术后认知功能障碍发病机制研究进展

背景术后认知功能障碍(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)是麻醉和术后出现的一种中枢神经系统并发症,其临床表现为认知能力减退、焦虑、记忆受损、语言理解能力和社会融合能力减退等。在老年手术患者中十分常见,可持续数月或数年,甚至发生永久性认知功能障碍,严重影响患者的生活质量,常...     

Toll样受体4在术后认知功能障碍中作用机制的研究进展

术后认知功能障碍（POCD）是由多种因素引起的麻醉和手术后认知功能减退,持续时间可达数周、数月甚至更长,对高危人群早期筛查和干预能够明显改善围术期POCD患者的转归。Toll样受体4（TLR4）是目前研究最多的免疫炎性模式识别受体,在多种类型的中枢神经细胞中表达并对神经认知发挥调控作用。在POCD发生过程中,TLR4可通过参与炎症反应、调控神经发生、激发氧化应激以及微生物-肠-脑轴等多种途径调控其进展。本文对TLR4的结构和功能和TLR4参与POCD进展的可能作用机制进行综述。     

老年患者术后认知功能障碍病理生理机制的研究进展

背景 以往研究显示老年患者更易受到术后认知功能障碍(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)的困扰,近年来随着接受手术治疗的老年患者的增加,POCD的发生率随之增加,POCD是指在多种因素影响下发生于术后的精神紊乱综合征,包括术后人格、社交能力及认知能力的改变,可导致术后并发症...     

术后认知功能障碍与中枢炎症之间的可能联系

术后认知功能障碍(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)是一种手术麻醉后新发的认知功能减退,严重影响患者术后生存质量。目前关于POCD的病理生理机制尚不明确,但中枢炎症被认为在其中起重要作用。文章对POCD与中枢炎症可能联系的研究进展进行综述:手术麻醉引起全身系统性炎症反应,炎性因子以直接通过血脑屏障(blood brain barrier,BBB)、破坏BBB或激活多种信号通路等方式引发中枢系统炎症;中枢炎症进一步通过炎症消退迟缓、炎症因子直接作用或非炎性介质间接影响等方式作用于患者的认知功能,从而引发POCD;POCD的风险因素也与中枢炎症密切相关;基于POCD中枢炎症机制的干预措施对POCD预防可能有积极意义。     

Postoperative cognitive decline

Memory loss and lack of concentration are symptoms that frequently occur in patients who have undergone a surgical procedure. Although cognitive function can be assessed using neuropsychological tests, reliable diagnosis of postoperative cognitive decline (POCD) appears to be difficult. Therefore, the true incidence of POCD is unknown. Severe POCD, which is apparent even without neuropsychological testing, is reported most frequently after cardiac and hip-replacement surgery. In these cases, POCD probably reflects microembolic brain injury. Apart from the nature of the surgical procedure, advanced age is the most important risk factor for POCD. The anesthetic technique is not a determinant of POCD: the risk of POCD appears to be similar after both general and regional anesthesia. This review article was invited by the Editorial Board members of the Journal of Anesthesia and was peer-reviewed as were the other articles in this journal.     

Cognitive function after anaesthesia in the elderly

Despite advances in peri operative care, a significant percentage of elderly patients experience transient post operative delirium and/or long-term post-operative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). This chapter reviews the aetiology, clinical features, preventive strategies and treatment of these syndromes. Pre-operative, intra-operative, and post-operative risk factors for delirium and POCD following cardiac and non-cardiac surgery are discussed. It is most likely that the aetiology of delirium and POCD is multifactorial and may include factors such as age, decreased pre-operative cognitive function, general health status and, possibly, intra-operative events. Currently there is no single therapy that can be recommended for treating post-operative cognitive deterioration. Primary prevention of delirium and POCD is probably the most effective treatment strategy. Several large clinical trials show the effectiveness of multicomponent intervention protocols that are designed to target well-documented risk factors in order to reduce the incidence of post-operative delirium and, possibly, POCD in the elderly.     

高压氧处理对患者术后认知功能障碍的影响

背景 术后认知功能障碍(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)指的是患者手术麻醉后出现的认知功能减退,往往产生长久的严重后果,尤其是老年患者.高压氧(hyperbaric oxygen,HBO)处理作为一项辅助治疗措施目前已广泛应用于临床,大量研究证实HBO处理对大脑、心脏及肝等多种器官具有保护作用.已有研究者将HBO处理运用到认知功能障碍的研究中. 目的 探讨HBO处理对患者POCD的影响及其作用机制,为改善老年患者手术后认知功能及长期预后提供有效措施. 内容 对HBO处理、HBO处理用于POCD的研究情况及HBO改善POCD的作用机制进行综述. 趋向 HBO处理是近年来用于多脏器保护的重要措施,其脑保护作用为临床预防及改善POCD提供了新的思路.     

神经炎症对术后认知功能障碍影响的研究进展

术后认知功能障碍（POCD）是手术和麻醉后的常见并发症,老年患者预后较差。POCD表现为注意力、意识、知觉和判断力下降,并时常伴随情绪和人格行为的异常改变,对患者和其家庭有较大的社会和经济影响。POCD相关机制包括中枢神经炎症和外周炎性因子的共同作用,其中神经炎症在POCD的病理生理发展过程中十分重要,然而神经炎症参与POCD发生与发展的机制尚不明确。本文章就神经炎症及其相关研究机制与POCD的关系做一综述,以期为探究POCD的发病机制和寻找新的潜在靶点提供新思路。     

针刺在防治术后认知功能障碍中的机制研究进展

术后认知功能障碍(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)可导致患者术后发展为痴呆的可能性大大增加,影响患者预后,并增加医疗护理成本和家庭负担。基础研究表明,针刺可通过多重作用机制起到一定的脑保护效应,降低POCD的发生率。文章回顾了近年针刺在POCD领域内的研究进展,综述了可能存在的几种相关机制,包括抑制神经炎症、抑制氧化应激水平、减少神经元损伤、增强突触可塑性以及调节微生物菌群脑-肠轴等。将针刺应用于POCD确实取得了一定的成果,但其作用机制仍未完全明确。随着针刺研究的不断深入,需要尽快明确其作用机制,以便于更好地指导POCD的临床治疗。     

术后认知功能障碍的炎症机制

背景 术后认知功能障碍(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)是老年患者手术后常见的中枢神经系统并发症.目前POCD的发病机制尚不清楚.POCD的发生影响了患者术后恢复,延长了住院时间,增加了术后并发症的发生率和死亡率;对家庭及社会造成严重的经济负担,POCD将成为一个严重的社会问题.目的 旨在推进POCD的研究,使得这一严重问题得到解决.内容 以往的研究表明,麻醉、手术可能是的POCD主要原因,而老龄则是惟一明确的危险应素,提示中枢神经系统退行性改变与POCD的发生可能有着重要联系,而麻醉和手术加重了这种退行性改变所致的认知功能衰退.趋向 较多研究表明炎症反应在与衰老有关的认知功能减退中起着重要作用,而手术创伤和应激引起的炎症反应是围术期发生的重要病理生理学改变.近年来炎症反应在POCD发生中的作用备受关注,现对POCD发生中炎症反应方面的研究进展进行综述.     

术后认知功能障碍的炎症机制

背景 术后认知功能障碍(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)是老年患者手术后常见的中枢神经系统并发症.目前POCD的发病机制尚不清楚.POCD的发生影响了患者术后恢复,延长了住院时间,增加了术后并发症的发生率和死亡率;对家庭及社会造成严重的经济负担,POCD将成为一个严重的...     

右美托咪定改善术后认知功能障碍的机制及进展

背景 术后认知功能障碍(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)是手术麻醉后出现的中枢神经系统并发症,常见于65岁以上的老年患者. 目的 分析总结右美托咪定(dexmedetomidine,Dex)改善老年患者POCD的可能机制及临床应用. 内容 简述POCD的流行病学资料及发病机制;详细分析Dex改善POCD的可能机制. 趋向 目前对于POCD的治疗还在探索之中,Dex能否改善POCD,需要进一步的研究和探索.     

神经营养因子对老年人术后认知功能障碍的影响研究

本文综述了术后认知功能障碍（POCD）的定义．发病状况．诊断方法、病因及机制．认为POCD是中枢神经系统衰老的基础上由麻醉和手术诱发的神经功能减退．皮质酮、神经营养因子和神经生长因子都可以引起中枢神经系统的改变,从而导致POCD的发生。研究POCD具有重要的医学、社会和经济意义。     

Measurement of post‐operative cognitive dysfunction after cardiac surgery: a systematic review

Post‐operative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a decline in cognitive function from pre‐operative levels, which has been frequently described after cardiac surgery. The purpose of this study was to examine the variability in the measurement and definitions for POCD using the framework of a 1995 Consensus Statement on measurement of POCD. Electronic medical literature databases were searched for the intersection of the search terms ‘thoracic surgery’ and ‘cognition, dementia, and neuropsychological test.’ Abstracts were reviewed independently by two reviewers. English articles with >50 participants published since 1995 that performed pre‐operative and post‐operative psychometric testing in patients undergoing cardiac surgery were reviewed. Data relevant to the measurement and definition of POCD were abstracted and compared with the recommendations of the Consensus Statement. Sixty‐two studies of POCD in patients undergoing cardiac surgery were identified. Of these studies, the recommended neuropsychological tests were carried out in less than half of the studies. The cognitive domains measured most frequently were attention (n=56; 93%) and memory (n=57; 95%); motor skills were measured less frequently (n=36; 60%). Additionally, less than half of the studies examined anxiety and depression, performed neurological exam, or accounted for learning. Four definitions of POCD emerged: per cent decline (n=15), standard deviation decline (n=14), factor analysis (n=13), and analysis of performance on individual tests (n=12). There is marked variability in the measurement and definition of POCD. This heterogeneity may impede progress by reducing the ability to compare studies on the causes and treatment of POCD.     

Do inhalational anesthetics cause cognitive dysfunction?

Increasing evidence indicates that inhalational anesthetics may cause or increase the risk of developing postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD), especially in the elderly population. POCD may exist as a transient or long-term complication of surgery and anesthesia and is associated with reduced quality of life. There remains great discrepancy between clinical studies investigating the prevalence of POCD and inhalational anesthetics as many fail to show an association. However, numerous animal studies have suggested that inhalational anesthetics may alter cognitive function via amyloid β accumulation, modified neurotransmission, synaptic changes and dysregulated calcium homeostasis. Other factors such as neuroinflammation and pro-inflammatory cytokines may also play a role. This paper reviews the role of inhalational anesthetics in the etiology and underlying mechanisms that result in POCD.     

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction: incidence and prevention

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a decline in cognitive function for weeks or months after surgery. Due to its subtle nature, neuropsychological testing is necessary for its detection. The interpretation of literature on POCD is difficult because of numerous methodological limitations, particularly the different definitions of POCD and the lack of data from control groups. POCD is common after cardiac surgery, and recent studies have now verified that POCD also exists after major non-cardiac surgery, although at a lower incidence. The risk of POCD increases with age, and the type of surgery is also important because there is a very low incidence associated with minor surgery. Regional anaesthesia does not seem to reduce the incidence of POCD, and cognitive function does not seem to improve after carotid surgery as has previously been suggested.     

术后认知功能障碍相关标记物的研究进展

背景 老年患者易发生术后认知功能障碍(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD),临床表现包括认知能力下降、注意力集中障碍和意识障碍,且导致高并发症和病死率. 目的 回顾已知的生理和免疫改变以及基因水平的风险因素,鉴定未来研究中可能参与的因素,并系统性地整合已知的信息. 内容 探讨POCD相关的生物学标记物. 趋向 POCD的发病机制是多因素的,应用整合系统生物学有助于重建潜在的分子机制网络,并鉴别预后性和诊断性的生物学标记物.     

Pathophysiology of post-operative cognitive dysfunction: current hypotheses

Post-operative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) has been reported after a variety of surgical procedures. POCD is associated with a decline in performance of activities of daily living of elderly patients and can cause substantial damage to family and/or to social support systems. The incidence of POCD in the first week after surgery is 23% in patients between 60 and 69 years of age and 29% in patients older than 70. Cognitive dysfunction was still present in 14% of patients over 70 at three month after surgery. The risk of POCD increases with age, and the type of surgery is also important since there is very low incidence of POCD after minor surgery. For many years, it has been known that general anaesthesia is associated with persistent changes in gene expression in the brain for at least 72 hours. These observed modifications suggest an interesting hypothesis to explain the side effects of anaesthetic agents on cognitive dysfunction, particularly in the elderly. The inflammatory response to surgery is consistent with the hypothesis that inflammation contributes to cognitive decline in the elderly. Most of the drugs administered during anaesthesia interact with the cerebral cholinergic system, which seems to be impaired with ageing. One can hypothesize that this cholinergic dysfunction is a potent factor in the pathogenesis of POCD. These findings have implications for the information provided before obtaining consent from elderly patients prior to surgery; a careful evaluation of mental status is mandatory for all elderly patients undergoing general anaesthesia. Perioperative physicians should be familiar with the prevention, diagnosis, and management of postoperative cognitive dysfunction.     

经尿道前列腺等离子电切术后认知功能障碍临床分析

目的 探讨良性前列腺增生(benigh prostatic hyperplasia,BPH)患者行经尿道前列腺等离子电切术后发生认知功能障碍的原因和治疗方法.方法 对本院2004年至2015年的628例60 ～ 87岁BPH患者手术进行回顾性分析,其中16例术后6～72 h内出现认知功能障碍,患者的年龄69 ～ 87岁,既往无明确神经系统疾病病史,其主要表现为记忆力障碍、定向障碍、语言障碍等.结果 所有患者均未发现神经系统定位体征.11例行头颅CT或者MRI检查,未发现新发颅内病变,在予以加强心理疏导、营养神经等治疗后症状消失.结论 术后认知功能可能是多种因素导致的结果,与年龄、性格、疼痛、缺氧、药物等有关,对患者康复具有一定的影响,但目前对其认识仍有较多不足.     

Postoperative kognitive Dysfunktion

The incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is often underestimated and not intuitively present by many anesthetists. POCD often occurs in the elderly but is also seen in younger patients. The incidence of POCD 1 week after non-cardiac surgery covers a span between 19–41% in patients older than 18 years. An increased POCD rate (10%) 3 months after surgery is only detected in patients older than 60 years. The occurrence of POCD is associated with an increased mortality rate, jet the etiology is mainly unknown despite enormous research efforts. The age of the patient is one of the main risk factors for the development of POCD. Data on how to avoid POCD are limited. However, the maintenance of homoeostasis is an important cornerstone of prophylaxis.