限制性液体复苏在急诊抢救骨盆骨折并失血性休克的临床观察

目的探讨限制性液体复苏在急诊抢救骨盆骨折并失血性休克的治疗效果。方法将2009年1月—2011年5月我院收治的51例骨盆骨折合并失血性休克患者根据早期复苏方法分为限制性复苏组(27例)和常规复苏组(24例),通过损伤严重度评分(ISS)、早期复苏输液量、复苏时间等指标进行量化分析和疗效评估。结果限制性复苏组:ISS评分30.72,复苏输液量2 089 ml,复苏时间102.72 min,复苏后血红蛋白98.36 g/L;常规复苏组:ISS评分30.90,复苏输液量2 965 ml,复苏时间246 min,复苏后血红蛋白79.90 g/L。两组ISS评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),复苏输液量、复苏时间、复苏后血红蛋白差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论限制性液体复苏在急诊抢救骨盆骨折合并失血性休克能使输液量更少,控制出血更好,复苏效果更显著。     

早期使用限制性液体复苏治疗重度骨盆骨折并创伤失血性休克的疗效评价

目的 评价重度骨盆骨折并创伤失血性休克早期采用限制性液体复苏的治疗效果,以提高治愈率. 方法 总结2002年1月-2006年12月急诊收治的重度骨盆骨折并创伤出血性休克患者96例,其中常规液体复苏组55例,限制性液体复苏组41例,对其创伤严重程度、休克程度、复苏开始时间、输入液量进行统计学分析,对比两组的治疗效果. 结果 常规液体复苏组输液量为(3 432±1 156)ml,治愈率为64%,死亡率为36%;限制性液体复苏组输液量为(2 685±524)ml,治愈率为83%,死亡率为17%.两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 重度骨盆骨折并创伤失血性休克采用限制性液体复苏方法救治可提高治愈率.     

损伤控制及限制性体液复苏在下肢多发伤合并休克救治中的应用

目的 探讨损伤控制和限制性体液复苏在严重下肢多发伤合并休克救治中的应用价值.方法 下肢多发伤开放性骨折合并休克失代偿期(血压＜90/60mmhg)75例,分为损伤控制组(31例)和对照组(44例),对损伤控制组的病例行骨折Ⅰ期外固定,对照组病例Ⅱ期行骨折固定,比较两组住院天数.75例又随机分为限制性体液复苏组(43例)和积极正压复苏组(32例),按各自原则进行补液,对相关变量进行统计学分析.结果 74例存活,1例死亡.损伤控制组平均住院时间(18.1±6.3)天;对照组的平均住院时间(45.1±21.3)天,P＜0.05.限制性体液复苏组病人术中、术后顺利,但其术前输液量与输液时间小于积极正压复苏组(P＜0.05).结论 在严重下肢多发伤合并休克的救治中,应用损伤控制有积极意义,限制性体液复苏可能有益.     

多发性骨折合并创伤失血性休克液体复苏分析

目的：观察并研究多发性骨折伴有创伤失血性休克患者在抢救成功后实施液体复苏的治疗效果。方法取接受治疗的多发性骨折患者60例为研究对象,随机将其均分为对照组与实验组各30例,对照组实施常规正压液体复苏,实验组接受限制性液体复苏,观察两组治愈率、凝血酶原时间（ PT）、输液量并作统计学分析。结果与对照组相比,实验组PT更短、输液量更少,治愈率更高,组间差异显著（ P＜0.05）。结论通过限制性液体复苏,因失血而休克的患者机体凝血机制和其他各类代偿机制得以调动,为各部分器官血流灌注提供了有效保障;治愈率明显提高,患者预后也得到有效改善。     

损伤控制复苏在严重多发伤合并创伤失血性休克救治中的应用

目的 探讨损伤控制复苏(damage control resuscitation,DCR)在抢救严重多发伤合并创伤失血性休克患者中的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析采用DCR救治严重多发伤合并创伤失血性休克患者27例(DCR组),并与传统正压液体复苏治疗的32例患者(对照组)的结果进行比较.观察乳酸清除时间、凝血功能、DIC发病率及病死率等.结果 采用DCR救治严重多发伤合并创伤失血性休克患者疗效良好,乳酸清除时间短,凝血功能恢复快,DIC发病率及病死率显著降低,与传统正压液体复苏疗法比较,差异有统计学意义.结论 采用DCR能够明显提高严重多发伤合并创伤失血性休克患者的生存率,同时也为其他类型休克患者的复苏抢救提供了新的思路.     

限制性液体复苏治疗颅脑损伤并创伤失血性休克的效果观察

目的：观察限制性液体复苏治疗颅脑损伤并创伤失血性休克的效果。方法：选择颅脑损伤并创伤出血性休克90例,随机分为观察组和对照组各45例,观察组采用限制性液体复苏法,对照组采用常规液体复苏法。比较两组输液量、凝血酶原时间、血细胞比容、血乳酸水平和病死率等指标。结果：观察组输液量、凝血酶原时间、血细胞比容和病死率与对照组比较,差异均显著（P〈0.05）;两组血乳酸水平比较,差异不显著（P〉0.05）。结论：颅脑损伤并创伤失血性休克采用限制性液体复苏法救治效果较好。     

限制性液体复苏治疗肺挫伤合并失血性休克的疗效评价

目的探讨限制性液体复苏对肺挫伤合并失血性休克的治疗效果。方法 163例肺挫伤合并失血性休克病人随机分成充分液体复苏(常规)组(84例)、限制性液体复苏(限制)组(79例)。常规组在止血前早期、快速、足量补液,维持收缩压≥90mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa),中心静脉压(CVP)≥5cmH2O(1cmH2O=0.098kPa);限制组在止血前限制液体输入,维持收缩压在80～90mmHg,平均动脉压(MAP)在50～60mmHg,CVP在2～5cmH2O。比较两组患者的平均输液量、病死率及存活患者并发症的发生率。结果平均输液量常规组为(2650±525)ml,限制组为(1780±310)ml,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。常规组死亡20例(23.81%),限制组死亡9例(11.39%),常规组的病死率明显高于限制组(P<0.05)。且常规组存活患者并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)、多脏器功能障碍综合征(MODS)及总并发症的发生率也均高于限制组(P<0.05)。结论限制性液体复苏能降低肺挫伤合并失血性休克患者的病死率,并降低存活患者并发症的发生率,改善预后。     

早期限制性液体复苏抢救重度颅脑外伤合并失血性休克患者疗效分析

目的探讨早期限制性液体复苏对重度颅脑外伤合并失血性休克患者抢救效果与预后的影响。方法回顾性分析2015年1月至2016年8月收治的108例经抢救后转入ICU的重度颅脑损伤合并失血性休克患者的临床资料,根据液体复苏方案不同,将其分为两组:常规组50例行常规充分液体复苏,研究组58例行早期限制性液体复苏。比较两组患者复苏效果、预后情况、并发症发生与病死情况。结果研究组患者总输液量、血清乳酸低于常规组(P<0.05);血小板、红细胞压积、凝血酶原时间高于常规组(P<0.05)。研究组预后良好率高于常规组(P<0.05);急性肾功能衰竭、弥散性血管内凝血、急性呼吸窘迫综合征、多器官功能障碍综合征等并发症总发生率与总病死率均低于常规组(P<0.05)。结论早期限制性液体复苏可有效改善重度颅脑外伤合并失血性休克患者的抢救效果与预后、降低并发症发生率与病死率,具有广阔的临床应用空间。     

限制性液体复苏在肝脾损伤合并失血性休克术前的临床应用

目的探讨限制性液体复苏对肝脾损伤合并失血性休克术前临床疗效。方法 2006年1月—2011年11月本院急诊科救治的47例肝脾破裂合并失血性休克患者,分为常规液体复苏组(A组23例)和限制性液体复苏组(B组24例),对比两组手术前输入液体量、血清乳酸含量、凝血酶原时间(PT)及红细胞比积(HCT)等指标,对比两组术后患者存活率、多器官功能衰竭(MODS)、腹腔间隙综合征(ACS)的发生率。结果 A组术后的死亡率、MODS发生率、ACS发生率均高于B组(P<0.05),B组红细胞比积明显高于A组,B组凝血酶原时间较A组无明显延长(P均<0.05),B组血清乳酸水平与A组相当(P>0.05)。结论限制性输液在肝脾损伤合并失血性休克的术前救治中取得良好的疗效,明显降低术后死亡率及并发症的发生率。     

多发伤合并颅脑损伤患者颅内血肿进展相关因素分析

目的探讨多发伤合并颅脑损伤患者颅内血肿进展相关因素。方法笔者回顾性分析2007年1月~2014年1月收治的134例多发伤合并颅脑损伤患者的临床资料,其中男性91例,女性43例;年龄16~60岁,平均(35.6±10.7)岁。其中30例血肿进展患者为进展组,104例为未进展组,利用统计学方法对两组患者性别、年龄、伤情、格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)、创伤严重度评分(ISS)、创伤严重指数(IISI)、休克指数、手术、凝血状况、液体复苏及血压调控等因素进行单因素及多因素分析。结果两组在年龄、性别、GCS、ISS评分、IISI、6h内的平均动脉压、休克指数、开颅手术情况对比无统计学意义。两组患者治疗前后休克指数均明显改善,比较无统计学意义。颅内血肿进展与48h平均动脉压(OR=1.994,P0.001)、平均24h补液量(OR=0.342,P=0.038)、凝血功能异常情况(48h,OR=3.173,P=0.039)、多发脑挫裂伤情况(OR=2.921,P=0.041)相关。两组预后组间比较采用Ridit分析(R值_(进展)=0.590,R值_(未进展)=0.474,t=2.007,P=0.047),未进展组好于进展组。结论多发伤合并颅脑损伤患者颅内出血是影响预后的重要因素,多发脑挫裂伤患者更易出现,应予重视,通过限制性液体复苏和早期血压目标管理有利于减少血压波动和凝血功能异常发生,对改善患者预后有一定益处。     

Severe pelvic injury: vascular lesions detected by ante- and post-mortem contrast medium-enhanced CT and associations with pelvic fractures

Objectives

The objectives of this study were to compare arterial and venous contrast medium extravasation in severe pelvic injury detected by ante- and post-mortem multi-detector CT (MDCT) and determine whether vascular injury is associated with certain types of pelvic fracture.

Methods

We retrospectively included two different cohorts of blunt pelvic trauma with contrast medium extravasation shown by MDCT. The first group comprised 49 polytrauma patients; the second included 45 dead bodies undergoing multi-phase post-mortem CT-angiography (MPMCTA). Two radiologists jointly reviewed each examination concerning type, site of bleeding and pattern of underlying pelvic ring fracture.

Results

All 49 polytrauma patients demonstrated arterial bleeding, immediately undergoing subsequent angiography; 42 (85%) had pelvic fractures, but no venous bleeding was disclosed. MPMCTA of 45 bodies revealed arterial (n = 33, 73%) and venous (n = 35, 78%) bleeding and pelvic fractures (n = 41, 91%). Pelvic fracture locations were significantly correlated with ten arterial and six venous bleeding sites in dead bodies, with five arterial bleeding sites in polytrauma patients.

In dead bodies, arterial haemorrhage was significantly correlated with the severity of pelvic fracture according to Tile classification (p = 0.01), unlike venous bleeding (p = 0.34).

Conclusions

In severe pelvic injury, certain acute bleeding sites were significantly correlated with underlying pelvic fracture locations. MPMCTA revealed more venous lesions than MDCT in polytrauma patients. Future investigations should evaluate the proportional contribution of venous bleeding to overall pelvic haemorrhage as well as its clinical significance.

     

Bleeding due to pelvic fractures in female patients: pictorial review of multidetector computed tomography imaging

Pelvic bone fractures in female patients are a result of high-energy trauma and are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Their classification is based on the mechanism of the traumatic impact force and the evaluation of stability or instability of pelvic ring fracture. Vascular hemorrhage is frequently associated with pelvic bone disruption and is the main cause of death in polytrauma female patients. At many trauma centers, multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) has been considered the best modality in the trauma setting as it is also useful in characterizing multiple-body traumatic lesions. Specifically, MDCT angiography can lead to fast recognition of pelvic vascular injuries to triage patients with blunt pelvic trauma and to send those with ongoing arterial hemorrhage to appropriate emergent treatment. At contrast medium enhanced MDCT, extravasation of contrast material is an accurate finding of active bleeding and enables the interventional radiologist to selectively investigate the arteries most likely to be involved with prompt angiographic embolization. The potential sites of hemorrhage include the pelvic bone, the pelvic venous plexus, the major iliac veins, the major iliac arteries, and their peripheral branches. MDCT multiphase protocol can accurately differentiate arterial from venous hemorrhage. This article discusses the use of multiphase contrast medium enhanced MDCT in detecting and characterizing vascular pelvic injuries associated with pelvic fractures in trauma female patients.     

多发伤患者入住ICU时间延长的危险因素

目的探讨多发伤患者入住重症监护病房(ICU)时间延长(≥14d)的危险因素。方法对2010年1月~2016年12月入住ICU、最终生存的834例多发伤患者进行回顾性研究,对可能影响或延长患者入住ICU时间的11个变量[年龄、性别、基础疾病、创伤严重度评分(ISS评分)、感染、院前急救、手术、致伤类型、急诊室处理时间、昏迷、机械通气]进行分析,找出导致入住ICU时间延长(≥14d)的关键独立危险因素。结果 96例被确定为入住ICU时间延长病例,在各种相关因素中,ISS评分、致伤类型、急诊室处理或滞留时间、机械通气4个变量是导致患者入住ICU时间延长的独立危险因素。结论创伤救治链中,应高度关注ISS≥16分、高能量损伤的严重创伤患者;同时,加快严重创伤患者在院内各个环节的处理速度,优化急救流程,简化入院手续,在最短时间内使严重创伤患者得到确定性治疗,努力缩短严重创伤患者入住ICU时间,改善患者预后。     

CT detection of serious internal and skeletal injuries in patients with pelvic fractures

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine the percentage of patients with known pelvic fractures who have additional findings of intraabdominal injury, as diagnosed at abdominal computed tomography (CT), and to determine if patients with specific types or patterns of fractures are more likely to have additional injuries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors reviewed the medical records of 200 consecutive patients (125 women, 75 men; age range, 4-86 years) who had been admitted to a level 1 trauma center with osseous pelvic injury secondary to blunt trauma and who had undergone abdominal CT examinations. Abdominal CT findings in these patients were classified as negative, positive, or minimal and correlated with mechanism of pelvic fracture. RESULTS: Sixty-five (32%) of the 200 patients had negative CT findings, 43 (22%) had findings attributable to the trauma but required no follow-up, and 92 (46%) had positive findings that required nonsurgical management or exploratory laparotomy. Additional pelvic fractures were identified in 63 (32%) patients. The highest prevalence of additional injuries was in patients with Malgaigne fractures (four of 15, 27%) or bilateral pubic rami fractures (six of 18, 33%). CONCLUSION: CT examinations revealed that 135 (68%) of 200 patients with pelvic fractures secondary to blunt trauma had concomitant internal or skeletal injuries and that 92 (46%) patients had injuries severe enough to require nonsurgical management or exploratory laparotomy. Patients with bilateral pubic rami fractures or Malgaigne fractures were particularly prone to additional injuries; therefore, abdominal CT examinations are recommended in these patients.     

The prevalence of non-accidental trauma among children with polytrauma: A nationwide level-I trauma centre study

ObjectiveWe aimed to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of non-accidental trauma (NAT) in children with polytrauma treated at level-I trauma centres (TC).Summary of backgroundData 6–10% Of children who present at the emergency department with injuries, sustain polytrauma. Polytrauma may result from either accidental (AT) or NAT, i.e. inflicted or neglect. The prevalence of NAT among children with polytrauma is currently unclear.MethodsThis is a retrospective study that included children (0–18 years) with an Injury Severity Score >15, who presented at one of the 11 Level-I trauma centers (TC) in the Netherlands between January 1, 2010 and January 1, 2016. Outcomes were classified based on the conclusions of the Child Abuse and Neglect-team. Cases in which conclusions were unavailable and there was no clear accidental cause of injuries were reviewed by an expert panel.ResultsThe study included 1623 children, 1452 (89%) were classified as AT, 171 (11%) as NAT; 39 (2,4%) inflicted and 132 (8,1%) neglect. Of pre-school aged children (<5 years) 41% sustained NAT (OR26.73, 95%CI 17.70–40.35), 35/342 (10%) inflicted and 104/342 (31%) neglect. Admission due to ‘cardiopulmonary arrest’ was the result of inflicted trauma (30% vs 0%,p < 0.001). NAT had a higher mortality rate (16% vs 10%, p = 0.006). Indicators of NAT were: (near-)drowning (OR10.74, 95%CI 5.94–19.41), burn (OR8.62, 95%CI 4.08–18.19) and fall from height (OR2.18, 95%CI 1.56–3.02).ConclusionsNAT was the cause of polytrauma in 11% of children in our nationwide level-I TC study; 41% of these polytrauma were the result of NAT experienced by preschool-aged children. Our data show the importance of awareness for NAT.     

钝性胸部伤早期救治中64排螺旋CT的应用

目的 探讨64排螺旋CT在钝性胸部伤早期救治中的作用.方法 回顾性分析2006年1月以来收治的170例钝性胸部伤,单纯胸部伤74例,多发伤96例,胸部伤AIS 2～4分,平均3.2分;多发伤 ISS 11～34分,平均24.6分.其中到院后3小时内64排螺旋CT检查160例,平均8分钟.结果 诊断肺挫伤117例,肺挫裂伤及肺内血肿19例,肺不张24例,血胸67例,气胸45例,血气胸52例,纵隔血肿7例,纵隔积气8例,皮下气肿25例,膈疝17例,肋骨骨折103 例,连枷胸34例.143例(84.1%)经非手术处理,其中43例行胸腔闭式引流术,22例行机械呼吸支持.紧急剖胸手术27例(15.9%).治愈161例,死亡9例(5.3%).结论 胸部钝性伤初次评价在有条件时应首选采用64排螺旋CT扫描.     

Evaluating the Joint Theater Trauma Registry as a data source to benchmark casualty care

Just as data from civilian trauma registries have been used to benchmark and evaluate civilian trauma care, data contained within the Joint Theater Trauma Registry (JTTR) present a unique opportunity to benchmark combat care. Using the iterative steps of the benchmarking process, we evaluated data in the JTTR for suitability and established benchmarks for 24-hour mortality in casualties with polytrauma and a moderate or severe blunt traumatic brain injury (TBI). Mortality at 24 hours was greatest in those with polytrauma and a severe blunt TBI. No mortality was seen in casualties with polytrauma and a moderate blunt TBI. Secondary insults after TBI, especially hypothermia and hypoxemia, increased the odds of 24-hour mortality. Data contained in the JTTR were found to be suitable for establishing benchmarks. JTTR data may be useful in establishing benchmarks for other outcomes and types of combat injuries.     

经导管髂内动脉栓塞治疗外伤性骨盆骨折大出血

目的：探讨经导管栓塞髂内动脉治疗外伤引起盆腔大出血的临床价值。方法：23例创伤性盆腔大出血,经保守治疗无效,急诊行单侧或双侧髂内动脉造影,明确出血部位后,经导管用明胶海绵或微弹簧圈栓塞。结果：23例出血停止,休克症状消失,血压稳定上升。无1例死亡。结论：经导管栓塞髂内动脉或其分支治疗创伤性盆腔大出血快速有效,创伤小,并发症少。     

基层医院应用损害控制技术治疗骨盆不稳定骨折

目的探讨基层医院应用损害控制技术治疗23例不稳定骨盆骨折的疗效。方法回顾性分析铜梁县中医院骨科2007～2011年收治的23例不稳定骨盆骨折合并严重多发伤患者的病例资料,其中男性18例,女性5例;年龄23～52岁,平均35.4岁。按照Mcmurtry的多发伤骨盆骨折救治方案,10例等待择期手术,13例采取损害控制技术治疗。结果本组均治愈出院,随访6～43个月。23例中无一例死亡,术后发生感染6例,L5神经根损伤1例,均治愈。按Matta骨折移位评定标准：优8例,良10例,可5例;优良率达78.3%。结论基层医院虽然条件一般,但可采取早期救治,获得较好效果。基层医院采用损害控制技术,如骨盆外固定支架固定、骨盆骨折止血纱布填塞止血等,可有效提高不稳定骨盆骨折的治疗水平,但在遇到严重、复杂病例时,应早期救治稳定病情后及时转送上级创伤救治中心。     

Costal cartilage fracture: A commonly missed thoracic injury in trauma patients

In this report, we describe a case of a 43-year-old male who sustained a displaced mid chondral costal cartilage fracture along with multiple ipsilateral rib fractures following a jet ski collision. Costal cartilage fractures (CC) are commonly missed on imaging evaluation, and accordingly underreported in the literature. High-energy blunt chest trauma represents the most common mechanism for CC injuries. Computed Tomography (CT) is the modality of choice to diagnose CC fractures along with the associated cardiopulmonary and abdominal injuries in polytrauma patients. There is currently no consensus with respect to the management of CC fractures. Further research is required to explore the long-term impact of CC fractures on thoracic cage stability.