颈椎骨折合并颈髓损伤病人的排痰方案探讨

[目的]探讨颈椎骨折合并颈髓损伤病人的排痰方案。[方法]将54例颈椎骨折合并颈髓损伤病人分为观察组和对照组各27例,对照组采用常规的排痰方法,观察组采用综合序贯排痰法。护理2周后,比较两组病人的获得性肺炎和肺不张发生率、并发症的治愈时间、排痰后肺部听诊好转率。[结果]对照组病人获得性肺炎的发生率(53%)和肺不张发生率(17%)高于观察组病人的获得性肺炎发生率(11%)和肺不张发生率(7%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组病人的治愈时间(7.0d±1.7d)少于对照组病人(19.6d±3.4d),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组病人的排痰后肺部听诊好转率(82%)高于对照组(50%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]复合序贯排痰法相对于传统方法并发症发生率低,治愈时间短,排痰效果明显的优点,更加适用于颈髓损伤病人的排痰护理。     

气道冲洗联合膨肺吸痰在人工气道患者中的临床应用

将80例人工气道患者随机分为对照组和观察组各40例。对照组采用常规吸痰法,观察组采用气道冲洗联合膨肺吸痰法,观察两组患者吸痰前和吸痰后5min动脉血气分析中PaO_2、PaCO_2、SaO_2的变化,气道阻力、肺部感染及肺不张的发生率。两组患者吸痰前比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),吸痰后比较,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。人工气道患者使用气道冲洗联合膨肺吸痰清除痰液彻底,能有效预防低氧血症及二氧化碳潴留,防止肺不张,减少肺部并发症的发生。     

机械辅助排痰在预防人工气道患者肺部感染中的应用效果

目的探讨机械辅助排痰在预防人工气道患者肺部感染中的应用效果。方法选取本院重症医学科2013年5月~2014年5月收治的86例建立人工气道患者,随机分成对照组与观察组各43例,对照组采取常规治疗,观察组在对照组基础上采取机械辅助排痰。比较2组患者的排痰效果及肺部感染发生率。结果与对照组相比,观察组肺部感染发生率(25.58%)、排痰量均明显降低,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论采取机械辅助排痰能使患者排痰效果得到明显提升,肺部感染率降低,护理人员工作量减轻,具有临床应用价值。     

咳嗽训练在颈脊髓损伤伴不全瘫患者排痰中的应用

目的探讨咳嗽训练对颈脊髓损伤(cervical spine cord injuy,CSCI)伴不全瘫患者排痰的应用效果。方法选取2012年1月—2015年12月收治于海军军医大学附属长征医院的CSCI伴不全瘫患者127例,随机分为观察组67例和对照组60例。观察组于术后1 d开始咳嗽训练,训练持续1周,对照组仅行常规排痰护理措施,比较两组患者术后8 d咳痰能力、主观咳嗽力量评分、需吸痰、肺部感染和肺不张发生情况。结果观察组术后8 d咳痰能力显著优于对照组(P=0.012),主观咳嗽力量评分显著高于对照组(P=0.000),需吸痰、肺部感染和肺不张发生情况显著低于对照组(P=0.030,0.046,0.026)。两组患者均无颈椎内固定术早期并发症发生。结论咳嗽训练有助于促进CSCI患者肋间肌力量恢复,增加有效肺活量,促进排痰;有助于减少肺部感染、肺不张等并发症的发生。     

人工鼻在脑出血气管切开患者气道湿化中的应用

目的探讨人工鼻在脑出血气管切开患者气道湿化中的应用效果。方法选择脑出血行气管切开患者126例,随机分为对照组和观察组,每组各63例。对照组采取常规气道湿化护理,观察组采用人工鼻进行气道湿化。观察两组患者的每天吸痰次数、排痰量及肺部感染和痰痂发生情况。结果观察组患者每天排痰量、吸痰次数及肺部感染及痰痂发生率均较对照组低,治疗效果优于对照组,两组比较,均P<0.05,差异具有统计学意义。结论采用人工鼻对脑出血气管切开患者的气道进行湿化,对减少并发症的发生,提高治疗效果具有积极意义。     

振动排痰法在老年肺部感染患者气道护理中的运用

目的探讨振动排痰法在老年肺部感染患者气道护理中的运用效果。方法选取2016年1月~12月收治的60例老年肺部感染患者并将其随机分为观察组与对照组各30例。对照组常规使用抗感染、雾化吸入、祛痰止咳平喘及配合手工叩背等治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上将人工叩背改为高频机械振动排痰,观察比较2组排痰效果。结果机械排痰机的排痰效果明显优于人工叩击排痰法,两组的排痰效果差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论振动排痰法的排痰效果较好,能显著改善老年患者肺部感染的临床症状,值得临床推广运用。     

振动排痰法对外科术后ICU机械通气患者排痰效果的影响

目的探讨振动排痰法对外科术后ICU机械通气患者排痰效果的影响。方法将本科室收治的80例外科术后ICU机械通气随机分为观察组40例和对照组40例,对照组采用人工排痰法,观察组采用机械振动排痰法,比较2组的排痰效果、护理2 d后的血气指标、肺部感染率以及ICU停留时间。结果观察组术后2 d的排痰量均多于对照组,痰液粘稠程度好于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组护理2 d时的Sa O_2、p(O_2)大于对照组,p(CO_2)小于对照组,肺部感染的发生率低于对照组,住ICU的时间短于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论机械振动排痰能够显著提高ICU患者的排痰效果,改善肺部通气,减少肺部感染,缩短ICU住院时间。     

振动排痰法在新生儿气道护理中的应用

目的:探讨振动排痰法在新生儿气道护理中的应用效果。方法:将80例需要气道护理的新生儿随机分为观察组和对照组各40例,对照组采用常规护理(人工叩背),观察组在对照组的基础上将人工叩背改为机械振动排痰;比较两组排痰效果。结果:观察组排痰后的p H值、氧分压(Pa O2)高于对照组,二氧化碳分压(Pa CO2)小于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组肺罗音消失时间、气促消失时间、咳嗽消失时间、住院时间均短于对照组(P0.05)。结论:振动排痰法的排痰效果较好,能显著改善新生儿肺部感染的血气指标和临床症状,值得推广。     

膨肺吸痰法在机械通气治疗中的应用和研究

目的探讨膨肺吸痰法在机械通气治疗中的应用和影响.方法将68例机械通气的重症患者随机分为两组,观察组34例采用膨肺吸痰法,对照组34例采用常规吸痰法.观察两组患者吸痰前后的血气分析值,并记录两组的机械通气时间、肺不张和肺部感染发生率.结果对照组吸痰前后动脉血氧分压、动脉血氧饱和度比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),观察组吸痰前后上述指标比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);比较两组机械通气时间(t＝2.840,P＜0.05)、肺不张发生率(x2＝4.570,P＜0.05)、肺部感染发生率(x2＝5.916,P＜0.05),差异均有统计学意义.结论膨肺吸痰法能改善机械通气患者吸痰时的低氧状况,并能缩短机械通气时间,降低肺不张、肺部感染发生率.     

机械振动排痰在减少外科术后ICU机械通气患者肺部并发症的应用分析

目的探讨机械振动排痰在减少外科术后ICU机械通气患者肺部并发症的应用效果。方法将本院ICU收治的82例外科术后ICU机械通气的患者采用随机数字表分为观察组和对照组,对照组给予人工叩背排痰,观察组给予机械振动排痰,比较2组的排痰效果、撤机时间、肺部并发症及住ICU时间。结果观察组的排痰量多于对照组,呼吸频率小于对照组,排痰第5天时的SaO_2、p(O_2)大于对照组,p(CO_2)小于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组的听诊肺啰音情况好于对照组,肺部感染的发生率低于对照组,撤机时间、住ICU时间短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论机械振动排痰能够提高外科术ICU机械通气患者的排痰效果,减少肺部并发症,缩短住ICU的时间。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.