某油田公司职业卫生现状调查

目的了解某油田公司职业卫生现状。方法现场调查该公司各分厂生产工艺流程、有害作业岗位、职业病危害因素分布、接触人数、职业病危害防护设施、个人使用的职业病防护用品、建设项目职业病危害预评价与控制效果评价的情况。对有害作业岗位作业环境进行职业病危害因素监测,对全公司从事有毒有害职工进行职业性健康检查。结果该公司存在有毒有害因素分厂的8家企业,检测噪声强度315个点,合格率95.2％;化学毒物524个点,合格率96.7％;粉尘浓度26个点,合格率100％;职业病检出率为0,但1426人接触噪声人员中,检出听力损失医学观察对象85人,异常检出率5.96％。体检项目：电测听异常率最高为21.3％,其次B超异常检出率为18.3％。结论该油田公司职业病危害因素主要为噪声、苯系物、粉尘及职业危害因素的联合作用,噪声危害应成为职业卫生工作的防治重点。虽然该公司各有害因素检测合格率较高,但应加强超标点个人防护用品有效使用和监督管理。     

广东省涉外企业职业卫生现况调查

目的　了解广东省涉外企业职业卫生状态,为政府对涉外企业采取有效的管理措施提供科学依据。方法　对广东珠江三角洲三个城市２８７ 家涉外企业进行职业卫生调查。结果　广东省主要的外资来源是香港、美国、日本和台湾,职业有害因素主要分布在玩具、电子、制鞋和金属制品业,职业有害因素接触率为１９－６ ％ 。受调查企业近年发生急性１ ,２二氯乙烷中毒２９ 例,职业中毒发病率为３－１２／ 万。噪声作业工人听力损伤为２３－０ ％ ;工业三苯、噪声、重金属是现阶段广东省涉外企业最主要的职业危害,主要分布在玩具、电子、制鞋和金属制品业。工伤的发生率为３６－３／ 万,工伤死亡率为３－０／ 万。涉外企业加班情况相当普遍,８３－６ ％ 企业需加班,其中每月加班超过６４ 小时占１６－７ ％ 。结论　建议应争取政府支持,把工业建设项目预防性卫生监督纳入法规化管理;应加强经常性卫生监督,及时发现职业隐患,防止发生急性中毒;建立“广东省职业中毒通报系统”,及时向全省职业卫生控制机构通报中毒案例和防范措施,采取有效措施减少类似中毒案例发生。     

经济特区涉外工业的职业危害现状

为探讨特区涉外工业的职业危害现状，本文采用横断面调查方法，对１９９５年特区某区涉外工业进行调查，结果发现：该区涉外工业共３２６０家，占全区工业总厂数的９６．２５％；７８．６５％的涉外工业存在职业危害；有害作业工人数８１２６０人，占生产工人的１３．４５％；外来工占生产工总数的７３．１１％；有５８６５７名外来工接触职业有害因素；有害因素接触者中女工占８４．７２％；有害因素接触人数以苯类最多（占４１．６８％），噪声（３１．８２％）、酯酮类（１５．２７％）次之；生产环境测定平均合格率９０．０４％；三氯乙烯、甲苯、矽尘、铅烟、苯等超标严重；已发现职业病；劳动卫生工作跟不上涉外工业的迅猛发展；职防力量严重不足。提示涉外工业为特区劳动卫生工作的重点，外来工、女工为重点保护人群，应加强相应的涉外工业劳动卫生立法，充实职防队伍，切实做好劳动卫生管理工作和生产环境有害因素的治理工作。     

中山市179家企业职业危害因素现状调查

目的了解中山市职业危害因素分布与职业危害现状,明确职业卫生工作重点,以促进该市职业病防治工作全面开展。方法使用中国安全生产科学研究院设计的《作业场所职业危害抽样调查表》,对中山市179家企业进行调查。结果179家工业企业共有职工117998人,其中接触职业危害因素的职工有18613人,占15．77％;对存在职业危害因素的作业场所进行了监测,职业危害因素实际检测作业点数1699个,合格作业点数1305个,作业点监测合格率为76．81％,主要职业危害因素为有机溶剂（苯系物居多）、噪声、粉尘;监测合格率以有机溶剂最高,为89．02％,噪声合格率最低,为39．49％;开展职业危害因素监测较好的镇区主要在火炬开发区、三乡镇等地区。电镀行业监测率较低,为5．88％。结论中山市的职业危害因素以有机溶剂、噪声和粉尘为主,应加强对电镀行业职业危害监测方面的职业卫生监管工作。     

2000-2002年宁波市职业卫生监测与健康监护结果分析

[目的]进一步掌握宁波市的职业卫生状况,为制定防治策略提供科学依据,推动职业卫生工作。[方法]对2000-2002年我市职业卫生现场监测状况以及有害作业人员健康监护情况进行分析。[结果]各类有害因素监测点平均合格率为64．59％,其中物理因素、粉尘的监测合格率较低,仅为48．52％和49．05％;各类企业中,乡镇企业有害因素监测合格率最低,为56．93％。全市有害作业人员健康体检38787人,检出职业病124例,平均检出率为0．32％,其中尘肺检出率最高,为0．42％;乡镇企业职业病检出率最高,为0．66％。[结论]应贯彻执行《中华人民共和国职业病防治法》,加大监督监测力度,降低物理因素、粉尘对人体的危害,并把我市的乡镇企业作为职业卫生的工作重点。     

2008年成都市71家企业相关危害因素检测

目的 了解成都市不同工业场所相关危害因素现状,分析研究不同工业场所能否达到职业保护目的,找出薄弱环节,提出解决措施.方法 2008年参照卫生部编制的职业卫生调查表,以接受职业卫生监督管理的工业企业为对象,对71家企业的危害因素进行调查并对检测结果进行统计学分析.结果 71家企业分别进行了粉尘、物理、化学3方面的检测,粉尘合格率80.0％,化学因素合格率96.0％,物理因素合格率74.0％.根据此次检测确定了其中主要的6项危害因素,对比6项主要危害因素的合格率分别为粉尘80.0％、苯97.0％、甲苯98.5％、二甲苯100.0％、金属锰95.0％、噪声74.0％,其中噪声的合格率最低,苯、甲苯、二甲苯、金属锰以及噪声的浓度值均未超过职业接触限值.结论 成都市企业职业危害因素控制情况基本较好,但仍存在薄弱环节,应进一步加强检测监管.     

2011年广汉市职业病危害因素监测与健康监护结果

目的 了解广汉市作业场所职业病危害因素监测和有毒有害作业人员健康监护情况,为制定职业病防治对策提供科学依据.方法 根据健康危害监测信息系统资料对该市2011年职业病危害因素监测情况和健康监护结果进行分析.结果 2011年该市作业场所职业病危害因素检测合格率为87.51％.粉尘、化学毒物、物理因素检测合格率分别为86.34％、96.40％、81.49％.职业健康检查中疑似职业病和职业禁忌证检出率分别为2.02％、0.03％.结论 相关部门应进一步加强职业卫生监管工作,重点加强粉尘、噪声、苯系物、锰等职业病危害因素作业场所的职业卫生管理及作业人员的健康监护工作.     

283家涉外企业职业危害现状及服务需求调查

目的了解我省涉外企业职业卫生现状及服务需求,为建立科学、有效的职业卫生管理机制提供参考依据。方法选择有代表性6个市（县、区）市的283家涉外企业为调查对象。对工作场所有害因素进行检测与工人职业健康检查,进行意向性问卷调查。结果283家涉外企业存在职业危害,接触职业病危害因素18448人。存在职业病危害因素的行业集中在纺织业、制衣业及机械业。职业病危害因素共检测1759个点,合格率60.09%;接触噪声与苯的工人听力下降与白细胞减少异常率增高。部分企业忽视职业卫生工作,对职业病危害因素监测与评价、建立职业卫生档案、职业健康体检、职业卫生管理与职业病防护不到位。结论目前我省涉外企业职业卫生状况不容乐观,应及时采取相应的预防对策与控制措施。     

武钢职业病危害现况调查

目的 了解武钢的职业病危害现状。方法 对武钢各二级厂矿的有关职业卫生报表资料以及作业场所粉尘、毒物、噪声点一次性断面测定结果进行统计分析。结果 武钢粉尘总合格率为86．35％,其中轧钢系统的平均粉尘浓度合格率最高,炼铁最低;毒物超标率为10．71％;噪声总合格率为51．68％。目前从事有毒有害作业职工人数占武钢在职职工总人数的57．56％,职业病患者的检出率约为2．56‰。职业病累计发病1487人,尘肺病发病1234人,占总数的82．98％,其次为苯中毒,占5．92％。20世纪80年代是职业病发病高峰期,以后明显下降,但近年来焦炉工人肺癌的发生有上升趋势。结论 武钢应加强职业危害较严重的作业场所的防治和职业健康监护工作。     

202家不同性质企业危害因素调查

通过对我市某区不同性质企业的职业危害调查,摸清了该区生产中主要职业危害的分布情况。粉尘作业点合格率65.1％,其中国内企业合格率为56.3％,外资企业合格率为75％。各种化学性危害因素合格率为63.5％。其中国内企业合格率71.6％,外资企业为58.5％。噪声合格率54.3％,其中国内企业合格率为44.9％,外资企业为64.9％。对部分企业9345名职工进行体检,检出听力下降的98人,白细胞总数降低的104人,铅吸收14人。调查显示该区的国内企业职业危害因素以噪声和粉尘为主,外资企业职业危害以化学性因素为主。建议加强对该区外资企业化学性危害因素治理和继续对国内企业噪声、粉尘危害治理并加强健康监护是今后职业卫生工作重点。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.