruction. However, it is not widely used as a result of the broad range of anatomic variation of the cutaneous perforators and because dissection of these perforators is tedious when they are small. The purposes of this study are to classify the vascular anatomy of the LCFA and to assess the suitability of the anterolateral thigh flap for head and neck reconstruction in Koreans. From 38 thigh dissections of Korean cadavers, the LCFA commonly arose from the deep femoral artery and divided into ascending, transverse, and descending branches. In five cases, the LCFA arose directly from the femoral artery. The cutaneous perforators were present in 37 cases except one and the septocutaneous perforators were found in 17 of the 38 cases. Of the 160 perforators, 28 (17.5%) were the septocutaneous perforators and 132 (82.5%) were the musculocutaneous perforators. The average number of cutaneous perforators for the anterolateral thigh flap was 4.2 (range, 0-8), and these perforators were concentrated in the middle third of the anterolateral thigh. The septocutaneous perforators were located more proximally than the musculocutaneous perforators. The average length of the vascular pedicle derived from the descending branch or the transverse branch was 83.3 mm (range, 53.4-124.3 mm). The results of this study suggest that the vascular anatomy of the anterolateral thigh flap was reliable and well suited for head and neck reconstruction in Koreans.     

Evaluation of anterolateral thigh flap dimensions with virtual flap models

Free flaps are commonly used for head and neck reconstruction. However, flap dimensions are still evaluated by visual and tactile assessment. The aim of this study was to enable preoperative planning of flap dimensions for soft tissue reconstruction based on clinical parameters. Computed tomography records from 230 patients dated from 2009 to 2019 were analysed retrospectively. A virtual, three-dimensional anterolateral thigh flap model was standardized, aligned to segmented leg models in two positions, and flap thicknesses and volumes were determined. Associations of flap thickness and volume with clinical parameters were evaluated, and an approximative calculation method was derived. The laterally positioned anterolateral thigh flap showed an average (interquartile range) thickness of 15.6 mm (8.7 mm) and volume of 1.5 cm³ (0.9 cm³) per cm². The medially positioned anterolateral thigh flap showed an average (interquartile range) thickness of 16.3 mm (8.7 mm) and volume of 1.6 cm³ (0.9 cm³) per cm². For both flap positions, leg circumference was the strongest predictor of flap thickness (β = 0.545, P < 0.001 and β = 0.529, P < 0.001) and flap volume (β = 0.523, P < 0.001 and β = 0.480, P < 0.001). Flap dimensions can be calculated based on leg circumference, and this preoperative planning of flap dimensions can help the surgeon to select the appropriate flap.     

游离股前外侧单叶(肌)皮瓣制备的外科技术

目的 探讨游离股前外侧单叶皮瓣制备的外科技术及方法 .方法 回顾分析中南大学湘雅第二医院口腔颌面外科244例口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤患者采用245块游离股前外侧单叶肌皮瓣修复术后缺损.皮瓣制备方法 :在髂前上棘至髌骨外上缘的髂-髌连线内侧3 cm处,根据所需皮瓣的厚度在上、中、下不同区域设计切口.选取管径较粗、搏动有力的穿支血管制备皮瓣,携带肌肉组织充填死腔.制备皮瓣面积较大时,尽量带多个穿支血管.皮瓣面积(4 cm×4 cm)～(10 cm×25 cm).对18块皮下脂肪较厚的皮瓣削薄处理.结果 245块肌皮瓣,3块坏死,成功率98.8%.无一块因未找到合适的穿支血管而放弃.8块行皮下脂肪修剪的皮瓣术后出现水疱,但皮瓣血供良好,均成活.5块因取瓣面积较大供区创面行植皮术,所植皮片全部来源于切口的上份;其余供区均直接拉拢缝合.术后244例患者对外形及功能恢复均满意.结论 该制备肌皮瓣方法 有利于寻找穿支血管;切取皮瓣宽度＜8 cm,创面可直接拉拢缝合,≥8 cm时需要植皮,可选择切口上部为供皮区.     

股前内侧穿支皮瓣:一个理想的股前外侧皮瓣补救皮瓣

目的:寻找一个在股前外侧区无合适穿支血管时供区损伤最小的可靠补救皮瓣。方法:2007年12月—2011年2月64例股前外侧穿支皮瓣中,2例无合适穿支血管,采用同侧股前内侧穿支皮瓣和嵌合皮瓣进行舌、口底癌术后缺损的修复重建,1例为穿支皮瓣,大小为7cm×4cm,另1例为穿支皮瓣嵌合股直肌岛,大小为14cm×6cm。血管蒂均为旋股外侧动脉降支内侧支,血管蒂长10～12cm。结果:皮瓣均成活,随访0.5～12个月,舌体外形丰满,语言及吞咽功能恢复满意。供区拉拢缝合,瘢痕隐蔽,下肢无功能障碍。结论:如股前外侧区无合适穿支血管,股前内侧穿支皮瓣是一个损伤较小、可靠的补救皮瓣。     

游离大腿前外侧皮瓣修复头颈部缺损的初步观察

目的探讨游离大腿前外侧皮瓣在头颈部缺损修复中的应用。方法回顾研究2002年1月至2006年1月完成的22例游离大腿前外侧皮瓣移植。分析采用组织瓣的设计、穿支血管的数目和类型、受区血管、血管吻合方式和技术、游离瓣成活情况及术后并发症，并分析有可能影响组织瓣成活的各种因素。结果22例中，皮瓣面积（7cm×5cm）～（16cm×8cm），平均11．1cm×6．9cm，除4块皮瓣携带2个穿支外，其余18块皮瓣均携带1个穿支。26个穿支中，20个为肌皮穿支，另外6个为隔皮穿支。1例游离瓣术后48h出现静脉危象，经抢救未成功后去除皮瓣。其余皮瓣术中、术后均未出现血管危象，并且全部成活。所有供区均直接拉拢缝合，除1例供区术后创口感染致二期愈合外，其余供区均一期愈合。结论游离大腿前外侧皮瓣克服了传统的前臂皮瓣和腹直肌皮瓣的缺点，在头颈部缺损的修复中具有较大的灵活性，值得进一步应用和观察。     

薄型股前外侧皮瓣与前臂皮瓣修复老年口腔癌切除术后缺损的效果比较

目的:探讨薄型股前外侧皮瓣与前臂皮瓣2种方式修补老年口腔癌患者切除术后缺损的效果.方法:选取2017年1月—2019年10月期间在我院进行诊治的老年口腔癌患者54例,所有患者均实施口腔癌切除术,其中用前臂皮瓣进行缺损修补的24例为前臂组,用薄型股前外侧皮瓣进行缺损修补的30例为股前外侧组,用华盛顿大学生命质量问卷(the University of Washington quality of life,UW-QOL)、口腔健康影响程度量表(the 14-item oral health impact profile questionnaires,OHIP-14)对患者进行主观评价,对比2组量表评分及手术恢复情况.结果:前臂组中,皮瓣存活的例数为23例,股前外侧组为29例,2组患者皮瓣存活例数、血管危象例数、坏死例数、恢复时间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).前臂组色素沉着发生率明显高于股前外侧组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),而在瘢痕增生发生率方面,前臂组也明显高于股前外侧组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).2组UW-QOL问卷及OHIP-14量表评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论:对于老年口腔癌切除术后缺损的修补,采用薄型股前外侧皮瓣相比于前臂皮瓣,缺损区恢复情况及术后量表评分无明显差别,但该方式可以减少皮瓣供区的相关并发症的发生.     

Reconstruction of the face after resection of arteriovenous malformations using anterolateral thigh perforator flap

Arteriovenous malformations are high flow lesions that remain a challenge in the field of plastic surgery, interventional radiology, and neurosurgery. This is especially true for large lesions requiring a comprehensive team approach. From March 2001 to August 2004, six patients with arteriovenous malformation having extensive involvement of the skin underwent selective embolization followed by resection and reconstruction with anterolateral thigh perforator flap. The age of patients ranged from 22 to 43 years (average, 29 years); four were male and two were female. The size of the defect ranged from 8 x 10 cm to 12 x 14 cm. During the follow-up period from 3 months to 41 months, two patients required ancillary procedures to improve their aesthetic appearances. All patients achieved acceptable contour, appearance, and sensation without any incidence of recurrences. The anterolateral thigh perforator flap provides a large, thin and sensible flap. The anatomy of the flap is relatively constant and reliable. Despite the extensive involvement of arteriovenous malformation of the face, with selective embolization, maximal resection, and coverage with a well-vascularized tissue, it can be safely removed and successfully reconstructed.     

股前外侧穿支皮瓣的应用解剖研究及临床应用

目的 ：通过对股前外侧穿支皮瓣的解剖学研究,探讨制备股前外侧穿支皮瓣的合理性及稳定性;并对临床上应用股前外侧穿支皮瓣的供区及受区的术后恢复情况等进行随访,评价其在口腔颌面部缺损修复重建中的应用价值。方法 ：选取6例中国成人下肢标本,解剖并记录股前外侧穿支的数目、分布、部分层面血管外径及各段血管长度;并选择9例采用股前外侧穿支皮瓣移植修复口腔颌面部缺损的病例,皮瓣面积5 cm×6 cm～6 cm×12 cm。术后随访观测皮瓣存活情况,评价受区臃肿度及供区功能恢复、术后吞咽及语言功能情况。结果 ：6例下肢标本共测量记录到股前外侧穿支21支,平均3.5支。大腿股前外侧穿支主要出现在髂前上棘至髌骨外侧缘连线中点外1 cm以下约2 cm为圆心、半径约6 cm的圆内,源动脉起始部外径平均为（2.99±0.48）mm,血管蒂总长度平均为（15.83±3.52）cm;9例股前外侧穿支皮瓣,1例发生部分组织坏死, 1例病例失访,术后随访10～47个月（平均24个月）。股前外侧穿支皮瓣存活率较高,供区并发症少,受区皮瓣臃肿程度低,吞咽功能恢复良好。结论 ：股前外侧穿支皮瓣穿支分布稳定,血管蒂较长,穿支的管径完全满足游离皮瓣的要求,临床应用中供区并发症少,受区不臃肿,组织量适中,结合其解剖稳定性,可满足临床修复口腔颌面部组织缺损的需要。     

前臂桡侧皮瓣与股前外侧皮瓣修复半舌缺损的比较研究

目的：分析比较前臂桡侧皮瓣与股前外侧皮瓣在修复半舌缺损后的舌功能恢复和供受区并发症情况。方法：2008年7月-2012年11月,23例舌癌患者接受肿瘤扩大切除,遗留的半舌缺损,14例采用前臂桡侧皮瓣修复,供区伤口取腹部全厚皮片移植修复;9例采用股前外侧皮瓣修复。术后4~6个月,对每例患者的吞咽功能、语言清晰度和供受区并发症等情况进行随访分析。结果：前臂桡侧皮瓣组和股前外侧皮瓣组患者吞咽功能和语言清晰度均恢复良好,两组之间无显著差异。在受区,前臂桡侧皮瓣组有1例出现全部皮瓣坏死;股前外侧皮瓣组有1例出现小部分皮瓣坏死,1例出现口颈瘘。在供区,前臂桡侧皮瓣组有4例出现移植皮片部分坏死,1例伤口部分裂开,12例出现明显的瘢痕,9例局部麻木,3例手臂功能障碍;股前外侧皮瓣组有1例局部麻木,1例出现明显的瘢痕,均未出现运动功能障碍。前臂桡侧皮瓣组供区并发症明显多于股前外侧皮瓣组。结论：股前外侧皮瓣可获得的血管蒂长、管径大、供区并发症少,是半舌缺损较理想的修复组织瓣。     

Outcomes following pharyngolaryngectomy reconstruction with the anterolateral thigh (ALT) free flap

We retrospectively reviewed 15 cases of pharyngolaryngectomy for advanced laryngeal carcinoma reconstructed with the anterolateral thigh (ALT) free flap. Thirteen patients had primary surgery and adjuvant treatment (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy), and two had salvage surgery. Thirteen had stage III or IV disease, and eight had cervical nodal extracapsular spread. In this series all the flaps survived, and at median follow-up of 14.5 months (range 3.7-31.2), 12 of the 15 patients were alive. One patient developed a chronic pharyngocutaneous fistula, and five required repeat balloon dilatations for late pharyngeal strictures. Six patients enjoyed restoration of full oral intake, seven were able to take a soft diet, and two were dependent on feeding by percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Four patients developed adequate tracheo-oesophageal speech, and one successfully developed oesophageal speech. In this series many of the surgical problems associated with pharyngolaryngectomy reconstruction were addressed successfully by the ALT, but late dysphagia remained troublesome in an appreciable minority. While adjuvant radiotherapy could have contributed to this, future innovations will focus on the reduction of late strictures.     

股前外侧皮瓣修复舌癌术后舌再造的护理

目的:探讨股前外侧皮瓣移植修复舌癌术后舌再造的护理。方法:2003年12月至2007年6月,共有13例舌癌患者接受了舌癌联合根治术同期股前外侧皮瓣血管化移植修复术,对该类手术的护理体会进行总结。结果:经积极治疗及护理,本组病人术后无呼吸道及肺部并发症,无血管危象,无院内感染,供受区切口均一期愈合,股前外侧皮瓣成活,康复出院。结论:充分的术前准备,术后对皮瓣的观察与护理,以及对舌再造的功能指导是护理的重点。     

35例股前外侧游离皮瓣血管危象临床分析

目的:总结分析股前外侧游离皮瓣术后血管危象发生的可能原因,探讨影响股前外侧游离皮瓣移植成功率的因素,为进一步提高皮瓣移植成功率提供参考.方法:回顾2005年9月-2012年12月中南大学湘雅二医院口腔颌面外科行股前外侧游离皮瓣移植修复的患者,记录皮瓣危象发生的时间、危象类型及抢救结果.计算皮瓣移植成功率、皮瓣危象发生率、危象抢救成功率等.应用SPSS 16.0软件包对数据进行x2检验或Fisher精确检验.结果:812块股前外侧游离皮瓣移植成功率为97.8％ (794/812).发生血管危象者35块,抢救成功17块,坏死18块.35块发生血管危象的皮瓣中,静脉危象31块(88.6％)、动脉危象4块(11.4％).术后16h内皮瓣抢救成功率显著高于术后16h以后的抢救成功率(70.6％:27.8％,P=0.011),静脉危象的抢救成功率高于动脉危象的抢救成功率(51.6％:25.0％,P=0.316),但差异无显著性.穿支血管受损是导致股前外侧皮瓣危险的重要原因之一.结论:早期发现并及时手术探查是提高皮瓣危象抢救成功率最有效的方法.针刺出血试验是目前判断皮瓣危象发生与否及危象类型最准确的临床观察方法.也是目前判断皮瓣危象发生与否及危象类型的金标准.     

Preoperative Doppler assessment of perforator anatomy in the anterolateral thigh flap

Despite its many evident merits as a donor site, the principal disadvantage of the anterolateral thigh flap is the variability in its vascular anatomy. Preoperative assessment by Doppler of the vascular perforators has been advocated as routine. We report the accuracy of this method, and describe the strategy for rescue where adequate perforators are not evident. Eighty-six consecutive patients were marked preoperatively using hand-held Doppler and the pattern was compared with intraoperative findings. Assessment by Doppler predicted a median of 3 (range 0–8) perforator signals, and a median of 2 (range 0–5) was found intraoperatively. This overall trend towards false positives was exaggerated in thin thighs, but in the obese there were more false negative results. In 79% of cases explored medially it would have been possible to raise an apparently viable anteromedial thigh flap. As this can be done without extending the incision, it is the option of choice for rescue, although use of more proximal perforators may often be possible.     

前臂皮瓣与股前外侧皮瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损的效果比较

目的 比较分析前臂皮瓣和股前外侧皮瓣修复重建口腔颌面部肿瘤术后缺损的临床效果。方法 收集 54例行口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤根除术并接受游离皮瓣修复术的患者资料,其中33例患者采用前臂皮瓣修复（A组）、21例采用股前外侧皮瓣修复（B组）。应用SPSS 19.0软件包分析2组患者的手术持续时间、皮瓣存活率、受区功能与外形恢复情况、供区恢复情况及患者满意度等。结果 A组手术时间为（41.6±8.9）min,B组为（47.2±10.2）min,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;A组皮瓣存活率（93.9%）高于B组（90.5%）,但差异无显著性（P>0.05）;受区功能与外形恢复情况2组基本相似;供区功能恢复B组优于A组,A组永久性功能障碍比率为24.2%,B组仅有暂时性功能障碍且比率为9.5%;A组供区色素沉着发生率显著高于B组（P<0.05）;B组的满意度显著优于A组（P<0.05）。结论 应用前臂皮瓣与股前外侧皮瓣修复,术后受区功能、外形恢复情况相似。前臂皮瓣成功率高,但需要植皮,且术后供区易形成永久性功能障碍;股前外侧皮瓣供区隐蔽,可以提供的组织量大,术后供区功能障碍很少,患者满意度高,但是手术难度大于前臂皮瓣,技术要求高。     

Treatment for chronic abscess after cranioplasty: reconstruction of dura maters using the anterolateral thigh flap with fascia lata

Although artificial dura maters such as Gore-Tex are used in cranioplasty, the use of artificial products occasionally results in the formation of infectious lesions. Recently, we encountered two patients who underwent brain surgery and contracted infection from artificial dura maters used for cranioplasty. To treat the postoperative infection, we prepared a vascularized fascia lata attached anterolateral thigh flap that could be applied to the infected wounds in the reconstruction of dura maters and obtained satisfactory results. The present study demonstrated that fascia lata attached anterolateral thigh flaps were useful for reconstructing intractable cranial fistulae complicated by infection. The disadvantages of our surgical technique were the impossibility of simultaneous bone reconstruction and the difficulty in creating a watertight closure of fascia and dura mater, although leakage of cerebrospinal fluid was not observed so far.