铸造工人肺癌死亡队列研究

以三个工厂３ ２７９名铸钢、铸铁工为暴露组, 以同厂１ １７６ 名机加、修机工为非暴露组, 对１９７２ 年１ 月１ 日在册的队列成员进行了回顾性队列研究。观察期自１９７２ 年１ 月１ 日至１９９２ 年１２ 月３１ 日。结果表明, 铸造工肺癌粗死亡率４６－４４／１０ 万, 占恶性肿瘤死亡的３０－１０ ％ , 在恶性肿瘤死亡中居首位。以一般人群作参比标准时, 铸工标化死亡比（Ｓｔａｎｄａｒｒｉｚｅｄ Ｍｏｒｔａｌｉｔｙ Ｒａｔｉｏ, ＳＭＲ） 为１－５６ , １－８３ （ Ｐ＜ ０－０５）。男性尘肺患者肺癌死亡率高于男性非尘肺患者, ＳＭＲ 为２－１５ （χ２ ＝ ６－９２） , 相对危险度（ＲＲ） 为３－４０ （χ２ ＝ ６－９６） , 年龄分层处理后总的相对危险度（Ｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅ Ｒｉｓｋ Ｔｏｔａｌ ＲＲＴ） 为１－６９ （χ２ＭＨ＝ １－１９）。结果表明,该队列铸造工肺癌死亡超量, 尘肺患者尤为明显。     

煤工尘肺死亡的回顾性队列研究

为探索煤工尘肺病人的主要死因以及煤工尘肺与恶性肿瘤死亡之间的关系，采用流行病学回顾性队列研究方法对开滦矿务局１９５２～１９９５年诊断的３２２８例煤工尘肺患者（全部为男性）的结局进行了调查。队列观察从１９７０年１月１日开始，至死亡病例的死亡日期或１９９５年１２月３１日终止，以全国男性人群为参照。用标化死亡比（ＳＭＲ）作为统计指标，并计算９５％可信区间（９５％ＣＩ）。结果：全死因ＳＭＲ较全国人群高１１％（ＳＭＲ＝１．１１，９５％ＣＩ：１．０４～１．１８）。其中肺心病死亡（ＳＭＲ＝５．９７，９５％ＣＩ：５．２３～６．７７）、肺结核死亡（ＳＭＲ＝３．６８，９５％ＣＩ：３．０１～４．４６）均高于全国人群。全癌死亡低于全国人群（ＳＭＲ＝０．８１，９５％ＣＩ：０．７１～０．９２），但肺癌死亡高于全国人群（ＳＭＲ＝１．３６，９５％ＣＩ：１．１０～１．６６）。按不同死亡年代及粉尘种类进一步分析，均发现肺癌高发。结果表明：煤工尘肺病人的全死因死亡比稍高于全国人群，其中，肺心病和肺结核有明显的超额死亡。煤工尘肺病人中肺癌死亡超高。提示：煤工尘肺与肺癌的发生有关。     

某化工厂恶性肿瘤死亡的回顾性队列研究

目的：了解职业因素对化工厂工人恶性肿瘤死亡的影响。方法：采用流行病学队列研究方法对该厂接触毒物工人疾病死亡原因进行29年回顾性分析。结果：硫酸、磷肥两车间肝癌死亡明显高于对照组（P＜0．05或0．01）;磷肥车间全癌死亡也明显高于对照组（P＜0．05）。此外,磷肥车间累计接毒工龄15－20年（或年龄40－50岁）全癌死亡、累计接毒工龄20年以上（或年龄50岁以上）肝癌死亡标化相对危险度（SRR）明显高于对照组（P＜0．05或0．01）;硫酸车间累计接毒工龄20年以上（或年龄50岁以上）肝癌死亡SRR也明显高于对照组（P＜0．05或0．01）。结论：本研究表明,某化工厂癌症发生可能与其生产环境中存在的铁金属矿尘、磷矿石粉尘以及氟化物等职业危害因素的综合作用有关。     

轮胎橡胶工人恶性肿瘤死亡率队列研究

以回顾性队列研究方法,对某橡胶厂3014名工人进行恶性肿瘤死亡率调查,随访到2863人(男1992人,女871人,).共观察31年,累积75487人年。观察期间共死亡542人,总死亡为718.00/10万人年;癌死亡184人,癌死亡率243.75/10万人年,癌死亡占全死因的33.95%,列首位,与上海市区居民和该厂未接触毒害工人的恶性肿瘤死亡情况比较,全厂主要几种恶性肿瘤的 SMR 均无显著性意义。硫化工癌死亡率明显高于非接触工人(SMR=1.54,P<0.05)。男性硫化工肝癌死亡率明显高于非接触人群(SMR=2.76,P<0.01)。男性硫化工死亡年龄为57.6±8.0岁,较非接触工人明显提前(t=2.44,P<0.02).对吸烟因素分层分析的结果表明,尚不能除外吸烟在恶性肿瘤死亡中的影响。     

卷烟厂男性职工恶性肿瘤死亡回顾性队列研究

为分析烟草尘对卷烟厂男性职工恶性肿瘤死亡专率的影响，采用回顾性队列研究的方法，对河南、黑龙江两省某两卷烟厂１９８２～１９９４年间在册的男性职工进行恶性肿瘤死因分析。以队列成员中的非暴露于烟草尘组为内对照，比较两组间的恶性肿瘤死亡专率的差异。结果表明男性职工暴露组的恶性肿瘤死亡专率显著高于非暴露组，且可能存在剂量－效应关系。提示接触烟草尘可能是恶性肿瘤死亡的危险因素，且吸烟和接触烟草尘对上述疾病可能存在协同作用。     

某焦化厂恶性肿瘤死亡的回顾性队列研究

[目的]了解职业有害因素对某焦化厂工人恶性肿瘤死亡的影响。[方法]对该焦化厂工人疾病死因进行14年(1988～2001年)回顾性队列分析，以上海市人口的肿瘤死亡率作为标准对照，计算标准化死亡率比(SMR)及其95％可信区间(95％CI)。[结果]①队列观察期间共死亡．463人，粗死亡率516．08／10万，其中恶性肿瘤死亡173人，占全死因37．37％，其他依次为血管系统疾病、呼吸系统疾病、损伤和中毒等。②炼焦工作区男性职工肺癌和膀胱癌SMR分别为2．77和8．03；副产品工作区男性职工胃癌和白血病．SMR分别为1．89和4．14。累计工龄超过20年以上的炼焦工作区男性职工肺癌SMR为2．84；副产品工作区男性职工肺癌和胃癌SMR分别为2．13和2．05；传输工作区男性职工胃癌SMR为2．92。[结论]该焦化厂职业危害因素有使男性职工恶性肿瘤死亡率增高的趋势，但需在控制职业和非职业因素的情况下作更深入的研究。     

湖北省橡胶行业恶性肿瘤流行病学调查

采用流行病学回顾性队列研究方法，以湖北省部分橡胶厂职工为观察组，机电行业职工为对照组进行了恶性肿瘤死亡情况调查，观察组调查２８１９人，共５２５４５人年，失访率为４．５１％，对照组调查２４９７人，共４６２３６人年，失访率为２．００％。     

皮毛加工业与恶性肿瘤

在皮毛加工业中存在某些职业性危害因素,可能损害职工的身体健康。如职业性炭疽,皮毛工尘肺,非特异性肺部疾病以及动物皮屑变态反应等。此外还有肿瘤高发的报导。天津市于1980年经对159家工厂企业的初步调查,皮毛行业职工的肿瘤死亡粗率确实高于其他行业。为了验证皮毛行业的肿瘤高发是否与职业因素有联系,对本市皮毛、绒毛、尾毛三家皮毛加工厂进行了职工肿瘤死亡调查。三家工厂的加工过程不尽相同。绒毛加工厂主要是对羊毛、兔毛进行水洗、烘干、梳毛、分选、整理、包装等。尾毛加工主要是对各种尾毛进行水洗、烘干、分选、整理、包装等。以上两厂的加工过程基本不使用任何化学物。而皮毛厂除接触原皮、原毛外,还有鞣皮、染色、裁制等作业,其中使用了多种化学物质。经采用回顾性队列调查,选定1961年1月至1975     

某煤矿工人21年恶性肿瘤死亡率调查分析

本文调查了某煤矿工人２１年恶性肿瘤死亡率。结果表明：恶性肿瘤占煤矿工人死因第二位，其中消化系统肿瘤居多，前１０年与后１１年死亡情况比较，恶性肿瘤死亡呈上升趋势；与内对照组比，肠癌ＳＭＲ１５４．９（Ｐ＜０．０５），与居民组比，肠癌ＳＭＲ９９，有超高趋势；与居民组比鼻咽癌ＳＭＲ５５６．９（Ｐ＜０．０１），与内对照组比无显著性差异；与两个对照组比肺癌无显著性差异。说明该矿应重视恶性肿瘤的防治工作。发现鼻咽癌高发，是生产性因素或生活环境中存在其它致癌因子，应进一步调查。     

蓬莱市2004-2005年恶性肿瘤死亡状况分析

[目的]了解蓬莱市居民20042005年的恶性肿瘤死亡率和主要恶性肿瘤死亡原因,为防控措施提供依据。[方法]根据各死因监测点数据进行描述性统计分析。[结果]蓬莱市居民恶性肿瘤主要死亡原因为肝癌、胃癌、气管支气管肺癌,肝癌、胃癌和脑恶性肿瘤。是造成“早死”的主要死因。[结论]消化和呼吸系统恶性肿瘤在我市居恶性肿瘤死因前列,应加大防治力度。     

油毡工人比例死亡比的研究

对全国20个油毡厂工人的癌症和其它几种慢性病进行了比例死亡比的研究。接触组按照接触沥青种类分为混合组和石油组,与对照组比较,男性接触组和混合组心血管病的SPMR分别为1.53(p<0.05)和1.45(p<0.05)。接触组和混合组、石油组肺癌超出量尤为显著,SPMR分别为3.38(P<0.01)和2.8l(P<0.01)、4.93(P<0.01)。混合组重、中暴露工作区SPMR分别为3.14(P<0.01)、3.03(P<0.05),轻暴露工作区SPMR不明显,重暴露区食道癌SPMR为2.02(P<0.01)。石油组重中暴露工作区肺癌SPMR分别为5.39(P<0.01)、4.67(P<0.01),均明显高于对照组。同时也进行了癌症比例死亡比(PCMR)的研究,与SPMR研究结果相似,说明油毡厂生产作业工人的肺癌发病与其职业有很强的联系。     

A retrospective cohort mortality study of blending and packaging workers of Mobil Corporation

This retrospective cohort mortality study examined 2,467 workers in lubrication products blending and packaging (B&P) operations at two refineries of Mobil Corporation between January 1, 1945 and December 31, 1978. Ninety-seven percent were male. Compared with U.S. males, there were significantly fewer deaths observed among males due to all causes, external causes, and diseases of the circulatory, respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary systems. Deaths observed from all cancer were fewer than expected, although not statistically significant. No statistically significant excess cause-specific mortality occurred at B&P facilities combined or separately. Nonsignificant increases in mortality were observed for cancers of the stomach, large intestine, prostate, the category of "other lymphatic tissue" cancer, and leukemia and aleukemia. Analyses demonstrated a statistically significant pattern of increasing SMR with employment duration for "other lymphatic tissue" cancer. Within the highest cumulative duration of employment category, the excess was confined to workers after 30 or more years since first employment. Although the interpretation of cancer mortality patterns is limited due to small numbers of deaths, the absence of associations with specific B&P departments is evidence against a causal interpretation.     

A cohort mortality study among cobalt and sodium workers in an electrochemical plant

We have studied the mortality between 1950 and 1980 of a cohort of 1,143 workers in an electrochemical plant producing cobalt and sodium. The mortality of the whole cohort is significantly lower than in the French population for all causes of death (SMR = 0.77), and especially for deaths from circulatory system diseases (SMR = 0.59). However, among cobalt production workers, there is a relative over-mortality, especially from lung cancers (SMR = 4.66, 4 cases). The relationship between cobalt production and lung cancer mortality was supported by a case-control study nested in the cohort study. The authenticity of the occupational origin of this risk could not be established due to the low number of cases and because the role of tobacco consumption could not be taken into account. Other studies should be carried out in plants producing or using cobalt.     

A cohort mortality study of construction workers

This report presents a mortality study among the 17,344 members of the Construction Workers' Health Insurance Society of Mie Prefecture in Japan. The study period was between 1973 and 1993. During this period, 480 members died. Age-specific mortality rates of Mie Prefecture were used as comparison standards. Significantly elevated standardized mortality ratio (SMR) and proportionate mortality ratio (PMR) were observed for “accidents and adverse effects.” In addition, the PMRs of all cancers and “cancers of trachea, bronchus and lung” were also significantly elevated. The job classifications were reorganized into three groups, according to the frequency of asbestos exposure the workers experienced on the construction sites. The asbestos exposure was based on job classifications among 7,411 workers who had completed a self-administered survey questionnaire. In the frequent-exposure group, the PMR was significantly elevated for all cancers. In the medium-exposure group, the SMRs were significantly elevated for all cancers and “cancer of trachea, bronchus and lung.” The PMR was significantly elevated for “cancer of trachea, bronchus and lung.” In the less-exposure group, the PMR was significantly elevated for “accidents and adverse effects.” This study provided support for the hypothesis that working in the construction industry might be associated with high risks for asbestos-associated cancers and accidental deaths. Am. J. Ind. Med. 32:35-41, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

广州某染织厂职工死亡情况调查

目的调查染织工死亡情况,探讨染织工健康监护工作。方法逐年登记1990～1997年某染织厂职工死亡情况、原从事工作岗位和吸烟与否等,并统计分析不同死因的职工标准化死亡比例比(SPMR)。结果①织布车间噪声强度范围为87．8～102．7dB(A),超过90dB(A)占57．1％(4/7);棉尘浓度范围0．67～1．59mg/m3;②主要死因为肿瘤29人(43．3％),其次是心血管疾病22人(32．8％);③SPMR值提示染织工死于恶性肿瘤和心血管疾病的人数比广州一般人群死亡数高,以男肝癌和女乳腺癌为主,其中男泳染工死于肝癌的SPMR为655．74％,女织布工死于乳腺癌的SPMR为869．57％,均非常显著高于广州一般人群相同性别相应癌的死亡构成(P＜0．01)。结论染织厂染料及其中间产物的致癌性不能排除;织布女工乳腺癌高发值得进一步探讨;在染织工中很有必要提倡不吸烟或戒烟,并将其作为厂规之一加以限制。     

A proportional mortality ratio study of workers in a construction equipment and diesel engine manufacturing plant

The mortality of 461 workers who were employed 10 or more years in a Midwest engine and construction equipment plant was examined, using the method of proportional mortality ratios. Both state and national deaths were used as the standard population. Major exposures in this plant included solvents, cutting oils, and metal fumes and dusts. However, precise exposure data were not available. Among white males, no significant deviations from expected deaths were found. Among black males, significant excess deaths were found for all malignant neoplasms combined, for cancer of the pancreas, and for non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Proportional cancer mortality ratios produced similar results, although the excess of pancreatic cancer in blacks was only significant among those with 20 or more years of service. Although complete occupational histories were not available, these results may provide hypotheses for future studies of workers in heavy machinery production.     

Industry-wide study of mortality of pulp and paper mill workers

A study of pulp and paper mill workers indicated low risks of death from all causes (standardized mortality ratio (SMR) = 0.74) and all cancers (SMR = 0.81) compared with U.S. rates. The leukemia death rate in workers was not higher than the U.S. rate but was higher than the rate in county populations surrounding mills. Workers whose last jobs were in the finishing areas of the mills had an elevated SMR for liver cancer. An internal comparison of occupational characteristics indicated that workers employed in mills using other chemical pulping operations had significantly elevated mortality from all causes, all cancers, heart disease, lymphomas, and brain cancers. Lung cancer mortality was elevated in mills using kraft pulping. The internal comparisons confirmed the association between work in finishing and the risk of liver cancer. This study was designed to investigate whether pulp and paper mill workers have any risks that would indicate the need for studies detailing exposures. Am. J. Ind. Med. 33:354–365, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

A proportional mortality study of the acting profession

Proportional mortality of actors and actresses was studied because cancers of many sites have been linked to hair dyes and cosmetics of which actors have been frequent users. Death records (1950-1978) for 2,618 white male and 838 white female members of Actors Equity and the Screen Actors Guild were compared with the U.S. mortality rats. Among males, significantly elevated proportional mortality ratios (PMR) were found for suicide (1.58), cirrhosis of the liver (1.99), all malignancies (1.15), and cancers of the colon/rectum (1.32), pancreas (1.51), and testes (2.37). Colon/rectum and pancreas cancers were not significantly elevated by proportional cancer mortality. Among females, significantly elevated PMRs were found for suicide (2.02) and lung cancer (2.20). Suicide in either sex was much more common in California than in New York. The elevated lung cancer in females was confined to Equity members. No elevations were found for cancers that have been related to hair dye or cosmetic use--ie, breast, ovary, bladder, leukemia, and lymphomas.