Late stent thrombosis in patients receiving ticlopidine and aspirin after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation.

BACKGROUND: There is little information about the efficacy of ticlopidine plus aspirin after sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) implantation. METHODS AND RESULTS: The incidence of stent thrombosis was evaluated in 1,029 patients receiving ticlopidine and aspirin after SES deployment. Clinical follow-up was obtained in 98.9% (mean follow-up 17.0+/-7.9 months). Early stent thrombosis was observed in 5 patients (0.49%). There was 1 case each of late (0.1%) and very late stent thrombosis (0.1%). CONCLUSION: Late and very late stent thrombosis in Japanese patients receiving ticlopidine and aspirin after SES deployment occurs infrequently.     

Two cases of very late stent thrombosis after implantation of a sirolimus-eluting stent presenting as AMI

Stent thrombosis after sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) implantation has been reported to occur at 6 hours to 26 months after the procedure and usually within 2 weeks after discontinuation of antiplatelet medication. However, there are very few reports of stent thrombosis after 2 years. We report 2 cases of very late stent thrombosis after implantation of a sirolimus-eluting stent presenting as acute myocardial infarction (AMI). These late thromboses occurred about 2 years after SES implantation and over 1.5 years after discontinuation of ticlopidine.     

Late stent thrombosis associated with coronary aneurysm formation after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation

Stent thrombosis is a rare but potentially fatal complication of coronary stent implantation. Its occurrence late after drug-eluting stent (DES) deployment has led to concerns regarding their long-term safety. We report a case of late stent thrombosis 26 months after sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) (Cypher, Cordis Corp., Miami, Florida) implantation. This was associated with marked positive vessel remodeling and coronary aneurysm formation involving the stented segment of the coronary artery. The patient was on dual antiplatelet therapy at the time.     

Very late stent fracture associated with a sirolimus-eluting stent

Late stent thrombosis (>1 year after implantation) is a recognised complication involving drug-eluting stents. Stent fracture is increasingly being reported as a complication of drug-eluting stent, and in particular sirolimus-eluting stent use. We report the case of very late sirolimus-eluting stent fracture resulting in an acute coronary syndrome. This case report highlights the need for greater awareness and post-marketing surveillance to detect a potential mechanism for late stent thrombosis in the drug-eluting stent era.     

Recurrence of late-acquired incomplete stent apposition following sirolimus-eluting stent implantation

Stent thrombosis has been recognized as a potentially critical complication in percutaneous coronary intervention. In the bare-metal stent era, stent thrombosis was considered to be an acute or subacute event, occurring within 1 month after stent implantation. Recently, late or very late stent thrombosis after drug-eluting stent implantation has been brought into focus; however, the mechanism underlying this potentially fatal event is largely unknown. We report a case of critical late thrombosis 2 years after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation. Detailed serial intravascular ultrasound analyses revealed that late-acquired incomplete stent apposition, accompanied by extensive positive vascular remodeling, was involved in the pathogenesis of the nearly fatal event described in this case.     

Very late stent thrombosis associated with multiple stent fractures and peri-stent aneurysm formation after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation.

Previous randomized trials have shown that drug-eluting stents (DES) are superior to bare-metal stents in reducing the need for target lesion revascularization, but safety issues with DES have recently been raised. We report a rare case of very late stent thrombosis 35 months after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation associated with delayed 5-segment stent fractures and peri-stent aneurysm formation.     

Simultaneous two-vessel very late stent thrombosis and coronary aneurysm formation after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation: an intravascular ultrasound evaluation

Very late stent thrombosis is a rare but devastating complication. Several factors are known to contribute to its occurrence, and are related to the patient, procedure, lesion and premature discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy. This report describes the case of a 49-year-old patient with simultaneous two-vessel stent thrombosis (left anterior descending and circumflex arteries) 24 months after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation. The importance of intravascular ultrasound is enhanced. The potential contributing factors to the stent thrombosis are analyzed.     

Very late stent thrombosis in late stent malapposition after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation

Late stent malapposition (LSM) has been demonstrated to be more common after drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation than after bare-metal stent (BMS) implantation. To date, this unusual intravascular ultrasonic finding after DES implantation, however, has not received enough attention, because previous studies suggested few adverse clinical sequelae from LSM. We present a case of angiographically-confirmed very late stent thrombosis (ST) in LSM after elective implantation of sirolimus-eluting stents. In this 32-year-old male patient, very late ST occurred at 29 months after DES implantation and at 20 months after the identification of LSM. Although this patient had received sufficient dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel for more than 1 year, he suffered from ST shortly after the discontinuation of clopidogrel. Thus, patients with LSM may pose a significant risk for very late ST after discontinuation of dual antiplatelet therapy. The findings suggest that dual antiplatelet therapy should be further prolonged in patients with LSM.     

Frequency of and risk factors for stent thrombosis after drug-eluting stent implantation during long-term follow-up

Despite concerns regarding the long-term safety of drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation because of late-onset stent thrombosis, the actual incidence of stent thrombosis after 1 year is unknown. We investigated the incidence, risk factors, and association of antiplatelet therapy interruption for the development of stent thrombosis after DES implantation during long-term follow-up. A total of 1,911 consecutive patients with DES implantation were enrolled (sirolimus-eluting stents in 1,545 patients, 2,045 lesions; paclitaxel-eluting stents in 366 patients, 563 lesions). During long-term follow-up (median 19.4 months, interquartile range 15.3 to 24.3), 15 patients (0.8%, 95% confidence interval 0.5% to 1.3%) developed stent thrombosis within 6 hours to 20.4 months. Eleven patients (0.6%, 95% confidence interval 0.3% to 1.0%) had late thrombosis (median 6.1 months). The incidence of stent thrombosis was 3.3% (4 of 121 patients) in patients with complete interruption of antiplatelet therapy (vs 0.6% in those without, p = 0.004) and 7.8% (5 of 64 patients) with premature interruption of aspirin or clopidogrel, or both (vs 0.5% in those without, p < 0.001). Independent predictors of stent thrombosis were premature antiplatelet therapy interruption, primary stenting in acute myocardial infarction, and total stent length. Stent thrombosis also developed while patients were on dual antiplatelet therapy (all patients with acute/subacute stent thrombosis and 36% of those with late stent thrombosis; 47% of total with stent thrombosis). In conclusion, stent thrombosis occurred in 0.8% after DES implantation during long-term follow-up. The incidence of late stent thrombosis was 0.6%, similar to that for bare metal stents. The predictors of stent thrombosis were premature antiplatelet therapy interruption, primary stenting in acute myocardial infarction, and total stent length.     

Late acute thrombosis after implantation of sirolimus-eluting stent to treat in-stent restenosis

Drug-eluting stents (DES) have significantly reduced the incidence of in-stent restenosis (ISR) compared to bare metal stents (BMS). However, recent randomized trials comparing DES with BMS reported few cases of late DES thrombosis. We report the case of late sirolimus-eluting stent thrombosis occurring 22 months after its elective implantation in a restenotic BMS and soon after the interruption of combined anti-platelet therapy with aspirin and Clopidogrel.     

Incidence of premature discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation

BACKGROUND: Antiplatelet therapy in patients with sirolimus-eluting stents (SES) may be stopped because of bleeding or an invasive procedure. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 254 patients with SES, the incidence of discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy and subsequent adverse cardiac events was evaluated. Follow-up was complete for 97.2% of the population and mean follow-up was 15.6+/-8.9 months. Discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy occurred for 46 patients (18.1%): 1 case of late stent thrombosis (2.2%) occurred 10 days after cessation of therapy because of pulmonary hemorrhage 7 months after SES deployment. CONCLUSION: Discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy in patients with SES is not infrequent.     

Late Drug-eluting Stent Thrombosis and Erythropoietin: Cause and Effect?

A case of late thrombosis of a sirolimus-eluting stent, 16 months after implantation, is described. Two weeks prior to presentation with stent thrombosis the patient had a 50% dose increase of longterm erythropoietin. The prothrombotic effect of erythropoietin may have precipitated the thrombotic event.     

Safety and efficacy of sirolimus-eluting stent implantation in patients with acute coronary syndrome in the real world

The use of drug-eluting stents in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), particularly those with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), is controversial owing to concerns about late adverse events. We evaluated the long-term safety of sirolimus-eluting stent implantation in patients with ACS. Of 10,778 patients treated exclusively with a sirolimus-eluting stent in the j-Cypher registry, the 3-year outcomes of 2,308 patients with ACS (953 patients with AMI) were compared to those of 8,470 patients without ACS. Compared to patients without ACS, the patients with ACS had a significantly greater adjusted risk of death or myocardial infarction (hazard ratio [HR] 1.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12 to 1.37, p <0.0001) and definite or probable stent thrombosis (HR 1.43, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.82, p = 0.006) within the first year after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation. However, after 1 year, patients with ACS no longer had a greater risk of death or myocardial infarction (HR 1.01, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.13, p = 0.87) and stent thrombosis (HR 1.32, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.86, p = 0.13). Of the patients with ACS, those with AMI had a greater risk of death or myocardial infarction (HR 1.33, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.6, p = 0.001) and stent thrombosis (HR 1.57, 95% CI 1.05 to 2.39, p = 0.03) than those with unstable angina pectoris within the first year. However, they had a similar risk of death or myocardial infarction (HR 1.00, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.22, p = 0.83) and stent thrombosis (HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.38 to 1.6, p = 0.59) after 1 year. The risk of late adverse events >1 year after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation was similar between those with and without ACS and between those with AMI and those with unstable angina pectoris.     

Late angiographic stent thrombosis after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation.

BACKGROUND: Although drug-eluting stents dramatically reduce revascularization after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), it is still unclear whether they increase the risk of stent thrombosis. Late stent thrombosis (>30 days) was a very rare complication after bare metal stent implantation. Four cases of confirmed late angiographic stent thrombosis (LAST) after sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) implantation are presented and the incidence, promoting factors and outcomes of such cases in Japan, where clopidogrel has not been approved, are described. METHODS AND RESULTS: Between September 2004 and March 2006, 725 patients underwent PCI with SES implantation and 679 patients (94%) were clinically followed up (median 271 days). There were 4 cases (0.6%) of LAST (at 60, 180, 215, and 508 days, respectively) after elective SES implantation resulting in myocardial infarction. Three cases occurred soon after antiplatelet therapy discontinuation 3 patients died after LAST events. The incidence of LAST was 0.6%. CONCLUSIONS: LAST is a rare complication, even after SES implantation, at least in patients with appropriate antiplatelet therapy. However, as it can lead to fatal complications, it must be taken into account, especially when antiplatelet therapy is discontinued.     

雷帕霉素洗脱支架冠状动脉造影随访结果分析

目的通过对接受雷帕霉素洗脱支架(sirolimus-eluting stent,SES)治疗的冠心病患者冠状动脉造影随访,观察其临床实际应用的效果。方法339例患者接受治疗,所有患者均接受了临床随访,165例患者于置入术后6~12个月行冠状动脉造影复查。结果冠状动脉造影随访时,支架近端边缘晚期管腔丢失显著高于支架内及支架远端边缘(0.17 mmvs0.08 mmvs0.09 mm),再狭窄率为9.7%,再血管化率4.84%,再狭窄以局限性狭窄为主。在339例患者中,有4例患者于支架置入后5天~4个月发生猝死。猝死发生率为1.18%。1例于支架置入后14天发生支架内亚急性血栓形成,发生率0.50%。晚期血栓形成1例(术后12个月),主要心血管不良事件为1.70%。结论对复杂的冠状动脉病变SES有较好的疗效,能显著降低支架后再狭窄,减少靶血管的再血管化率。     

In-stent restenosis and thrombosis 41 months after drug-eluting stent implantation

Evidence indicates that very late stent thrombosis (> 1 year) occurs more frequently in drug-eluting stents than in bare metal stents after discontinuation of clopidogrel. We present a case of an 83 year old man with an LAD in-stent thrombosis 41 months after stenting with a sirolimus-eluting stent in whom clopidogrel was discontinued after 6 months based on these days' guidelines. In-stent thrombus was aspirated and intracoronary ultrasound (ICUS) showed significant in-stent restenosis which had narrowed the minimal lumen diameter by 1 mm. The lesion was stented with a bare metal stent. The patient was discharged after recovery and had no recurrence of stent thrombosis in one month follow-up. We recommended indefinite dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel.     

Resolution of late sirolimus-eluting stent thrombosis after tirofiban treatment

A 40-year-old male patient was admitted to the hospital with acute chest pain. A sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) had been deployed to the circumflex artery (Cx) 3 years before. Now, inferior ST-segment elevations were observed and coronary angiography revealed stent thrombosis with distal TIMI 3 grade flow in the Cx. Tirofiban infusion was administered and the control angiography 2 days later revealed complete resolution of the thrombus. Stent thrombosis is a rare but usually poor prognostic event, frequently associated with large myocardial infarction (MI) or death. Very late drug-eluting stent (DES) thrombosis remains a major problem of interventional cardiology due to its high morbidity and mortality. We conclude that tirofiban may be an interesting candidate drug for treatment of very late stent thrombosis.     

Acute myocardial infarction as a consequence of stent fracture and plaque rupture after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation

Stent fracture (SF) is emerging as one of the leading causes of late cardiac events after sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) implantation. A 44-year old man was admitted with ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction 22 months after treatment with SES. SF was confirmed by fluoroscopy, intravascular ultrasound study (IVUS) and computerized tomographic study. IVUS demonstrated a soft, ruptured plaque at the site of the SF where the plaque was not covered by the stent strut. This case suggests that rupture of vulnerable plaque because of SF led to thrombosis and acute myocardial infarction.     

药物洗脱支架术后血栓致急性冠状动脉综合征病因分析及处理评价

目的:分析药物洗脱支架术(DES)后支架内血栓形成导致急性冠状动脉综合征的影响因素。方法:分析38例DES术后形成支架内血栓形成患者的临床特点、冠状动脉病变特点、手术相关资料及患者发生急性冠状动脉综合征后的临床表现,处理措施和预后情况。结果:患者冠状动脉造影显示病变特点比较复杂,其中B2/C型病变占到了71%,分叉病变、慢性完全闭塞(CTO)病变、弥散长病变以及小血管病变也占到了相当大的比例,反映了真实的临床情况;38例患者中52.6%表现为急性ST段抬高心肌梗死,29%的患者表现为急性非ST段抬高心肌梗死;支架内血栓中急性、亚急性血栓形成占63%,晚期及迟发晚期血栓形成占37%;绝大多数患者成功接受了再次血运重建治疗,其中有31.6%的患者死亡;2例患者血小板聚集率≥50%,发生率为8.3%;4例接受冠脉内超声(IVUS)检查的患者结果显示:支架近端贴壁不良1例,支架远端残余夹层1例,支架内膜增生不完全1例,支架两端动脉瘤形成1例。结论:DES术后支架内血栓形成与患者的冠状动脉病变复杂程度、术后抗血小板治疗不充分、支架贴壁不良、夹层形成、内膜增生不完全以及动脉瘤的发生等因素相关,支架内血栓形成(ST)后多数表现为ST段抬高心肌梗死(STEMI),尽管大部分能成功再次血运重建治疗,但死亡率仍然较高(31.6%)。     

Late restenosis following sirolimus-eluting stent implantation

Despite encouraging results from randomized trials, concerns exist about long-term results of sirolimus-eluting stent implantation. We sought to determine whether in-stent restenosis occurring >1 year ("late") after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation is a real clinical entity. We analyzed data on all sirolimus-eluting stents implanted in our institution before March 2003. During the study period 928 lesions in 433 patients were treated. Angiographic follow-up was performed in 306 patients (70.6%) with 679 lesions (73.2%). Angiography after 1 year was performed only in symptomatic patients. We considered restenosis "early" if it occurred during the first year and late if after 1 year. Late restenosis required demonstration of a widely patent stent at 6 to 9 months, with repeat angiography after 1 year demonstrating restenosis. Restenosis occurred in 160 lesions overall (23.5%). Of the 31 (4.6%) that were documented after 1 year, 13 were excluded from analysis due to absence of 6- to 9-month angiography; the remaining 18 (2.6%, 1.7 to 4.2) fulfilled our criteria for late restenosis (median time of documentation 607 days, interquartile range 511 to 923). In conclusion, late restenosis is an infrequent but real entity; its existence implies we should not discount the possibility of restenosis as the cause of symptoms that develop >1 year after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation.