432名静脉吸毒者HIV感染状况及行为调查分析

静脉吸毒是新疆阿克苏地区目前主要的艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染途径,吸毒者HIV感染人数占地区累计报告人数的80.8%.为了解静脉吸毒者中HIV感染状况及行为特征,开展以减少毒品危害为主的行为干预工作,并实施有效的干预措施,2006年1-4月,在吸毒者中开展了HIV筛查和流行病学调查工作.     

广东省不同地区吸毒者HIV相关危险行为的研究

目的　了解广东省不同地区吸毒者感染艾滋病病毒 (HIV)的相关危险行为因素 ,以及HIV、丙型肝炎病毒 (HCV)的流行状况。方法　选取 3个市的戒毒所内戒毒者和社区吸毒者进行面对面问卷调查 ,并采集静脉血5ml进行抗 HIV、抗 HCV检测。结果　共调查 6 5 5名吸毒者 ,3个市抗 HIV阳性率分别为 4 0 4 %、2 6 9%和17 6 % (χ2 =2 7 5 4 ,P<0 0 5 ) ;最近 1个月 3个市内吸毒者静脉吸毒 (IDU)的分别为 98 7%、98 7%和 98 4 % ;共用针具的分别为 6 2 8%、33 5 %和 6 8 7% (χ2 =4 5 83,P <0 0 5 ) ;吸毒者首次静脉注射毒品的平均年龄为 2 4 8岁 ,由口吸转为注射毒品的平均年限为 2 7年 ;3个市吸毒者与临时性伙伴的安全套使用率分别为 9 5 %、2 2 6 %和 2 8 6 %。结论　 3个市静脉吸毒、共用针具现象普遍 ,共用频率高 ,安全套使用率低 ,但 3个市吸毒者的HIV相关危险行为具有一定差别 ,需进一步研究其潜在的社会背景。     

乌鲁木齐市静脉吸毒人群HIV感染及危险因素研究

目的了解乌鲁木齐市静脉吸毒人群艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染情况。方法于2004年9~10月,调查戒毒所等机构内静脉吸毒人群的社会人口学、静脉吸毒和性行为方式,并采集血样检测HIV和梅毒抗体。结果在调查的静脉吸毒者509人中,HIV感染率为37.3%(190人)。多因素logistic回归模型分析结果显示,维族(OR 7.91,95%CI 4.92~12.72)、近3个月内共用注射器具静脉吸毒5次及以上(OR 2.61,95%CI 1.48~4.60)和静脉吸毒5年以上(OR 1.64,95%CI 1.09~2.48)与HIV感染关系有统计学意义。结论乌鲁木齐市静脉吸毒人群HIV感染率高,高危行为普遍,需采取有效的措施来控制HIV的传播流行。     

北京市吸毒人群艾滋病病病毒感染状况的调查

1998年11月～12月对599名吸毒者进行HIV/AIDS血清学调查,检出HIV阳性者9例,阳性率为1.5%.调查对象中252例(42.1%)采用注射吸毒或吸食、注射交替方式;42例(16.7%)有与他人共用针具史,注射吸毒者HIV阳性率为3.6%.49例(11.1%)承认有婚外性行为,213例(70.5%)在性行为活动中未采取保护措施.本调查结果对于北京市吸毒人群的HIV感染率水平仍属低估.     

凉山州对HIV感染者及吸毒者办农场实行集中管理模式的探讨

目的了解办农场实行集中管理的模式,在四川省凉山州艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者及吸毒者中的接受意愿,为探索一种新的艾滋病综合防治策略提供科学数据。方法在凉山州的西昌市、布拖县、金阳县招募HIV感染者和吸毒者,对由政府开办农场,提供工作和工资、治疗和干预、技能培训,实行集中管理的模式,进行接受意愿的问卷调查。结果 410名HIV感染者、406名吸毒者共816人接受了调查,其中329名HIV感染者(80.2%)、306名吸毒者(75.4%)共635人(77.8%)表示愿意参加农场集中管理。HIV感染者(410名)和吸毒者(406名)分别有80.2%(329名)和75.4%(306名)愿意参加集中管理模式。HIV感染者中,不同调查点和职业者间接受率比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);吸毒者中,不同性别、年龄和职业者间接受率比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。参加农场集中管理模式的动机分别为稳定收入(54.3%)、自食其力(18.9%)、医疗救助(16.2%)、提供吃住(8.5%)。希望的平均月收入集中在1000元,并希望得到一些实用技能培训。意愿者中77.6%的人希望农场离家较近,66.9%的人表示除了个人愿意参与农场劳动外,还希望并愿意其全家迁入。结论以农场劳动为基础的集中管理模式,受到凉山州HIV感染者和吸毒者的广泛支持。     

陕西省首次在吸毒人群中发现HIV感染者

吸毒人群乃传播HIV的高危人群之一,尤其是静脉吸毒更为严重.为预防和控制HIV通过吸毒特别是静脉吸毒途径进行传播,我们于1991年开始对吸毒者进行HIV监测,至1996年我省共检测吸毒者5404人次,未发现HIV抗体阳性者.1997年3～4月我们对西安市××区戒毒所进行了一次抽查,结果在234名强制戒毒者的3名静脉吸毒者中发现2名HIV抗体呈阳性反应,现将其方法与结果报告如下.1 材料与方法     

宁夏自治区1999年HIV哨点监测报告

目的调查了解劳教吸毒罪错人员HIV感染情况.方法用酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)和确诊实验(WB)对吸毒者分别进行HIV初筛和确认.结果在659名吸毒者中查出HIV阳性者4例,检出率为0.61%.年龄以20～40岁为主,感染者职业以农民居多.结论静脉注射毒品可能与感染HIV有密切关系,注射时间越长,感染危险性越高.     

部分哈萨克族HIV感染者的随访调查

20 0 1年 4月 ,对伊犁哈萨克族自治州直属县市(除奎屯 )部分哈萨克族艾滋病病毒 (HIV)感染者进行了随访调查。并对此次调查发现的静脉吸毒者进行了现场流行病学调查。现将结果报告如下。1　对象与方法1 1　对象　自 1995年以来新疆维吾尔自治区 (新疆 )发现 ,并经确认登记在册的 11名哈萨克族HIV感染者 ,以及此次调查中发现的 8名哈萨克族静脉吸毒者、3名HIV感染者的配偶。1 2　行为监测问卷　采用中国疾病预防控制中心(CDC)性病艾滋病预防控制中心编制的调查问卷 ,根据本地情况作适当修改。调查内容包括 :调查对象的一般情况、吸毒情…     

新疆塔城地区2005年高危人群艾滋病综合调查分析

目的 了解塔城地区各类高危人群艾滋病(HIV)感染率和行为学指标,并掌握艾滋病流行现状,为防治策略提供资料依据.方法 在调查期间,尽可能对社区吸毒者、暗娼、性病门诊就诊者、收教羁押人员,即往有偿采血人员及可能找到的已感染者的配偶及子女,进行行为危险因素问卷调查和HIV抗体检测.结果 在调查的65名吸毒者中,注射吸毒占24.62%;最近一次共用注射器率为26.67%,吸毒者最近一次与其配偶或性伴有性行为时安全套使用率为23.53%,暗娼及性病门诊就诊患者安全套使用率较高;被调查人群中艾滋病知识水平较底,自我防护意识较差.结论 本地区艾滋病流行水平较低,但危险因素广为存在,进一步流行的可能性依然存在.     

广西梧州市1998～2000年吸毒人群艾滋病流行病学调查

目的为了了解梧州市吸毒人群中艾滋病的流行情况,以便更好地开展工作.方法对吸毒人群流行病学调查资料进行分析.结果1998～2000年对梧州市1178名吸毒者调查结果表明,其静脉注射吸毒率84.8%,HIV感染率逐年上升,1998年对438例吸毒者进行调查,HIV阳性者2例,阳性率为0.5%;1999年调查319例吸毒者,阳性者7例,阳性率为2.2%;2000年调查421例吸毒者,阳性者139例,阳性率高达33.0%6,3年间阳性率差异非常显著(P＜0.01).结论 HIV感染者以本市居民为主,且存在共用注射器行为和婚外、婚前性行为.HIV感染的主要途径是静脉注射吸毒,调查表明梧州市吸毒人群中HIV的感染率已达较高水平,这是广西新发现的吸毒人群HIV流行的又一区域.     

珠三角社区注射吸毒人群HIV感染及影响因素分析

目的探索珠三角社区注射吸毒者（Injection drug users,IDUs）艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染的影响因素。方法 2008年,选择珠三角两个地区,采用同伴推动抽样法招募社区吸毒人群,进行面对面的问卷调查和HIV抗体检测。SPSS进行数据分析。结果共招募376名IDUs,HIV抗体阳性率8.5%。123人（32.7%）自我报告曾经检测HIV,74人（19.7%）参加美沙酮维持治疗项目。多因素Logistic回归模型提示,少数民族（AOR=11.72,95%CI：4.84~28.37）、针具共用因子（AOR=1.80,95%CI：1.30~2.48）、HIV感染风险评价因子（AOR=1.58,95%CI：1.02~2.43）,是HIV感染的危险因素。结论珠三角社区IDUs HIV流行形势较严峻,针具共用是导致HIV流行的主要因素;应进一步加强健康教育和行为干预工作,在实施过程中,应给予少数民族更多关注。     

广东省1998年吸毒人群吸毒方式与艾滋病、丙型肝炎及梅毒的关系分析

目的 了解广东省吸毒人群的吸毒行为及艾滋病(HIV)、丙型肝炎(HCV)及梅毒的感染情况。方法 对1998年广东省部分吸毒人群的吸毒方式与HIV、HCV及梅毒感染的关系进行了分析。吸毒行为由专业人员采用统一调查表对吸毒者进行问卷调查;对吸毒者的HIV抗体、HCV抗体、梅毒抗体进行实验室检测。结果 在1174名吸毒者中,单纯口吸者占27.6％,静脉注射者占66.3％,既口吸又静脉注射者占6.1％。850名静脉吸毒者(包括既口吸又静脉注射者)中80.8％曾与他人共用注射器。静注毒品人群中,HCV抗体阳性率高于口吸人群(P<0.01),共查出HIV抗体阳性者8例,占0.7％,比1996年有所增加。梅毒抗体阳性者48例,占4.2％。结论 广东省吸毒人群HIV的传播已进入快速增K期,流行的速度和范围增大。     

Predictors of mortality among injecting and non-injecting HIV-negative drug users in northern Thailand

AIMS: To estimate mortality rates among HIV-negative injecting drug users (IDUs) and non-injecting drug users (non-IDUs), and to assess predictors for mortality among the IDUs. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study in northern Thailand with 2-year follow-up. SETTING: IDUs and non-IDUs who were admitted for detoxification treatment for opiate or amphetamine dependence in a regional drug treatment center were screened. After discharge, HIV-negative individuals were followed-up in the community. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 821 HIV-negative drug users [346 IDUs (42%) and 475 non-IDUs, median age = 32; 51% were ethnic minorities]. MEASUREMENTS: All-cause mortality. FINDINGS: There were 33 deaths over 1360 person-years of follow-up. The all-cause mortality rate was 39 per 1000 person-years among IDUs [standardized mortality ratio (SMR) = 13.9], and was 14 per 1000 person-years among non-IDUs (SMR = 4.4). Among male IDUs, the hazards for all-cause deaths were ethnic minority status [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 2.9, 95% CI = 1.2-7.2], incident HIV infection (HR = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.1-7.7) and longer duration of drug injection (HR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.01-1.14). CONCLUSIONS: The mortality among IDUs is high. Being from an ethnic minority, recent HIV acquisition, and a greater number of years of drug injection are predictors of mortality among the IDUs in this region.     

HIV Risks Among Injecting Drug Users in Vietnam: A Review of the Research Evidence

Injecting drug use plays a critical role in the transmission of HIV in Vietnam. This paper provides a comprehensive review of studies on risks of HIV infection among injecting drug users (IDUs) in Vietnam. Current research evidence shows that the age at which drug initiation starts is becoming younger and the transition time between non-injecting to injecting drug use becoming shorter. The practice of needle sharing and unprotected sex was quite common among the IDUs. Although most of the IDUs generally had good knowledge of HIV transmission routes, most IDUs were not aware of their infection status. Data from a national surveillance programme shows that a third of the IDUs were HIV positive. Amongst all HIV positive cases, almost two-thirds had a history of intravenous drug use. A number of studies have identified a range of risk factors and barriers to minimize the risk of HIV infection in IDUs. This paper discusses these issues and makes recommendations for changes to HIV/AIDS policies, programme interventions as well as future research on the topic.     

云南省德宏州静脉吸毒人群中HIV感染流行危险因素研究

德宏州吸毒者ＨＩＶ感染占全省吸毒及ＨＩＶ感染者的９５％以上，其州内不同县市ＨＩＶ静注感染率明显不同，１９９２年３～４月，对该州２县１市戒毒所中８４３名吸毒者（包括２８２名静注者）调查，ＨＩＶ静注感染率瑞丽市为７９２％，陇川为４７％，潞西为５１％，在瑞丽，影响静注ＨＩＶ感染率的主要因素为跨国吸毒，陇川则为静注频率。而不同地区不同静注感染率的原因则可能为离金三角的地理位置的远近，及与之相关静注行为和ＨＩＶ感染引入时间不一，传染源积累数量不同有关。     

注射毒品者AIDS/STD感染状况及其高危行为的性别差异

目的 了解注射毒品者的艾滋病病毒（HIV）和梅毒感染情况及其影响因素的性别差异,探索性别因素在艾滋病（AIDS）和性病防治中的作用.方法 对2001年5月至2002年6月,对北京市强制戒毒所和社区招募的注射毒品者232人进行匿名问卷调查,调查结束后采取静脉血5ml,检测HIV和梅毒螺旋体感染情况.结果 男性注射毒品者166人,HIV感染率为7.83%,梅毒螺旋体感染率2.41%;女性注射毒品者66人,HIV感染率6.06%,梅毒螺旋体感染率为12.12%.梅毒螺旋体感染率的性别差异有统计学意义,女性高于男性.而且,在人口学特征、毒品使用行为、性行为等方面都存在显著的性别差异.结论 注射毒品者的艾滋病高危行为模式有性别差异,女性的高危性行为在艾滋病传播中的意义和作用,在艾滋病的防治工作中应予以考虑.     

Hepatitis C infection among drug users in northern Thailand

Illicit drug users are commonly infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We evaluated the prevalence, incidence, and risk behaviors associated with HCV infection in 1,859 drug users in northern Thailand. The HCV prevalence was 27.3%: 86.0% among drug injectors (IDUs) and 5.3% among those who did not inject. Sexual behavior was not significantly associated with HCV among IDUs or drug users who used but didn't inject illicit drugs; only injection behaviors were independently associated with HCV in multivariate analysis. Among men, a history and increasing frequency of injecting drugs, older age, and a history of incarceration were associated with HCV infection. Among 514 opiate users who were HCV and HIV seronegative at baseline, 41 incident HCV infections and 6 HIV infections occurred on follow-up; the HCV incidence was 5.43/100 person-years; it was 44.3/100 person-years in IDUs and 1.9/100 person-years in non-injectors. HCV and HIV among drug users in Thailand are common and primarily associated with injection behavior.     

Risk factors for HIV-1 seropositivity in drug users under 30 years old in Haiphong, Vietnam

Aims. To assess the prevalence of HIV infection among young drug users in Haiphong and, secondarily, to document the current patterns of drug use and sexual behavior in them. Design, setting and participants. A cross-sectional survey of drug users 15-30 years old, identified from police lists and by the snowballing method between March 15 and May 30, 1999, was conducted in Haiphong City. Measurements. Subjects ( n = 520: 514 males and six females) were interviewed and donated blood specimens for HIV-1 antibody testing. Findings. Mean age of the subjects was 25 years (range 15-30 years). The prevalence of HIV among injecting drug users (IDUs) was 74% and among drug users not reporting injecting was 46% (92/201). Sixty-one per cent (319) reported injecting drugs. Among injectors, 72% used heroin, and 68% had shared needles. Factors related to the presence of HIV antibody among IDUs were sharing needles (OR: 4.12) and injecting more than 31 times per month (OR: 2.37). Extramarital sex within the last 6 months was reported by 44% of single and 24% of married IDUs. Conclusion. The high HIV-1 prevalence in drug users and their frequent sexual mixing with the non-drug-using population suggests that preventive interventions for reduction of high-risk drug taking and sexual activities are urgently needed in these populations. Interventions through public sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinics are unlikely to have much impact, as only 16% of IDUs with an STI attended a public STI clinic.     

Co-infection by human immuno deficiency virus, hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus in injecting drug users

Injecting drug users (IDUs) are at risk of parenterally transmitted diseases such as hepatitis B virus (HBV) hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. The present study was undertaken to find out the prevalence of HIV infection, HBV infection and HCV infection among IDUs of a deaddiction centre. Serum samples from 250, injecting drug users (IDUs) from a de-addiction centre were screened for HBsAg using immunochromatography, anti HCV antibody by 3rd generation ELISA test and anti HIV antibody by ELISA test and immunochromatographic rapid test during the period August to October 2002. One hundred and forty-nine (59.6%) IDUs were positive for HIV antibody, 226 (90.4%) were positive for anti HCV antibody and 27 (10.8%) were positive for HBsAg. There was co-infection of HIV, HBV and HCV in 15 (6%) of the IDUs. The Co-infection of HBV and HCV were found in 12 cases (4.8%) and Co-infection of HIV and HCV was found in 131 cases (52.4%). The IDUs were in sexually active age group with a risk of infection to their sexual partner. There is high prevalence of HCV and HIV infection and co-infection of both viruses among IDUs. Comprehensive public health interventions targeting this population and their sexual partners must be encouraged. Increase coverage of needle, syringe exchange programme (NSEP) to young and new IDUs is required before they are exposed to blood borne viruses.     

A comparison of the prevalence of HIV infection and injecting risk behaviour in urban and rural samples in Scotland

Aims. To compare the prevalence of HIV infection and injecting risk behaviour among injecting drug users from urban and rural areas. Designs. Two samples of injecting drug users were recruited using a multi-site sampling strategy. Respondents were first interviewed by trained interviewers then specimens of saliva were collected for anonymous testing for antibodies to HIV. Setting. Respondents were recruited from drug treatment services and street sites. Participants. Respondents were eligible for inclusion in the study if they had "ever" injected a drug and were currently using drugs. Measurements. Measurements taken included self-reported patterns of drug use and injecting risk behaviour. Specimens of saliva were tested for the presence of HIV infection using GACELISA with reactive specimens confirmed by Western blot analysis. Findings. Our data indicate that there are two separate populations which are geographically discrete but broadly similar in profile and current injecting risk behaviour. The prevalence of HIV infection among IDUs from Dundee city was found to be 26.8% (95% CI, 20.2%-33.0%) compared with 3.7% (95% CI, 0.13%-15.8%) for IDUs from rural Tayside. This marked difference in prevalence of HIV infection we attribute to a high level of injecting risk among urban IDUs between 1980 and 1984, limited migration from the urban epicentre of infection and a reluctance among rural IDUs to share with IDUs outside their immediate social and kinship networks. Conclusions. Although current levels of injecting risk behaviour are similar in our urban and rural samples, rural IDUs may be less likely to contract HIV from their fellow injectors because of the lower prevalence of HIV infection and more closed sharing networks within the rural population. The implications of this for the development and expansion of drug services are considered.