法舒地尔对ApoE-/-小鼠动脉粥样硬化斑块的影响

目的 观察特异性Rho激酶抑制剂法舒地尔对载脂蛋白E基因敲除（ApoE-/-）小鼠动脉粥样硬化斑块进展的影响,并探讨其可能的作用机制。方法 8周龄ApoE-/-小鼠高脂饲料喂养12周后给予法舒地尔干预,12周后结束实验。将ApoE-/-小鼠随机分为三组（n=10）：对照组（饮用水）、法舒地尔低剂量组（30 mg•kg-1•d-1）和法舒地尔高剂量组（100 mg•kg-1•d-1）。在实验结束时,测量小鼠体质量、血压及血脂水平;对头臂干动脉粥样硬化病变进行病理学检查;化学发光法及组织荧光法检测小鼠胸主动脉超氧阴离子和活性氧（ROS）。结果 法舒地尔干预对ApoE-/-小鼠体质量、收缩压及血脂水平均无明显影响。与对照组相比,法舒地尔高剂量组头臂干动脉粥样硬化斑块面积和动脉内—中膜厚度（IMT）分别减少54%（P<0.01）和42%（P<0.05）。法舒地尔干预使ApoE-/-小鼠胸主动脉原位ROS的生成较对照组明显减少（P<0.01）;法舒地尔高剂量组胸主动脉的超氧阴离子产量低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 阻断Rho激酶可抑制ApoE-/-小鼠头臂干动脉粥样硬化斑块的进展,其作用独立于血压和血脂水平,可能与抗氧化应激有关。     

从心论治方改善ApoE--/--小鼠动脉粥样硬化及上调ACE2蛋白表达

目的 探讨从心论治方（CXLZF）对ApoE-/-小鼠动脉粥样硬化（AS）损伤的作用机制。方法 采用高脂饮食喂养ApoE-/-小鼠12周建立AS模型,随机分为模型组,CXLZF低（4.5 g·kg-1·d-1）、中（9 g·kg-1·d-1）、高（18 g·kg-1·d-1）剂量组,辛伐他汀（5 mg·kg-1·d-1） 组,同时以普通饮食喂养C57BL/6小鼠作为对照组,6只/组。各组小鼠给予相应药物灌胃,对照组、模型组灌胃等体积生理盐水,干预12周。分别采用油红O、Masson、HE染色法观察斑块及肝脏病变情况,检测血脂、血糖及肝功指标;Western blotting法检测血管紧张素转换酶2（ACE2）、E-选择素（E-selectin）蛋白表达,免疫荧光法对ACE2蛋白表达进行定位。在体外,以CXLZF灌胃SD大鼠制作含药血清、生理盐水灌胃大鼠制作对照血清后,采用100 μg/m L ox-LDL干预人脐静脉内皮细胞（HUVECs）建立细胞损伤模型,CXLZF含药血清（5%、10%、20%）干预人脐静脉内皮细胞,对照组、模型组细胞给予10%对照血清。检测细胞ACE2表达。结果 CXLZF低、中、高剂量干预均有效缩小AS小鼠主动脉斑块面积,增加斑块稳定性;同时,CXLZF干预显著降低AS小鼠血清甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平（P<0.05）,高剂量组降脂效果最佳;CXLZF干预还可降低AS小鼠血清天门冬氨酸转氨酶和丙氨酸转氨酶含量（P<0.05）、改善肝脏脂肪变性。CXLZF干预显著上调AS小鼠主动脉ACE2、下调E-selectin表达（P<0.05）。细胞实验中,CXLZF含药血清（5%、10%、20%）显著上调氧化低密度脂蛋白干预人脐静脉内皮细胞的ACE2表达（P<0.05）。结论 CXLZF可有效减轻小鼠AS损伤,可能与调控ACE2蛋白有关。     

DFMG调节血管新生对APOE-/-小鼠动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性的影响

目的 探讨7-二氟亚甲基-5,4'-二甲烷氧基异黄酮(7-difluoromethoxy-5,4'-dimethoxygenistein,DFMG)对载脂蛋白E基因敲除(apolipoprotein E knockout,ApoE-/-)动脉粥样硬化模型小鼠血管新生的影响,及其对动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性的作用.方法 将20只动脉粥样硬化模型ApoE-/-小鼠分为4组(每组5只):模型组、溶剂组、DFMG组和洛伐他汀组,在高脂饲养的同时,DFMG组添加DFMG10 mg/(kg·d),洛伐他汀组添加洛伐他汀5 mg/(kg·d),溶剂组添加DMSO10 mg/(kg·d);另取5只C57BL/6小鼠普通饮食喂养作为空白组.喂养16周后,取血清检测小鼠血脂,胸主动脉大体标本油红O染色,组织HE染色检测脂质斑块、Masson染色检测斑块稳定性、免疫组化观察血管新生情况以及Western blot检测TLR4蛋白表达情况.结果 DFMG降低主动脉粥样斑块与血管腔内径比值(P＜0.05),降低血浆血脂LDL、VLDL、TG、CHOL水平(P＜0.05),减少胸主动脉油红0染色脂质斑块面积(P＜0.05),增加斑块胶原纤维含量(P＜0.05),降低胸主动脉VEGF、vWF和TLR4蛋白表达(P＜0.05).结论 DFMG可抑制动脉粥样硬化ApoE-/-小鼠血管新生,维持小鼠动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性.     

TR3受体激动剂6-mercaptopurine对糖尿病ApoE-/-小鼠NF-κB p65/CylinD1通路影响及其与抗动脉硬化关系

目的观察TR3受体激动剂（6-mercaptopurine,6-MP）对链脲佐菌素（streptozotocin,STZ）诱导的载脂蛋白E（apolipoprotein E,ApoE-/-）敲除糖尿病小鼠糖脂代谢及NF-κB p65/CylinD1通路的影响及其与抗动脉硬化的关系,探讨TR3受体在改善糖尿病动脉粥样硬化可能机制。方法40只雄性ApoE-/-小鼠随机分为4组:ApoE-/-组、STZ-ApoE-/-组、STZ-ApoE-/-+6-MP5（5 mg·kg-1·d-1）组、STZ-ApoE-/-+6-MP10（10 mg·kg-1·d-1）组,每组10只;6-MP腹腔注射法给药,每天1次,连续8周;STZ 60 mg/kg腹腔注射ApoE-/-小鼠建立糖尿病动脉粥样硬化模型,血糖试纸法测血糖水平;酶法或匀相法测血脂水平;蛋白免疫印迹试验（Western-blotting）测胸主动脉组织NF-κB p65/CylinD1蛋白水平;油红O染色观察胸主动脉内膜动脉脂质沉积;HE染色测胸主动脉内膜粥样斑块面积。结果与ApoE-/-组相比,STZ-ApoE-/-组血糖及血清TG、TCHO、LDL-C均显著增高（P < 0.05）;TR3受体激动剂6-MP呈剂量依赖性降低糖尿病ApoE-/-小鼠血糖、血脂水平,与STZ-ApoE-/-组相比,STZ-ApoE-/-+6-MP5组血糖、TG、LDL-C、TC均显著降低（P < 0.05）,与ApoE-/-组相比,STZ-ApoE-/-组胸主动脉NF-κBp65、CylinD1蛋白表达水平均显著增加（P < 0.05）;6-MP呈剂量依赖性降低糖尿病ApoE-/-小鼠胸主动脉NF-κBp65/CylinD1蛋白表达,STZ-ApoE-/-+6-MP5组NF-κB p65/CylinD1蛋白表达水平均明显低于STZ-ApoE-/-组（P < 0.05）;STZ-ApoE-/-+6-MP10组与STZ-ApoE-/-+6-MP5组之间胸主动脉NF-κB p65/CylinD1蛋白表达水平差异均有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。油红O染色显示:TR3受体激动剂6-MP可呈剂量依赖性抑制STZ-ApoE-/-小鼠胸主动脉内膜脂质沉积;HE染色显示:TR3受体激动剂6-MP可呈剂量依赖性降低STZ-ApoE-/-小鼠胸主动脉内膜斑块面积,减少斑块内部有空洞（脂质）形成,抑制斑块周围组织及斑块基底部平滑肌层增生,与STZ-ApoE-/-组相比,STZ-ApoE-/-+6-MP5组胸主动脉内膜斑块面积明显减小（P < 0.05）,STZ-ApoE-/-6-MP10组斑块面积进一步减小（P < 0.01）。结论TR3激动剂6-MP可明显降低糖尿病ApoE-/-小鼠动脉粥样硬化的形成,其机制可能与其改善糖脂代谢,抑制NF-κB p65/CylinD1信号通路有关。     

黄芩苷对ApoE基因敲除小鼠早期动脉粥样斑块中MMP-9表达的影响

目的:探讨黄芩苷对ApoE基因敲除小鼠早期动脉粥样斑块中基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)表达的影响。方法:24只8周龄ApoE-/-小鼠均给予高脂饲料喂养8周后随机分为对照组、苷低剂量和高剂量组,每组8只。灌胃8周后处死,酶法检测血清甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)浓度;用ELISA测血清中MMP-9的表达水平;通过RT-PCR和Western blot检测小鼠主动脉斑块组织中MMP-9的表达情况。结果:与对照组相比,干预组小鼠血清中TC水平降低(P<0.05),血清中LDL-C水平明显降低(P<0.01),高剂量组较低剂量组降低的明显(P<0.05);各组小鼠血清中HDL-C及TG含量虽有变化但无统计学意义。黄芩苷干预组血清MMP-9较对照组表达水平低,高剂量组降低更显著(P<0.05);同时,黄芩苷干预组主动脉斑块中MMP-9mRNA及蛋白水平较对照组降低明显(P<0.01),高剂量组降低尤为显著(P<0.05)。结论:黄芩苷可以降低ApoE-/-小鼠血清中血脂和MMP-9水平,并可降低动脉粥样硬化斑块中MMP-9表达,提示黄芩苷具有稳定动脉粥样硬化斑块作用。     

芍药苷对ApoE~(-/-)小鼠血脂及主动脉斑块的影响

[目的]观察芍药苷对ApoE-/-小鼠血脂及主动脉斑块形成的影响。[方法]6周龄ApoE-/-雄性小鼠经普通饲料饲养4周,髙脂饲料饲养12周后,随机分为ApoE-/-模型组及芍药苷60 mg/kg、30 mg/kg剂量组,相同遗传背景的同龄正常C57BL/6J小鼠作为空白对照组。药物干预12周后,检测血脂的变化,并测量主动脉弓部、胸段、腹段斑块面积。[结果]ApoE-/-模型组甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)显著高于C57BL/6J组(P0.01),芍药苷60 mg/kg、30 mg/kg组的血脂水平显著低于ApoE-/-模型组(P0.05,P0.01),并且不同程度减小主动脉各段斑块的面积。[结论]芍药苷具有降脂和抑制主动脉斑块形成的作用,表明芍药苷具有抗动脉粥样硬化作用。     

法舒地尔对大鼠动脉粥样硬化及Rho激酶表达的影响

目的 探讨Rho激酶抑制剂-法舒地尔对大鼠动脉粥样硬化的防治作用及其相关机制.方法 以普通饮食喂养大鼠作为对照组(n=10);链脲佐菌素诱导的糖尿病大鼠内膜损伤存活后,高脂饮食8周,分为动脉硬化组、瑞舒伐他汀组及法舒地尔组(n=10),继续高脂饮食4周,药物干预2个月,行血脂、血管细胞黏附分子-1(VCAM-1)、细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)及Rho激酶mRNA检测.结果 与对照组相比,动脉硬化组大鼠血脂增高,VCAM-1、ICAM-1及Rho激酶mRNA表达增加(P<0.05);与动脉硬化组对比,瑞舒伐他汀组各指标均改善,而法舒地尔组除对血脂无明显影响外,与瑞舒伐他汀具有相似的抗动脉粥样硬化作用(P<0.05).结论 法舒地尔具有抗动脉粥样硬化作用,其机制可能在于通过干预Rho/Rho激酶信号通路表达,抑制动脉内皮的炎症反应.     

肝X受体激动剂对ApoE基因敲除小鼠主动脉壁C-反应蛋白和CD40配体表达及平滑肌细胞含量的影响

目的 探讨肝X受体(liver X receptor,LXR)激动剂T0901317对高脂饲养ApoE基因敲除(apolipoprotein E gene knockout,ApoE-/-)小鼠在动脉粥样硬化病变形成的早期动脉壁内C-反应蛋白(CRP)和CD40配体(CD40L)表达及平滑肌细胞含量的影响.方法 8周龄雄性ApoE-/-小鼠12只,按随机数字表法分入LXR激动剂T0901317组和二甲基亚砜(DMSO)溶剂对照组,每组6只.均给予高脂饲养8周,在高脂饲养的后4周,分别给予LXR激动剂T090131720 mg·kg-1·d1-或相当剂量的DMSO腹腔注射.麻醉处死小鼠后,取小鼠主动脉,以石蜡包埋,行主动脉根部连续切片,采用免疫组化法检测主动脉壁内CRP、CD40L和平滑肌细胞α-actin的表达,以Image Pro Plus 6.0软件进行图像分析.结果 LXR激动剂组动脉壁CRP表达水平较对照组明显减少(P＜0.05),LXR激动剂组动脉壁CD40L表达水平较对照组明显减少(P＜0.05),动脉粥样硬化斑块内平滑肌细胞α-actin表达水平与对照组比较没有统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论 LXR激动剂可能通过抑制ApoE-/-小鼠动脉壁中CRP和CD40L的表达,减轻血管壁的炎症反应,从而发挥抗动脉粥样硬化形成的作用.     

两种LXR激动剂对ApoE基因敲除小鼠动脉粥样硬化影响的对照研究

目的研究我校自行研制的LXR激动剂(MHEC)和进口LXR激动剂(T-0901317)在抑制动脉粥样硬化病变形成方面的作用及主要机制.方法以高脂饲养ApoE基因敲除(ApoE-/-)小鼠为动脉粥样硬化模型,分为无药对照组、MHEC干预组和T-0901317干预组(10 mg·kg-1·d-1),每组6只,灌胃6周.检测血脂、分析主动脉壁中动脉粥样硬化病变的面积、用免疫组化SP法检测主动脉壁中ABCA1蛋白的表达.结果T-0901317组血浆总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),MHEC组仅HDL-C显著高于对照组(P＜0.01);药物干预组的动脉粥样硬化病变面积均显著降低(P＜0.01),同时动脉壁中ABCA1的表达显著增强(P＜0.01).结论MHEC与T-0901317相比,有更好的血脂改善效果,二者均能显著抑制高脂饲养ApoE基因敲除小鼠动脉粥样硬化病变的形成.这可能与它们能促进动脉壁中ABCA1蛋白的表达,增强胆固醇逆转运有关.     

补肾化瘀方对ApoE-/-小鼠动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性及斑块内细胞凋亡水平的影响

目的 探讨补肾化瘀方对载脂蛋白E基因缺陷( ApoE-/-)小鼠头臂干动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性和斑块内细胞凋亡水平的影响及可能机制.方法 24只8周龄雄性ApoE-/-小鼠饲以“西方类型”膳食(高脂饲料)20周后,头臂干已经形成易损动脉粥样硬化(AS)斑块,随机将小鼠分为3组:补肾化瘀组、他汀组和盐水组,连续给药12周后...     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.     

Notes for contributors to Journal of Nanjing Medical University

Journal of Nanjing Medical University (English Edition) JNMU, sponsored by Nanjing Medical University, was established in 1987. It is a bimonthly comprehensive English medical journal published locally and abroad.Since 2007, Journal of Nanjing Medical University (English Edition )was granted Elsevier the full publishing and distribution rights worldwide for the Electronic Edition, excluding the People's Republic of China.