无铅汽油对神经行为功能和单胺类神经递质代谢产物的影响

目的 探讨职业性无铅汽油接触以对神经功能和单胺类神经递质代谢的影响。方法 应用WHO推荐的神经行为检测组合（NCTB）对92名汽油作业工人和88名对照工人进行神经行为测试,同时用高效液相色谱法－电化学法联检测定其尿中高香草酸（HVA）和香草扁桃酸（VMA）的浓度。结果 接触组明显存在忧郁－沮丧的不良情绪状态,简单反应时慢于对照组,数字跨度、提转捷度、数字译码和目标追中学踪得分明显低于对照组,且行为功能得分随浓度的增高而降低;汽油接触工人尿中HVA和VMA浓度均降低。结论 提示职业性低浓度接触无铅汽油油可影响神经行为功能和单胺类神经递质代谢。     

奥克托今对作业工人神经行为功能的影响

用世界卫生组织神经行为核心测试方法对７６名奥克托今作业工人神经行为功能进行了测试。结果表明，接触组工人情感状态测试结果中紧张、抑郁、愤怒、困惑得分显著高于对照组；行为功能测试结果中数字跨度、数字译码、目标追踪Ⅱ中正确打点数和总打点数明显低于对照组。提示接触奥克托今可影响作业工人的神经行为功能。     

职业性铝接触对作业工人心理及行为功能的影响

目的探索铝的神经毒性和职业性铝作业工人的心理和神经行为功能改变。方法采用ＷＨＯ推荐的神经行为测试组合，对１０３名铝作业工人和６４名对照工人进行心理状况调查和神经行为功能测试，同时对作业环境空气中铝浓度和作业工人尿铝水平进行测定。结果铝作业工人尿铝含量明显高于对照组工人，两组差异有显著性。铝接触工龄＞１０年的工人紧张、忧郁、愤怒、疲劳和困惑情感得分均高于对照组工人；手提转捷度、数字译码和目标追踪得分显著降低。而铝接触工龄≤１０年的工人除目标追踪得分明显降低外，未发现其他行为功能和心理指标改变。结论长期职业性铝接触可以引起作业工人出现明显的心理状态、神经运动速度和准确性以及运动协调能力的改变。     

不同年龄铝作业工人神经行为功能的研究

目的探索铝的神经毒性和职业性铝作业工人神经行为功能的年龄依赖性差异。方法采用ＷＨＯ推荐的神经行为测试组合（ＮＣＴＢ）对１０３名铝作业工人和６４名对照工人进行了神经行为功能测试,同时测定车间空气中铝的浓度和铝作业工人每天铝吸入量及尿铝水平。结果中老年铝作业工人的紧张焦虑、忧郁沮丧和愤怒敌意情绪明显强于同年龄对照组工人;青年铝作业工人的数字跨度得分、中年铝作业工人的数字译码得分和中老年铝作业工人的目标追踪打点数均明显低于同年龄对照组工人。结论职业性铝接触可影响工人正常的神经行为功能,而且存在年龄依赖性差异。年青工人主要表现为记忆力衰退,中老年工人主要表现为情感状态的变化及运动速度和精确度下降     

锰对作业工人神经行为功能的影响

目的：探讨锰电焊对作业工人神经行为功能的影响。方法：采用世界卫生组织（WHO）推荐的神经行为功能测试组合（NCTB），对51名锰电焊作业工人和51名对照人员进行了测试。结果：接触组在紧张、抑郁、愤怒方面的得分均明显低于对照组（P＜0．01），同时接触组平均反应时和最慢反应时得分，以及数字广度、数字译码、视觉记忆的平均得分均低于对照组（P＜0．01），而且在利手的敏捷度和目标追踪总分、追踪正确得分中，接触组均与对照组有较明显的差异（P＜0．01）。结论：接触一定剂量的锰在早期工人还无自觉症状时已经对工人的神经系统产生不良影响，进而引起的作业工人神经行为功能的改变。     

四乙基铅汽油作业工人行为功能观察

本文对51名四乙基铅汽油作业工人进行了行为功能测验。结果表明,接触组工人疲劳和精力充沛两项情感特征及简单反应时、数字跨度、指叩、积木图案、数字检索、数字译码、目标追踪测验得分明显低于对照组。同时行为功能标化总分随接触工龄的增加而降低。作者认为,长期接触四乙基铅汽油,可引起机体神经功能的改变。     

锰作业工人神经行为功能的观察

目的研究职业性锰接触对工人神经行为的作用。方法将从事锰作业工人８９名,无职业危害接触史工人７９名,分为接触组和对照组,进行神经行为功能测试。两组行为功能测试得分采用Ｆ检验分析。结果两组间各项行为功能测试得分,接触组均劣于对照组。经统计分析,简单反应、数字跨度、数字译码和Ｂｅｎｔｏｎ视觉记忆以及目标追踪Ⅱ的测试方面有显著差异。结论锰作业对工人神经行为有一定的影响。     

职业接触二口恶口英对神经行为功能的影响

采用ＷＨＯ神经行为核心测试组合（ＮＣＴＢ），对４０名无临床症状的接触二口恶口英作业工人进行测试，另以４０名非接触二口恶口英作业的健康工人为对照。结果表明，接触组的紧张－焦虑、愤怒－敌意、疲劳－惰性、慌乱－困惑的得分明显高于对照组。数字跨度、手提转敏捷度、数字译码、视觉保留、目标追踪－Ⅱ测验的得分均低于对照组。简单反应时明显慢于对照组。提示二口恶口英对作业工人神经行为功能有一定的影响。     

职业性接触二硫化碳对神经行为功能影响研究

本文运用世界卫生组织推荐的神经行为核心测试组合对２３名接触二硫化碳的男性作业工人及年龄、文化程度和生活习惯与接触组相近的２９名对照工人的神经行为功能进行测试。结果表明：作业工人在接触平均ＣＳ２浓度为１２～５５ｍｇ／ｍ３、尿ＴＴＣＡ水平在０．９５３ｍｇ／ｇ·肌酐的情况下，４项神经行为测试（数据广度、视觉保留、数字译码和目标追踪）的得分显著低于对照组。进一步采用多元回归分析的方法调整年龄、文化程度对神经行为功能的影响，结果发现，数字译码测试项与接触工作环境ＣＳ２浓度呈负相关，而目标追踪测试项与工人尿ＴＴＣＡ水平呈负相关，提示长期高浓度接触ＣＳ２可影响作业工人的感知速度功能，而短期高浓度接触ＣＳ２影响精细操作控制和感知速度功能。     

低温作业工人的神经行为功能调查

本文选择合肥肉联厂和啤酒厂５２名低温作业工人，进行了神经行为功能测验。结果表明，低温作业工人语言与核心神经行为功能总得分和情绪、简单反应时、数字广度、视觉持留记忆、目标描准追击、指叩、积木图案、数字顺序与视觉再生分测验得分均明显低于对照组。提示低温对人体神经行为功能有明显影响，并与低温程度有关，随着接触低温时间的增加而影响加重。建议应加强多种防寒保暖措施和尽快制订冷库低温作业卫生标准。     

Controlled human exposure to methyl tertiary butyl ether in gasoline: symptoms, psychophysiologic and neurobehavioral responses of self-reported sensitive persons

The 1990 Clean Air Act mandated oxygenation of gasoline in regions where carbon monoxide standards were not met. To achieve this standard, methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) was increased to 15% by volume during winter months in many locations. Subsequent to the increase of MTBE in gasoline, commuters reported increases in symptoms such as headache, nausea, and eye, nose, and throat irritation. The present study compared 12 individuals selected based on self-report of symptoms (self-reported sensitives; SRSs) associated with MTBE to 19 controls without self-reported sensitivities. In a double-blind, repeated measures, controlled exposure, subjects were exposed for 15 min to clean air, gasoline, gasoline with 11% MTBE, and gasoline with 15% MTBE. Symptoms, odor ratings, neurobehavioral performance on a task of driving simulation, and psychophysiologic responses (heart and respiration rate, end-tidal CO(2), finger pulse volume, electromyograph, finger temperature) were measured before, during, and immediately after exposure. Relative to controls, SRSs reported significantly more total symptoms when exposed to gasoline with 15% MTBE than when exposed to gasoline with 11% MTBE or to clean air. However, these differences in symptoms were not accompanied by significant differences in neurobehavioral performance or psychophysiologic responses. No significant differences in symptoms or neurobehavioral or psychophysiologic responses were observed when exposure to gasoline with 11% MTBE was compared to clean air or to gasoline. Thus, the present study, although showing increased total symptoms among SRSs when exposed to gasoline with 15% MTBE, did not support a dose-response relationship for MTBE exposure nor the symptom specificity associated with MTBE in epidemiologic studies.     

Estimating the gasoline components and formulations toxicity to microalgae (Tetraselmis chuii) and oyster (Crassostrea rhizophorae) embryos: an approach to minimize environmental pollution risk

Even though petrochemical contamination frequently occurs in the form of oil spills, it is thought that a greater danger to coastal habitats is posed by chronic petrochemical toxicity associated with urban run-off, in which gasoline water-soluble-fraction (WSF) plays an important role. The hypothesis of the entrepreneurs, who were associated to the scientists uncharged of this research, was that recycled petrochemical waste may provide different gasoline formulations, having different toxic properties; the correlation between the gasoline formulations and their components' toxicological effects might contribute to the reformulation of the products, in such a way that the gasoline generated could be less toxic and less harmful to the environment. The aim of this research was to determine the toxic effects of 14 different types of gasoline (formulated, in accordance with National Petroleum Agency standards, from petrochemical waste), on Tetraselmis chuii (microalgae culture) and Crassostrea rhizophorae (embryos). Microalgae and oyster embryos were exposed to different gasoline formulations water-soluble fractions (WSF) at a range of concentrations (0%, 4.6%, 10.0%, 22.0%, 46.0%, and 100%), for 96 and 24h, respectively. The tests were carried out under controlled conditions. End-points have been CI50-96h (concentration causing 50% growth inhibition in microalgae cultures) and EC50-24h (concentration causing abnormalities on 50% of the exposed embryos). Through these procedures, gasoline formulations, which represent the lowest environmental risk, were selected. Bioassays carried out on the 8 different gasoline components aimed to correlate gasoline toxicity with the toxic potential of its components. The analysis of principal components showed that the C9DI, a mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons of 9 carbon atoms, had the highest level of toxic potential, followed by C9S (a mixture of aromatics with 9-11 carbon atoms) and heavy naphtha. The results showed gasoline formulations 1-4 (monoaromatic hydrocarbons being the most conspicuous components) to be the least toxic, whilst formulations 12-14 (having higher content of C9DI, C9S and naphtha) were found to be the most harmful to organisms. This study led to the identification of the most toxic WSF gasoline components (C9DI and C9S), and to the possibility of developing more eco-compatible gasoline formulations.     

Evolution of occupational exposure to environmental levels of aromatic hydrocarbons in service stations

During refuelling, people may easily be exposed to extremely high levels of gasoline vapour for a short time, although such exposure takes on more importance in the case of service station attendants. The volume of gasoline sold in refuelling operations and the ambient temperature can significantly increase the environmental level of benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) vapours and, subsequently, the occupational risk of service station attendants. This is especially true in the case of benzene, the most important component of gasoline vapours from a toxicological point of view. The European Directive 98/70/EC, limiting the benzene composition of gasoline, and 94/63/EC, concerning the use of vapour recovery systems in the delivery of gasoline to services stations, were applied in Spain from January 2000 and 2002, respectively. In addition, a new limit value for occupational exposure of 3.25 mg/m(3) was fixed for benzene in Directive 97/42/EC, applied from June 2003. However, recent years have seen the growing use of diesel as well as of unleaded and reformulated gasoline. In this study, we analyse the differences found between air concentration levels of BTXs in 2000 and 2003, analysing samples taken from the personal breathing-zone of occupationally exposed workers in service stations. The results are compared with those obtained in a similar study carried out in 1995 (before the new regulations came into force). The study was carried out in two phases. The first phase was carried out in 2000, after application of the new legal regulation limiting the benzene concentration in gasoline. In this case, an occupationally exposed population of 28 service station attendants was sampled in July, with a mean ambient temperature of 30-31 degrees C. In the second phase, 19 exposed subjects were sampled in July 2003, one of the warmest months in recent years with mean temperatures of 35-36 degrees C during the time of exposure monitoring. The results were then compared with those obtained in 1995, for similar summer weather conditions (environmental temperature between 28 and 30 degrees C). A significant relationship between the volume of gasoline sold and the ambient concentration of aromatic hydrocarbons was found for each worker sampled in all three of the years. Furthermore, a significant decrease in the environmental levels of BTXs was observed after January 2000, especially in the case of benzene, with mean time-weighted average concentrations for 8 h of 736 microg/m(3) (range 272-1603) in 1995, 241 microg/m(3) (range 115-453) in 2000 and 163 microg/m(3) (range 36-564) in 2003, despite the high temperatures reached in the last mentioned year.     

甲基叔丁基醚无铅汽油肾脏毒性的实验研究

目的：了解甲基叔丁基醚（MTBE）无铅汽油对肾脏的毒性及毒作用机制。方法：昆明种小鼠经呼吸道静式染毒，MTBE无铅汽油22．9、11．4及2．3g/m^3每天一次，连续2h，共22d亚急性染毒。日立－7150型全自动生化仪检测血清中尿素氮（BUN）、肌酐（Cr）含量；肾组织均浆中丙二醛（MDA）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）含量分别用荧光法，邻苯三酚自氧化固定时间法测定；电镜观察肾皮质区超微结构的变化，结果：22.9g/m^3染毒组雌性小鼠血清中BUN含量与阴性对照组间比较差异有显著性（P＜0．05）；电镜观察到22.9g/m^3染色毒对照组雌雄性小鼠的肾小球基底膜，肾小管细胞线粒体及绒毛均未见显著异常改变。结论：MTBE无铅汽油对肾小球的滤过功能有一定的影响，雌性小鼠可能更为敏感。     

寻呼台作业对女话务员神经行为功能影响的调查研究

对某电信局寻呼台６４ 名女话务员（ 对照组６０ 名） 的神经行为功能测试结果表明,接触组的消极情感（ 紧张、愤怒和疲劳） 得分显著高于对照组, 而积极情感（ 精力充沛） 得分则相反（ Ｐ＜ ０－０５） 。接触组的简单反应时显著长于对照组（ Ｐ＜ ０－０１） , 而其手敏捷度、视觉记忆、目标追踪－ Ⅱ和数字译码得分均显著低于对照组（ Ｐ＜ ０－０５ 或Ｐ＜ ０－０１） , 表明寻呼台作业对话务员的心理情绪状态、短时记忆力、注意力、模拟学习和思维能力、视觉感知和空间位置的判别、感知运动速度、手部快速运动的准确度以及眼手协调功能都有明显影响。提示噪声和视屏显示终端的联合作用, 可干扰话务员中枢神经系统的兴奋－ 抑制平衡过程     

Exposure to regular gasoline and ethanol oxyfuel during refueling in Alaska.

Although most people are thought to receive their highest acute exposures to gasoline while refueling, relatively little is actually known about personal, nonoccupational exposures to gasoline during refueling activities. This study was designed to measure exposures associated with the use of an oxygenated fuel under cold conditions in Fairbanks, Alaska. We compared concentrations of gasoline components in the blood and in the personal breathing zone (PBZ) of people who pumped regular unleaded gasoline (referred to as regular gasoline) with concentrations in the blood of those who pumped an oxygenated fuel that was 10% ethanol (E-10). A subset of participants in a wintertime engine performance study provided blood samples before and after pumping gasoline (30 using regular gasoline and 30 using E-10). The biological and environmental samples were analyzed for selected aromatic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) found in gasoline (benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, m-/p-xylene, and o-xylene); the biological samples were also analyzed for three chemicals not found in gasoline (1,4-dichlorobenzene, chloroform, and styrene). People in our study had significantly higher levels of gasoline components in their blood after pumping gasoline than they had before pumping gasoline. The changes in VOC levels in blood were similar whether the individuals pumped regular gasoline or the E-10 blend. The analysis of PBZ samples indicated that there were also measurable levels of gasoline components in the air during refueling. The VOC levels in PBZ air were similar for the two groups. In this study, we demonstrate that people are briefly exposed to low (ppm and sub-ppm) levels of known carcinogens and other potentially toxic compounds while pumping gasoline, regardless of the type of gasoline used.     

某石油炼制企业汽油作业工人健康状况分析

目的 通过分析某石油炼制企业汽油作业人员的职业健康状况,揭示石油炼制企业职工的健康损害与其接触的职业病危害因素的相关性。 方法 对某石油炼制企业902名汽油作业工人和1 057名非汽油作业工人的职业健康检查结果进行统计学分析。 结果 女性工人中,汽油作业工人白细胞计数减少的异常检出率与非汽油作业工人相比,差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.48,P < 0.05)。经多因素Logistic回归分析,提示汽油接触是女性工人白细胞计数减少的危险因素(OR=2.56,95% CI:1.04~6.29);女性工人中,汽油作业工人的血红蛋白平均含量低于非汽油作业工人,差异有统计学意义(t=-3.18,P < 0.01)。 结论 该企业在目前的生产条件下,汽油接触可能使女性作业工人的白细胞受到损伤,企业应改善作业场所环境,并定期组织接触汽油的人员进行职业健康检查,以保护作业人员的身体健康。     

Health effects of gasoline refueling vapors and measured exposures at service stations

Liquid gasoline is a complex mixture of at least 150 hydrocarbons with about 60-70% alkanes (paraffins), 25-30% aromatics, and 6-9% alkenes. In order to evaluate the potential for health effects from inhaling gasoline vapors, it is essential to understand the major differences in the composition of vapors versus liquid gasoline. The small chain, low carbon-numbered components are more volatile and thus in higher percentages in the vapor phase than the larger and heavier molecules. It is noteworthy that the concentrations of aromatics (the more toxic of the gasoline components), are depleted to about 2% in the vapor phase, with the light paraffins (the less toxic) enriched to about 90%. Actual measurements of vapor exposure at service stations confirm that the vapor composition is primarily to low weight alkanes although benzene is also emitted and represents the chemical of greatest concern. A perceived health concern from inhaling gasoline vapors is the potential for carcinogenicity based on the induction of kidney tumors in male rats and liver tumors in female mice exposed to wholly-vaporized gasoline. However, the results of the animal studies are of questionable relevance for human risk assessment due to the unique mechanism operative only in the male rat and since the exposure was to wholly-vaporized gasoline rather than the gasoline vapor mixture to which humans are exposed. Recent research supports the hypothesis that branched-chain-alkanes bind to a globulin specific to make rats, alpha 2-u-globulin. The protein complex can not be degraded in the usual manner so that protein accumulation occurs in renal cells, leading to cytotoxicity, death, proliferation, and with prolonged exposure, kidney cancer. The results of epidemiology studies fail to link an increase in cancer to exposure to gasoline vapors.     

锰作业工人心电图和血压改变的研究

目的　为了解锰接触对心电图和血压的影响。方法　本文通过锰矿锰接触工人１ ３６０ 人和非接触毒害人员３６３ 人进行心电图及血压测定。结果　心电图异常率接锰组为１９－８５ ％ ,高于对照组的１１－２９ ％ （ Ｐ＜ ０－０１） 。心电图异常类型以窦性心动过速、过缓及不齐为主,并左室肥大、ＳＴ－ Ｔ 改变。心电图异常率与环境ＭｎＯ２ 浓度呈正相关,ｒ＝ ０－６１１ ,并随工龄的增长而增加。血压增高接锰组６－１０ ％ 与对照组２－４８ ％ 比较有极显著差异（ Ｐ＜ ０－０１） ,低血压接锰组１０－１５ ％ ,对照组６－６１ ％ （ Ｐ＜ ０－０５） 。心电图异常与血压异常两者诊断符合率为１７－１４ ％ （ Ｐ＜ ０－０１） 有相关关系。结论　过量锰接触可导致作业人员心电图和血压改变。