生活垃圾填埋场覆盖材料研究进展

归纳总结了垃圾填埋场覆盖材料的功能与要求,并分别针对以黏土、污泥、矿化垃圾、土工膜等作为垃圾填埋场覆盖材料的研究进行了总结分析,比较了常用填埋场覆盖材料的优缺点,并对未来覆盖材料的发展方向进行了展望。     

固化污泥作为垃圾填埋场覆土材料的适用性研究

以2种固化污泥为研究对象,对其作为垃圾填埋场覆土材料的可行性进行了研究。一种是使用碱性固化剂形成的固化污泥（A固化污泥）,另一种是中性固化剂形成的固化污泥（N固化污泥）。研究表明N固化污泥更适合作为垃圾填埋场覆盖材料。     

上海市污水污泥填埋的改性剂与工程应用

选用粉煤灰、矿化垃圾和建筑垃圾3种改性剂,并以泥土为对照与污泥混合作为预处理的手段,实验研究了其是否满足污泥填埋处置的要求,综合比较不同混合比例的改性剂对污泥的含水率、持水性能、抗压强度、渗透性能和臭气强度等工程性质的改善情况,指出:矿化垃圾具有易于就地取材,数量充足,不额外占用填埋空间的优点;当污泥处置于已有垃圾填埋场时,可优先考虑矿化垃圾与污泥混合填埋的方法;最后结合填埋场的现场试验,提出工程性应用的关键点.     

江苏某垃圾填埋场污泥库特殊性土的分析与评价

通过对某垃圾填埋场污泥库的勘察,查明了污泥库边界,污泥泥水混合层、流塑层及软塑层的层序分布和埋深。根据污泥含水率、有机质含量等室内试验结果以及动力触探、静力触探等现场试验结果,横向比较了其他填埋场污泥试验数据,分析评价了该污泥的工程特性,其静力触探锥尖阻力主要分布在300～2 100 kPa之间,较其他填埋场的静力触探锥尖阻力检测值较大。工作成果为后续污泥库的治理提供了重要依据,对于完善污泥这类特殊性土的工程勘察评价体系,具有重要的意义。     

垃圾填埋场中汞和甲基汞环境行为研究展望

汞（Hg）是一种高毒性的重金属污染物,也被世界卫生组织列为优先控制污染物。甲基汞（MeHg是毒性最强的Hg化合物,具有高神经毒性、致癌性、生殖毒性和免疫系统毒性。大量含Hg废物随固体废物进入垃圾填埋场并随着固体废物降解进行演化,使垃圾填埋场成为Hg的重要污染源,对Hg和MeHg在填埋场的环境行为研究对于垃圾填埋场Hg污染防治至关重要。目前,Hg和MeHg在水稻土及湿地等环境介质中的转化途径和机制、环境归趋及其相关影响因素等方面是全球研究热点,但其在垃圾填埋场中鲜有研究,而垃圾填埋场具有理想的Hg生物甲基化条件（厌氧环境、多样性的Hg甲基化微生物及富含有机物等）。总结了垃圾填埋场中Hg的转化途径和机制,以及MeHg在填埋场的研究现状,讨论了厌氧环境下Hg生物甲基化的微生物群落结构和功能（Hg的甲基化基因hgc AB）,前瞻了填埋场Hg生物甲基化的潜力,最后对填埋场中Hg和MeHg的环境行为研究提出了建议。     

用地理信息系统评价垃圾填埋场选址的研究

目的 利用地理信息系统通过空间智能选点，对填埋场的布局提出合理选址，减少垃圾填埋场的垃圾对周围环境特别是水的污染。方法 随机选择6个正在使用的生活垃圾填埋场，1个为大型填埋场(为省辖市)，2个为中型填埋场(为县级市)，3个为小型填埋场(农村乡镇)，GPS定位仪对每个填埋场进行现场标定，采集这些填埋场污水进行实验室检测。用地理信息系统来分析6个正在使用的生活垃圾填埋场选址的合理性。结果 有5个非常接近太湖或长江水系，l-3km的缓冲区显示，2个填埋场在3km范围内，1个距太湖仅4km左右，1个距太湖稍远，但处于太湖水系中；长江北岸边的填埋场在缓冲区的2km范围内。污水CODcr值分别为4426．25mg／L、226．30mg／L、925．18mg／L、3760．64m∥L、2296．32mg／L、582．00mg／L，BOD5值分别为390mg／L、73mg／L、330m/L、1100mg／L、210mg／L、3720rag／L。结论 本次研究的6个填埋场是靠人工方法选址，其中5个填埋场的选址并不适宜。     

深圳市玉龙坑垃圾填埋气体成分与产气规律研究

通过对现场抽气试验的数据整理及理论计算,得出了深圳市玉龙坑垃圾填埋场的填埋气体成分及产气规律。结果表明,场区内填埋气体含量分别为ＣＨ４：６２．１％,Ｏ２：１．１％,ＣＯ２：３４．８％,其余气体：１．９％;理想条件下填埋场的产气量为１８８．７立方米／吨,垃圾产气率方程为Ｒｉ＝２１．５ｅ＾－０．１２ｉ;根据产气速率方程计算了填埋场历年的产气量,结果表明填埋场目前正处于产气高峰期,整个产气过程约持续３０     

土工管袋用于垃圾填埋场污泥塘污泥脱水的工程实例

介绍了土工管袋脱水系统在苏州某垃圾填埋场污泥塘治理项目的工程应用,包括脱水平台的设计、土工管袋的选型、污泥输送泵的安装、加药系统的设计等。通过对该工程的设计和脱水过程的监测,总结了土工管袋脱水工艺在污泥塘治理上的应用经验。     

垃圾场终场覆盖技术策略研究

通过研究欧美发达国家垃圾填埋场终场覆盖技术 ,具体阐述了填埋场终场覆盖系统的处理技术策略 ,并指出了我国垃圾填埋场终场覆盖的处理途径及对策     

有机固体废物处理行业臭气的产生与控制

针对目前主流的有机固体废物处理处置工艺,总结了各工艺的臭气成分和影响因素。恶臭物质NH3和H2S在污泥堆肥、污泥干化、餐厨垃圾好氧分解和生活垃圾填埋场中都有产生,但不同处理工艺的主要致臭物质不同。污泥堆肥工艺的主要致臭物质为含硫化合物,污泥干化工艺和垃圾填埋场的主要致臭物质为苯系物和萜烯类,餐厨垃圾好氧分解的主要致臭物质为含氧类化合物。提出了相应的恶臭防控措施。     

膨润土对垃圾填埋场天然土壤衬垫的改性研究

通过对垃圾填埋场天然土壤中添加不同比例的膨润土,击实后进行变水头渗透试验得出膨润土改性土样的最佳配比为8%.改性土样压实膨润土的渗透系数≤1.0×10-7 cm/s,符合GB 16889-2008生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准,可作为填埋场防渗衬层.     

垃圾填埋场用HDPE膜灭蝇的试验

垃圾填埋场苍蝇孳生的根本原因是覆土不及时造成的，而传统的灭蝇方法就是洒药，我们用一种替代材料-HDPE膜覆盖在垃圾上进行灭蝇，并进行试验。试验采用0.5mmHDPE膜，膜与膜的一种搭接方法是采用编织袋填土压力，另一种是采用焊接。试验结果用HDPE膜灭蝇在技术上是可行的，膜与膜的搭接最好是焊接后将周边用土压实，以保证膜内高温，高湿，使蛹不能正常羽化，从而达到灭蝇的目的。最后进行了经济效益分析。     

生活垃圾填埋场甲烷自然减排的新途径——厌氧与好氧的共氧化作用

通过证实生活垃圾填埋场中甲烷厌氧氧化与好氧氧化的共存,提出了甲烷自然减排的新途径.分别选取暴雨过后垃圾填埋表层30～60 cm的覆土、1.5 m以下的垃圾以及底层矿化垃圾做硫酸盐还原菌阳性反应实验,结果表明:生活垃圾填埋体不同填埋层都存在不同数量级的硫酸盐还原菌,且底层矿化垃圾中的硫酸盐还原菌的数量最多,表层覆土中最少...     

粘土和陈垃圾作垃圾填埋场覆盖物的对比试验

目的：对粘土和陈垃圾作垃圾填埋场覆盖物进行对比，从中选出良好的覆盖材料；方法：根据均质土体中重力水掺流符合线性渗透定律的理论依据，对老港填埋场内的陈垃圾和粘土的透水率和阻水性能进行测定和比较；结论：粘土是性能良好的填埋场覆盖物，陈垃圾不能取代粘土作为填埋场的覆盖材料。     

A laboratory and field study on the disposal of domestic waste water based on soil permeation

The present study was conducted to get information necessary for the disposal of domestic waste water by soil permeation. The clarifying ability of soil was examined by conducting laboratory experiments using soil columns and making inquiries about practical disposal facilities based on soil permeation using trenches. In the column experiment, soil columns were prepared by packing polyvinyl chloride pipes with volcanic-ash loam, river sand, or an equivolume mixture of both, and secondary effluent of domestic waste water was poured into each soil column at a daily rate of 100 l/m2. In this experiment, loam and sand loam, both containing fine silt and clay, gave BOD removals of over 95% when the influent BOD load per 1 m3 of soil was less than 10 g/d and gave the coliform group removals of 100% when the influent coliform group load per 1 m3 soil was less than 10(9)/d. Loam and sand loam gave T-P removals of over 90%. The P adsorption capacity of soil was limited to less than 12% of the absorption coefficient of phosphoric acid. All the soils gave low T-N removals, mostly less than 50%. The trench disposal gave high removals of 90-97% for BOD, 90-97% for T-P, and 94-99% for the coliform group but low removals of 11-49% for T-N, showing a trend similar to that of the column disposal. Thus, we can roughly estimate the effectiveness of actual soil permeation disposal from the results of the column experiments. In the waste water permeation region, the extent of waste water permeation exceeded 700 cm horizontally from the trench, but the waste water load within 100 cm laterally from the trench occupied 60.3% of the total. The concentrations of T-C and T-N at almost all observation spots in the permeation region were lower than in the control region, and were not caused to accumulate in soil by waste water loading. In contrast, T-P was accumulated concentratively in the depth range from 50-100 cm right below the trench. The conditions for effective disposal of domestic waste water by soil permeation have been estimated to be: (1) the soil should contain more than 30% silt and clay, (2) the absorption coefficient of phosphoric acid should be more than 1000, (3) the permeation rate should be 1.0-1.8 mm/min, and (4) the soil volume to be permeated should be more than 6.86 m3/person.     

微生物除臭剂对污泥和生活垃圾臭气抑制效果的中试研究

通过菌种分离和筛选,得到7种具有除臭功能的菌株,并复配形成微生物除臭剂。在污泥填埋单元和垃圾中转站集装箱中,考察了微生物除臭剂对污泥和生活垃圾中H2S、NH3、CS2等恶臭组分以及臭气浓度等的去除效果。研究发现:在5 d后,该微生物除臭剂对污泥填埋单元中H2S、NH3、CS2和臭气浓度的抑制率分别为12.6%~29.7%、19.7%~56.1%、1.0%~11.1%和57.8%~65.3%;在48 h内,对生活垃圾集装箱中H2S、NH3、CS2和臭气浓度的抑制率分别为25.9%~52.8%、23.6%~60.0%、0.7%~29.7%和25.0%~57.8%。此外,该微生物除臭剂还可有效抑制集装箱垃圾VOC的释放。     

Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in sewage sludge and solid waste landfill leachate and quantitative comparative analysis of sanitization treatments on pathogen inactivation

Circulation of Cryptosporidum and Giardia in the environment can be facilitated by spreading of sewage sludge on agricultural or livestock grazing lands or depositing in landfills. Solid waste landfill leachate and sewage sludge samples were quantitatively tested for C. parvum and C. hominis oocysts, and G. lamblia cysts by the combined multiplexed fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) method. Subsequently, the effects of four sanitization treatments (i.e., ultrasound and microwave energy disintegrations, and quicklime and top-soil stabilization) on inactivation of these pathogens were determined. The landfill leachate samples were positive for Giardia, and sewage sludge samples for both Cryptosporididium and Giardia. The overall concentration of G. lamblia cysts (mean; 24.2/g) was significantly higher (P<0.01) than the concentration of C. parvum and C. hominis oocysts (mean; 14.0/g). Sonication reduced the load of G. lamblia cysts to non-detectable levels in 12 of 21 samples (57.1%), and in 5 of 6 samples (83.3%) for C. parvum and C. hominis. Quicklime stabilization treatment was 100% effective in inactivation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia, and microwave energy disintegration lacked the efficacy. Top-soil stabilization treatment reduced gradually the load of both pathogens which was consistent with the serial dilution of sewage sludge with the soil substrate. This study demonstrated that sewage sludge and landfill leachate contained high numbers of potentially viable, human-virulent species of Cryptosporidium and Giardia, and that sonication and quicklime stabilization were the most effective treatments for sanitization of sewage sludge and solid waste landfill leachates.     

HDPE膜作为生活垃圾卫生填埋场临时覆盖材料的优越性探讨

以即墨市灵山固体废弃物综合处理场为例,对0.5mmHDPE膜作为卫生填埋场临时覆盖材料的优越性进行了技术、经济性探讨,结果表明,HDPE膜作为填埋场临时覆盖材料具有经济效益和社会效益。