督脉电针对早期受损伤的脊髓神经营养素-3表达的影响

目的 观察督脉电针对早期受损伤的脊髓神经营养素-3(NT-3)表达的影响及其细胞定位.方法 成年雌性大鼠分为损伤组和电针加损伤组.全横断损伤两组大鼠的脊髓1d后,开始对电针+损伤组大鼠进行督脉电针,损伤组大鼠不做督脉电针.电针加损伤组在电针后1、3和7d时间点取出脊髓损伤区组织,损伤组也在相应时间点取出损伤区组织,用ELISA方法检测损伤区组织NT-3水平.再取电针后7d大鼠脊髓损伤区及其邻近组织切片做NT-3的免疫荧光组织化学双标染色.结果 电针加损伤组和损伤组的脊髓损伤区组织NT-3表达在时间上基本一致;在前3 d,NT-3水平是下降的,在后3 d,NT-3水平是增高的.但是,与损伤组相比,电针加损伤组的NT-3水平是明显增高(P＜0.05).免疫荧光双标染色结果显示,神经元、星形胶质细胞、少突胶质细胞和巨噬细胞都有NT-3的表达.结论 督脉电针可以促进受损伤早期的脊髓组织细胞合成和分泌内源性NT-3,这可能是督脉电针促进急性脊髓损伤修复的适宜微环境因素之一.     

督脉电针对脊髓损伤大鼠神经干细胞的作用

目的　观察督脉电针对脊髓损伤后大鼠脊髓巢蛋白 (Nestin)表达和后肢功能的影响。方法　于术后 1、7、14、2 1和 2 8d分别对大鼠进行Tarlov评分和斜板试验检查后肢功能后处死动物 ,应用免疫组织化学技术检测神经上皮干细胞蛋白(Nestin)的表达 ,采用计算机图像分析仪进行定量分析 ,观察督脉电针对脊髓损伤后神经上皮干细胞蛋白的影响。结果　脊髓损伤后第 1d ,在督脉电针组和单纯脊髓损伤组的损伤脊髓灰质中都可见到Nestin的表达。单纯脊髓损伤组在术后第 7、14、2 1和 2 8d ,Nestin阳性细胞数分别为 2 1 4 8± 7 83、11 78± 4 38和 9 18± 3 2 6 ,而督脉电针组分别为 30 6 9± 6 16、39 2 4± 6 83、2 6 4 9± 5 87和 2 2 30± 6 6 1,两组在 4个时间段上均有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 )。增加的Nestin阳性细胞数与神经功能的改善平行。结论　提示督脉电针可减轻神经损伤症状和促进脊髓损伤后神经干细胞的增殖。     

督脉电针与神经干细胞移植联合应用促进脊髓全横断大鼠受损伤的神经元存活及其轴突再生

目的探讨督脉电针与神经干细胞移植联合应用对脊髓全横断大鼠受损伤的神经元存活及其轴突再生的影响。方法将对照组、神经干细胞移植组、督脉电针组和督脉电针＋神经干细胞移植组的成年大鼠胸10脊髓段做全横断损伤;其中神经干细胞移植组和电针神经干细胞组在损伤处移植神经干细胞。电针组和电针神经干细胞移植组在术后开始接受督脉电针治疗。所有动物存活67d。结果1．电针神经干细胞移植组脊髓损伤处的去甲肾上腺素能、5-羟色胺受体、降钙素基因相关肽能和生长相关蛋白-43阳性染色的4种神经纤维均明显多于其他几组。2．电镜下可观察到脊髓横断处有再生的神经纤维穿越,在电针神经干细胞移植组尤为明显。3．大脑体感运动区皮质和中脑红核受损伤的神经元存活数量也多于其他几组,一些神经元的再生神经纤维可能穿越横断处,进入尾端脊髓组织。结论督脉电针与神经干细胞移植联合应用能促进脊髓全横断大鼠受损伤的神经元存活及其轴突再生。     

神经营养素-3能够促进体外受损伤大鼠脊髓神经元的存活及其神经突起生长

目的探讨神经营养素-3(NT-3)对体外机械性损伤的大鼠脊髓神经元存活及其神经突起生长影响。方法将体外培养的大鼠脊髓神经元分为4组:正常组、对照组、20 ng/ml NT-3组和40 ng/ml NT-3组。培养4 d后,除正常组外,其余3组建立划痕损伤模型。在划痕损伤后,对照组不做处理,另外2组分别在培养液中加入20 ng/mlNT-3和40 ng/ml NT-3继续培养。直至培养第6 d,应用4%多聚甲醛固定4组细胞。固定后的细胞分别做转移酶介导的三磷酸脱氧鸟苷-生物素刻痕末端标记(TUNEL)、微管相关蛋白2(MAP2)和生长相关蛋白-43(GAP43)免疫荧光染色,检测划痕损伤的神经元凋亡及其神经突起生长情况。结果免疫荧光化学染色显示,与对照组相比,应用NT-3处理的2组可以显著降低划痕损伤后的脊髓神经元凋亡率,并促进其神经突起生长。尤其是40 ng/mlNT-3组的神经元凋亡率最低,其神经突起可穿过划痕损伤边界。结论 NT-3能够促进体外机械性损伤的大鼠脊髓神经元存活及其神经突起生长。     

督脉电针对移植在大鼠脊髓全横断损伤处的神经干细胞存活分化和迁移的影响

目的探讨督脉电针对脊髓全横断损伤处移植的神经干细胞存活、分化和迁移的影响。方法将20只成年SD大鼠分为神经干细胞移植14d组（NSCs14d组）、督脉电针＋神经干细胞移植14d组（电针NSCs14d组）、神经干细胞移植30d组（NSCs30d组）和督脉电针＋神经干细胞移植30d组（电针NSCs30d组）4组。所有动物均实施T10段脊髓全横断手术,其中电针组和电针NSCs组于术后5d进行电针治疗。分别于术后14d和30d取材检测移植在脊髓损伤处的神经干细胞存活、分化和迁移情况。结果1．电针NSCs14d组或电针NSCs30d组移植的神经干细胞存活数量均多于NSCs14d组或NSCs30d组,但是电针NSCs30d组或NSCs30d组移植的神经干细胞存活数量均少于电针NSCs14d组或NSCs14d组。2．电针NSCs30d组和NSCs30d组的脊髓全横断损伤处及其相邻的组织均有少量移植的神经干细胞呈现微管相关蛋白2（MAP2）阳性染色。3．电针NSCs30d组和NSCs30d组的脊髓全横断损伤处及其相邻的组织均可观察到较多移植的神经干细胞呈现胶质原纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）阳性染色。4．在电针NSCs14d组或电针NSCs30d组,移植的神经干细胞向脊髓损伤处尾端组织迁移的距离明显长于NSCs14d组或NSCs30d组。结论督脉电针能够促进大鼠脊髓全横断损伤处移植的神经干细胞存活,这些细胞能分化为MAP2或GFAP阳性细胞;督脉电针对移植在脊髓损伤处的神经干细胞向宿主脊髓组织迁移方向有一定的影响。     

电针对脊髓损伤后神经生长抑制因子Sema3A表达的影响

目的:观察电针对脊髓损伤后神经生长抑制因子Sema3A表达的影响,探讨电针对脊髓损伤修复的可能作用机制.方法:将成年雌性SD大鼠分为正常对照组、模型组和电针组,模型和电针组各分7、14、28d3个时间点,建立成年大鼠第9～10胸椎段脊髓全横断损伤模型.电针组于术后当天进行电针治疗,3个组均分别于术后7、14、28d取材,用免疫组织化学ABC法和图像分析技术检测脊髓内Sema3A的表达.结果:术后7、14d时,与正常对照组相比,模型组脊髓损伤处邻近组织内Sema3A表达增强;与模型组相比,电针组脊髓损伤邻近组织内Sema3A表达显著增加;而28d时,电针组、模型组、对照组的Sema3A表达基本一致.结论:电针早期能促进脊髓损伤后Sema3A的表达,从而增强Sema3A对迷乱性出芽的抑制作用,有利于正确的轴突出芽,这可能是其促进脊髓损伤修复的可能机制之一.     

施万细胞对大鼠脊髓半横切后背核神经元存活及其表达NOS的影响

目的：探讨移植的施万细胞对大鼠脊髓半横切后背核神经元存活及其表达NOS的影响。方法：50只成年SD大鼠被分为实验组和对照组。在胸11脊髓段半横切后立即在损伤处移植入施万细胞。结果：脊髓半横切后，15d和25d对照组L1脊髓段损伤侧背核神经元的存活数均比未损伤侧的明显减少。存活的神经元胞体出现明显皱缩，有些神经元呈现NADPH－d阳性。15d和25d施万细胞组L1脊髓段损伤侧背核神经元的存活数则比同期对照组的明显增加，表达NOS的存活神经元数也随之增多。但存活的神经元胞体仍然是皱缩的。结论：移植的SCs可促进受损伤的背核神经元存活及其表达NOS，但不能阻止其胞体出现皱缩。     

caspase-2:一种特殊的半胱天冬酶

半胱天冬酶(caspases)依赖的凋亡途径是细胞程序性死亡的一种重要方式,涉及到多个半胱天冬酶的级联反应。其中caspase-2是最早被鉴定的caspase家族成员之一,但是由于缺乏关于cas-pase-2活化机制的知识以及缺少特异性检测活性的方法,其研究受到限制。最近几年,对该酶的研究取得了一些新的重要进展,大量证据表明caspase-2在细胞凋亡调控中发挥着关键而独特的作用,本文对此予以概述。     

三七总皂甙对大鼠脊髓损伤后背核和红核神经元存活的影响

目的探讨三七总皂甙对脊髓半横断后受损伤背核和红核神经元存活以及背核神经元表达一氧化氮合酶(NOS)的影响。方法25只成年雌性大鼠在施行脊髓半横断术后,被分为对照组、三七总皂甙低剂量组、三七总皂甙中剂量组、三七总皂甙高剂量组和L-NNA组。三七总皂甙组每天胃饲一定剂量的三七总皂甙,L-NNA组每d腹腔内注射L-NNA。术后30d取出脊髓和大脑行冷冻切片,做NADPH酶组化染色和中性红染色。结果脊髓半横断后,对照组损伤侧背核神经元和红核神经元数目明显降低,背核面积减少,背核NOS阳性神经元增多;应用三七总皂甙和L-NNA后,损伤侧背核神经元数目和背核面积有恢复性增加,尤其是高剂量三七总皂甙的效果更明显。三七总皂甙和L-NNA均可抑制受损伤的背核神经元表达NOS,三七总皂甙还可提高损伤侧红核神经元的存活率。结论三七总皂甙能够促进受损伤的背核神经元和红核神经元的存活,同时能够抑制受损伤的背核神经元表达NOS。     

NGF对兔脑缺血／再灌注损伤半胱氨酸蛋白酶-12的影响

目的探讨神经生长因子(NGF)对兔脑缺血/再灌注损伤半胱氨酸蛋白酶-12(caspase-12)的影响。方法健康雄性新西兰大白兔26只,随机分成假手术组(Sham组,n=6)、缺血/再灌注组(I/R组,n=10)和NGF治疗组(NGF组,n=10)。免疫组化方法检测组织caspase-12及caspase-3的表达;用流式细胞术(FCM)及DNA原位末端缺口标记法(TUNEL法)检测神经细胞凋亡。结果与Sham组相比,I/R组caspase-12及caspase-3表达增加(P<0.01),凋亡细胞数增加(P<0.01);而NGF处理后显著缓解caspase-12与caspase-3的表达增加及凋亡细胞数的增加(P<0.01),但仍高于Sham组。结论抑制caspase-12介导的caspase级联反应性凋亡途径的激活是NGF减少缺血/再灌注损伤细胞凋亡的机制之一。     

鸡尾酒疗法对大鼠急性脊髓损伤后神经细胞凋亡影响

目的:观察鸡尾酒疗法对大鼠急性脊髓损伤(acute spinal cord injury,ASCI)后细胞色素C、caspase-3表达和神经细胞凋亡的影响.方法:36只Wistar大鼠,被随机分为假手术组(A组)、生理盐水(normal saline,NS)20μl对照组(B组)、甲强龙(solu-medro1)30...     

Response characteristics of spinal cord dorsal horn neurons in chronic allodynic rats after spinal cord injury

The physiological mechanisms of chronic pain in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) are poorly understood. In the present study, we explored response characteristics of dorsal horn neurons of spinally injured rats exhibiting chronic pain (pain-like response to innocuous mechanical and cold stimulation). Several abnormalities were found in the distribution and response characteristics of dorsal horn neurons in chronic allodynic rats. First, 17% of the recorded neurons (vs. 0% in control animals) had no receptive field. Most of these units were located at or close to the lesioned spinal segment, and they discharged spontaneously at high frequencies. Allodynic rats also showed a significant decrease in the proportion of low-threshold (LT) neurons and an increase in the proportion of wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons. The rate of spontaneous activity of high-threshold (HT) neurons was significantly higher in allodynic compared with control rats. Moreover, HT neurons in allodynic animals showed increased neuronal responses to mechanical stimulation. WDR neurons responded with higher discharge rates to innocuous von Frey hair stimulation in allodynic compared with control rats. The percentage of WDR and HT neurons showing afterdischarges to noxious pinch was also significantly increased in the allodynic rats. The proportion of WDR and HT neurons responding to innocuous cold stimulation respectively increased from 53 and 25% in control rats to 91 and 75% in allodynic animals. These results suggest that the chronic pain-like behaviors in spinally injured rats may be generated and maintained by abnormalities in dorsal horn neurons.     

An experimental electro-acupuncture study in treatment of the rat demyelinated spinal cord injury induced by ethidium bromide

Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are one of the potential treating tools for multiple sclerosis (MS). Therefore, the cell number and differentiation of OPCs in a demyelinated spinal cord are crucial for improvement of reparative process. In the present study, we investigated whether "Governor Vessel (GV)" electro-acupuncture (EA) could efficiently promote increase in cell number and differentiation of OPCs into oligodendrocytes, remyelination and functional recovery in the demyelinated spinal cord. The spinal cord of adult Sprague-Dawley rats was microinjected with ethidium bromide (EB) at T10, to establish a demyelinated model. Six groups of animals were performed for the experiment. After 15 days EA treatment, neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) level and number of NG2-positive OPCs were significantly increased. Compared with the sham group, more NG2-positive OPCs were distributed between neurofilament (NF)-positive nerve fibres or closely associated with them in the lesion site and nearby tissue. In rats given longer EA treatment for 30 days, the number of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)-positive oligodendrocytes was increased. Concomitantly, the number of newly formed myelins was increased. This was coupled by increase in endogenous oligodendrocyte involved in myelin formation. Furthermore, behavioural test and spinal cord evoked potential detection demonstrated a significant functional recovery in the EA+EB day 30 group. Our results suggest EA treatment can promote NT-3 expression, increase the cell number and differentiation of endogenous OPCs, and remyelination in the demyelinated spinal cord as well as the functional improvement of demyelinated spinal cord.     

c-fos expression in bladder-specific spinal neurons after spinal cord injury using pseudorabies virus

PURPOSE: c-fos expression in spinal neurons that are activated by lower urinary tract stimulation are not organ specific. In this experiment, we demonstrated changes of c-fos expression in bladder-specific preganglionic neurons (PGNs) and interneurons using pseudorabies virus (PRV). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were used. We identified the neuronal pathway associated with the bladder by injecting PRV into the detrusor. An immunohistochemical method was used to stain Fos-protein encoded by the c-fos gene. Immunofluorescent staining for PRV was performed to evaluate changes in bladder-specific spinal neurons. RESULTS: Immunofluorescent staining with choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) revealed that the sacral parasympathetic nucleus (SPN) regions contained 9.8 PGNs/section. In rats with chronic spinal cord injury by intravesical saline instillation, 82.4+/-10.3% of PGNs in SPN exhibited Fos-immunoreactive (IR). Two and a half days after PRV infection, PRV-IR PGNs were observed at 5.4 PGNs/section, and 2.7+/-1.6% of them exhibited Fos-IR. Unlike ChAT-IR PGNs, PRV-IR PGNs are bladder-specific neurons and PRV-IR and Fos-IR cells found in the back of PRV-IR PGNs are bladder-specific interneurons. Three days after PRV infection, we observed many PRV-IR and Fos-IR cells in the dorsal commissure. These neurons are interneurons distributed in the bladder. CONCLUSION: We confirmed that in chronic spinal cord injury, the patterns of c-fos expression in bladder-specific spinal neurons were similar to those in voiding-reflex related spinal neurons, which had already been demonstrated earlier. We believe that our methodology can be applied to study interactions between voiding and other organs as well, such as the urethra and prostate.     

小RNA干扰联合电针治疗对脊髓损伤后结缔组织生长因子的沉默作用

目的探讨结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)siRNA联合电针治疗对脊髓损伤(SCI)后CTGF阳性表达的沉默作用。方法将SD大鼠随机分为对照(control)组、脊髓损伤(SCI)组、电针(EA)组、CTGF干扰(CTGF)组、CTGF干扰联合电针(EA+CTGF)组。制备SCI模型,将含有CTGF siRNA/invivofectamine的复合物植入CTGF、EA+CTGF组大鼠的脊髓(T10)损伤断端,SCI、EA组用invivofectamine转染试剂代替。EA、EA+CTGF组在模型制备后每天给予电针治疗。各组在3 d、7 d、14 d取损伤脊髓,应用Western blotting、RT-PCR测定CTGF、转化生长因子β-1(TGF-β1)及GFAP蛋白和mRNA表达变化,应用免疫荧光做形态学观察。结果与SCI组相比,CTGF组、EA+CTGF组的CTGF、TGF-β1、GFAP蛋白表达下调,联合治疗效果更明显(P0.05);EA+CTGF组CTGF、TGF-β1、GFAP mRNA表达明显低于SCI组、EA组和CTGF组(P0.01)。免疫荧光发现,SCI组CTGF阳性细胞反应性增生;CTGF组CTGF表达减弱,阳性细胞数减少;EA+CTGF组CTGF阳性细胞数明显减少。结论 CTGF siRNA联合电针治疗使损伤脊髓CTGF表达下调,胶质反应减轻,抑制瘢痕形成。     

大鼠脊髓胶质瘢痕形成的规律*

背景：脊髓损伤后治疗不理想的原因是脊髓组织的囊变和胶质瘢痕的形成,因此,明确胶质瘢痕的发生发展规律具有重要意义。 目的：观察大鼠脊髓损伤后脊髓胶质瘢痕形成的空间分布、时间规律,以及轴突变化特征。 方法：采用改良Allen重物坠落法建立SD大鼠脊髓损伤模型,分别于损伤后1 d,3 d,5 d,1周,2周,4周,6周,8周,10周,12周取材。以正常饲养的大鼠作对照。 结果与结论：大鼠脊髓损伤后4周开始出现致密瘢痕增生,之后瘢痕厚度平稳下降,至损伤后10周形成光滑的囊腔壁,囊腔内无胶质纤维酸性蛋白阳性星形胶质细胞,损伤区囊腔周围的胶质瘢痕内可见密集肥大的星形胶质细胞,未见神经丝蛋白阳性轴突位于囊腔内。提示脊髓损伤后4周胶质瘢痕厚度达到高峰,囊腔与残存轴突之间开始形成机械屏障,损伤后10周瘢痕厚度趋于稳定。      

Limited minocycline neuroprotection after balloon-compression spinal cord injury in the rat

Minocycline (MC), a second-generation tetracycline and anti-inflammatory agent reportedly provides neuroprotection following CNS injury. The objective of this study was to examine the neuroprotective effects of short and long-term MC treatment using balloon-compression spinal cord injury (SCI) in the rat. Rats subjected to SCI were treated with MC for 1 day (1DMC group; total dose 180 mg/kg) or 5 days (5DMC group; total dose 450 mg/kg) or placebo. The effects of MC treatment on locomotor recovery (BBB scale) and spinal cord white and gray matter sparing were evaluated for up to 28 days. Morphometric analysis showed that while MC treatment spared spinal cord white and gray matter rostral to the lesion epicenter in both, 1DMC and 5DMC groups, sparing of white and gray matter areas was not observed caudal to the traumatic lesion. In addition, MC treatment had no effect on final locomotor recovery. Limited improvement of spinal cord post-compression consequences raises questions about the neuroprotection efficiency of MC treatment following compression SCI in the rat.     

电针对脊髓损伤早期caspase-3 mRNA及蛋白表达的影响

目的:探讨电针对脊髓损伤后caspase-3 mRNA及蛋白表达的影响。方法:成年雄性SD大鼠,随机分为模型组、电针(EA)治疗组、甲基强的松龙(MP)组及假手术组。采用改良的Allen's垂击法致大鼠T10脊髓损伤,应用原位杂交和免疫组织化学方法及图象定量分析法观察脊髓损伤后caspase-3 mRNA和蛋白的表达。结果:假手术组caspase-3 mRNA有中等数量的表达,脊髓损伤模型组caspase-3 mRNA表达增高;EA组与MP组caspase-3 mRNA的表达量低于模型组,与其比较有显著性差异;两治疗组间比较无显著性差异。假手术组caspase-3蛋白未见表达,脊髓损伤模型组caspase-3阳性细胞数增多;EA组与MP组caspase-3阳性细胞数低于模型组,与其比较有显著性差异;两治疗组间比较无显著性差异。结论:电针可下调caspase-3 mRNA及蛋白的表达,进而抑制细胞凋亡,保护神经细胞。