microRNA在皮肤恶性肿瘤中的研究进展

microRNA是新近发现的一个内源性小分子RNA家族,主要作用于基因转录后水平,对生物体诸多生命现象起重要的调控作用,特别是在肿瘤的发病机制中发挥重要作用.microRNA是一类非编码的负性调节基因,通过与靶mRNA结合可以调节至少三分之一的人类编码基因,从而表现为癌基因与抑癌基因.系统介绍microRNA的生物学特征,以及在包括皮肤肿瘤在内的多种生命现象中的研究进展,为开展皮肤恶性肿瘤中microRNA的表达及功能研究提供线索.     

microRNA与皮肤病研究进展

miRNA(microRNA)是一类非编码RNA,长度通常为21 ～ 25个核苷酸。通过和靶mRNA的互补结合抑制蛋白表达,对机体进行多方面的调控。miRNA在多种疾病中的调控作用已得到证实,目前研究表明,miRNA和某些皮肤疾病存在一定的相关性,并在皮肤中的表达具有特征性,可以在不同种属、不同组织及不同疾病中发挥调节作用。进一步研究miRNA与皮肤疾病之间的关系也为疾病的治疗提供了新的思路及新的靶点。     

microRNA在皮肤疾病中的研究进展

microRNA是一组非编码的单链小RNA,与转录后的基因抑制有关.它们和靶mRNA的3'UTR结合后可以影响翻译或转录物的稳定性.研究表明,miRNA可以调节很多生理发育过程.有关其与皮肤疾病的报道表明,miRNA和皮肤肿瘤、炎症性疾病、自身免疫性疾病、皮肤创伤愈合均存在着一定联系.随着对miRNA和皮肤疾病关系的进一步研究,可找到这些疾病新的诊断和治疗方法.     

皮肤疾病中m6A甲基化修饰的作用研究进展

目前已知mRNA上存在>100种不同形式的表观遗传修饰方式,这些化学修饰能够调控基因产物表达,影响多种生物学过程。其中m⁶A甲基化修饰是真核生物mRNA上最普遍的转录后修饰方式,广泛调控mRNA的剪切、加工、出核、翻译及降解等过程,近些年越来越多研究证实异常m⁶A甲基化与皮肤肿瘤、病毒感染、系统性红斑狼疮、银屑病及皮肤光老化等多种皮肤疾病密切相关。该文主要综述m⁶A甲基化修饰概念、作用机制以及在相关皮肤疾病中研究进展。     

MicroRNA-21在皮肤鳞状细胞癌中的研究现状

MicroRNAs是一类能够调控真核细胞生物基因表达的小RNA,已被证实在多种肿瘤中表达失调.MiR-21是目前研究最为广泛的microRNA,几乎在所有实体肿瘤中高表达,最近发现在皮肤鳞状细胞癌（cSCC）中microRNA的表达也有异常.MiR-21通过调控靶基因改变肿瘤细胞侵袭作用,其靶基因主要包括PTEN、PDCD4、RECK等.本文主要介绍了MiR-21在皮肤鳞状细胞癌中的研究现状.     

microRNA与银屑病

miemRNA是近年来发现的一组非编码单链小分子RNA,其对基因表达进行转录后调控,在许多疾病中都有异常表达,是疾病发生的总"开关".与正常皮肤组织和其他炎症性皮肤病(如特应性皮炎)比较,银屑病皮损有特异性microRNA表达异常.研究这些特异性microRNA在银屑病中的作用,对银屑病发病机制的阐明具有一定意义.     

系统性红斑狼疮microRNA的异常表达及其与DNA甲基化的相互调控

系统性红斑狼疮是一种复杂的慢性、全身性自身免疫性疾病,其发病机制尚不明确.近年研究表明,microRNA和DNA甲基化在内的表观遗传修饰异常可能在系统性红斑狼疮的发生发展中起作用.MicroRNA是非编码单链小RNA,已有研究提示,microRNA参与了系统性红斑狼疮的发病和疾病进展,而其与DNA甲基化的相互作用可通过调控细胞内基因表达进而影响疾病的发生发展.概述了microRNA的异常表达及其与DNA甲基化之间的相互关系在系统性红斑狼疮发病机制中的作用,旨在为系统性红斑狼疮的研究提供新的思路.     

抗菌肽与皮肤疾病关系的研究进展

皮肤屏障依赖于先天和后天免疫反应,具有抵御外界病原体的能力。抗菌肽(antimicrobial peptides,AMPs)构成了人体的先天防御机制,可有效防御病原微生物的感染。在多种皮肤疾病中,疾病的严重程度和AMPs的表达水平具有相关性。本文综述了抗菌肽的生理功能及其在特应性皮炎、银屑病、创伤及微生物感染等疾病中的作用。     

皮肤病中c-Jun氨基末端蛋白激酶通路的研究现况

c-Jun氨基末端蛋白激酶是丝裂原活化蛋白激酶家族的成员,调节细胞的生长、发育、增殖和分化.c-Jun氨基末端蛋白激酶的异常表达与人皮肤疾病的发生、发展密切相关.研究证实,c-Jun氨基末端蛋白激酶在多种皮肤疾病患者的真/表皮中表达过度增高及异常活化,进而导致细胞的生长、发育、增殖、分化异常以及炎症反应和细胞凋亡的发生.选择阻断c-Jun氨基末端蛋白激酶通路的异常活化可以使病情得到改善.针对c-Jun氨基末端蛋白激酶信号通路的靶向治疗已经成为目前多种皮肤病的研究热点.     

某些植物在皮肤光老化防治中的应用进展

皮肤光老化不仅影响皮肤美容,还可以并发多种皮肤疾病及皮肤肿瘤.它具有特征性的临床表现以及相应的组织学及分子生物学水平的改变.大量研究表明,自然界中的多种植物如人参、绿茶、石榴等具有一定的抗紫外线辐射、抗过敏、抗氧化、清除自由基及抗肿瘤等作用,可以有效防治皮肤光老化;又因其来源广泛,不良反应少,具有广阔的应用前景.概述近年来多种不同植物在皮肤光老化的预防和治疗中的作用机制、疗效等方面的研究.     

New fillers for the new man

ABSTRACT:  Two new collagen-based lidocaine-containing dermal fillers, ArteSense™/ArteFill™ (Artes Medical, San Diego, CA) and Evolence® (Colbar LifeScience Ltd., Herzliya, Israel), have proved to be of particular interest to men, many of whom seek a long-lasting or permanent correction. ArteFill™ has been available in the United States since 2006, and it is expected that Evolence® will reach the American market in 2008. The properties of the two products will be described, and experience based on the administration of many hundreds of syringes of both products by a Canadian dermatologist will be detailed here, with tips and precautions to optimize patient outcomes.     

Outcomes and adverse effects of ablative vs nonablative lasers for skin resurfacing: A systematic review of 1093 patients

It is generally believed that ablative laser therapies result in prolonged healing and greater adverse events when compared with nonablative lasers for skin resurfacing. To evaluate the efficacy of ablative laser use for skin resurfacing and adverse events as a consequence of treatment in comparison to other modalities, a PRISMA‐compliant systematic review (Systematic Review Registration Number: 204016) of twelve electronic databases was conducted for the terms “ablative laser” and “skin resurfacing” from March 2002 until July 2020. Studies included meta‐analyses, randomized control trials, cohort studies, and case reports to facilitate evaluation of the data. All articles were evaluated for bias. The search strategy produced 34 studies. Of 1093 patients included in the studies of interest, adverse events were reported in a total of 106 patients (9.7%). Higher rates of adverse events were described in nonablative therapies (12.2% ± 2.19%, 31 events) when compared with ablative therapy (8.28% ± 2.46%, 81 events). 147 patients (13.4%) reported no side effects, 68 (6.22%) reported expected, transient self‐resolving events, and five (0.046%) presented with hypertrophic scarring. Excluding transient events, ablative lasers had fewer complications overall when compared with nonablative lasers (2.56% ± 2.19% vs 7.48% ± 3.29%). This systematic review suggests ablative laser use for skin resurfacing is a safe and effective modality to treat a range of pathologies from photodamage and acne scars to hidradenitis suppurativa and posttraumatic scarring from basal cell carcinoma excision. Further studies are needed, but these results suggest that ablative lasers are a superior, safe, and effective modality to treat damaged skin.     

Genetic alterations in RAS‐regulated pathway in acral lentiginous melanoma

Studies integrating clinicopathological and genetic features have revealed distinct patterns of genomic aberrations in Melanoma. Distributions of BRAF or NRAS mutations and gains of several oncogenes differ among melanoma subgroups, while 9p21 deletions are found in all melanoma subtypes. In the study, status of genes involved in cell cycle progression and apoptosis was evaluated in a panel of 17 frozen primary acral melanomas. NRAS mutations were found in 17% of the tumors. In contrast, BRAF mutations were not found. Gains of AURKA gene (20q13.3) were detected in 37.5% of samples, gains of CCND1 gene (11q13) or TERT gene (5p15.33) in 31.2% and gains of NRAS gene (1p13.2) in 25%. Alterations in 9p21 were identified in 69% of tumors. Gains of 11q13 and 20q13 were mutually exclusive, and 1p13.2 gain was associated with 5p15.33. Our findings showed that alterations in RAS‐related pathways are present in 87.5% of acral lentiginous melanomas.     

Self‐resolving superficial primary cutaneous mucormycosis in a 7‐week‐old infant

A 7‐week‐old girl, born at 30 weeks' gestational age, presented to clinic for evaluation of a crop of vesicular lesions that were noted after removal of a bandage that had been in place for 4 days. A punch biopsy of the lesion revealed fungal elements that were later identified as Rhizopus spp. The lesion began to self‐resolve, and no further treatment was needed, with full resolution of the lesion by 1 month after presentation. Clinicians should be aware of the variable presentations of mucormycosis and consider fungal infection in the differential diagnosis when evaluating vulnerable patients with skin eruptions.     

Multiple New-Onset Subcutaneous Nodules of the Upper Extremity Digits: Giant Cell Tumor of Tendon Sheath and Lipoma

A black woman with the concurrent onset of two subcutaneous nodules located on the digits of her upper extremities is described. Initially, a single systemic disorder was considered; yet, the lesions differed in morphology and consistency. Microscopic examination of the nodules showed a giant cell tumor of tendon sheath and a lipoma. Although Occam's “razor” suggests that multiple lesions in the same person are more likely to represent variable manifestations of a single disorder than several different diseases in that individual, the simultaneously appearing lesions in this patient represented two different conditions.