手腕部痛风石手术治疗的临床效果

目的 观察和评价手腕部痛风石手术治疗的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析2000年8月-2005年3月收治的手腕部痛风石患者29例,病程时间为5～17年,平均[(11.0±5.7)年,(x)±s,下同].4例为单发非腕部病变,18例为多发非腕部病变,7例为多部位累及腕部病变;其中合并腕管综合征4例,合并感染、皮肤破溃3例.血尿酸浓度增高23例,正常6例.手术采用生理盐水反复冲洗、痛风石病灶清除、刮除植骨及关节融合等方法.术后服用丙磺舒、别嘌呤醇药物治疗.结果 手术部位共93处,平均(3.0±1.1)处/例.术后切口Ⅰ期愈合21例,延期愈合5例.术后随访时间为12～42个月,平均(15.0±6.3)个月.术后3个月无高尿酸血症者19例,另外10例平均血尿酸水平较术前下降51%;局部软组织及骨质破坏进程中断,疼痛消除21例,缓解8例;手功能改善23例,腕管综合征症状消失3例,缓解1例;6例指间关节融合者,1年后全部骨性融合.随访1年内痛风石复发,手术部位1例1处,非手术部位2例4处,无复发者26例88处(占89.8%).术前年均发作次数平均为(5.1±1.5)次,术后平均为(0.6±0.8)次,较术前明显减少.结论 手术治疗可及时阻断局部痛风的病理进程,减轻机体总尿酸负荷,改善手部外观,减少痛风急性发作次数,有利于提高患者的生活质量和改善手功能.     

Endoscopic resection of the gouty tophi of the first metatarsophalangeal joint

Gouty tophus of the first metatarsophalangeal joint can cause shoewear problem. It can ulcerate and lead to secondary infections. Wound complications are common after open resection of the tophus. We describe an endoscopic approach to resect the tophus in order to minimize the soft tissue complications.     

Arthroplasty of the hand and wrist

The historical perspectives of the wrist and its pathologies are discussed in light of developments made by the pioneers of hand surgery.     

Arteriography of the hand and wrist

Arteriography of the hand is a specialized area of angiography that has unfortunately received little attention from angiographers and surgeons. Proper attention to techniques and an awareness of the unique manifestations of disease in the upper extremity maximize the clinical benefit gained when hand arteriography is indicated.     

Splinting of the hand and wrist

Splints have a variety of uses in the hand and wrist including the treatment of both soft tissue and bony injuries. They are the mainstay of treatment of many hand and wrist conditions. A sound understanding of the underlying anatomy and biomechanical principles is essential to ensure good practice. Risks associated with their use have been discussed to enable clinicians to appropriately prescribe, design and apply splints.     

Arthrography of the hand and wrist

Arthrography of the wrist and hand is easy to perform, but accurate diagnosis requires meticulous technique and thorough knowledge of anatomy, pathology, and imaging principles. Wrist arthrography is usually performed to assess pain or instability after trauma; a complete examination usually requires injection of the RC, midcarpal, and distal radioulnar joints. Abnormalities that can be detected include interosseous ligament tears, capsular tears, triangular fibrocartilage perforations and separations, cartilaginous defects, loose bodies, and synovial abnormalities including adhesive capsulitis. Arthrography can also be useful in the evaluation of masses and scaphoid nonunion. Finger arthrography can demonstrate capsular injury, ligament tears, tendon derangement, volar plate disruption, cartilage abnormalities, fibrous ankylosis, synovial abnormalities, and ganglia. Tenography is seldom performed; this technique can delineate synovial abnormalities and can be used to evaluate tendon subluxation.     

痛风结石致腕管综合征一例

狭窄的腕管内有正中神经、9条屈肌腱和结缔组织,因此正中神经容易在腕管内受到压迫而发生直接损害或间接卡压,出现支配感觉异常和功能障碍,导致了腕管综合征. 近年来,痛风的发病率逐年增加,而痛风结石可能间接压迫正中神经引起腕管综合征.痛风结石造成的腕管综合征在国内较少见,且多为个案报道[1],临床上可能出现因认识不足而造成误诊或漏诊,对病人的治疗产生不良影响.     

Free-flap resurfacing of tissue defects in the foot due to large gouty tophi

Background: Large or extensive gouty tophi on the feet can cause functional impairment, drainage sinus, and infected necrosis, finally resulting in complex soft‐tissue defects with tendon, joint, bone, nerve, and vessel exposure. Reconstruction of complex soft‐tissue defects of the foot is still challenging. The purpose of this report was to review the outcomes of free‐flap reconstructive surgery for treating the metatarsal joint defects of the feet caused by chronic tophaceous gout. Methods: Ten patients who had large tophus masses (>5 cm) and ulceration on the feet were admitted to our hospital between September 2006 and September 2010. Six patients underwent free‐flap reconstruction after debridement to resurface the circumferential wound, protect the underlying structures, and provide a gliding surface for exposed tendons. The patients' age, sex, comorbidities, location and size of the defects, reconstructive procedures, surgical outcomes, complications, follow‐ups, and recurrence of tophaceous gout were reviewed and recorded. Results: The mean patient age was 49.8 years (range, 36–72 years). The average skin defect size was 92.2 cm². Five patients were treated using free anterolateral thigh flaps, and 1, using a free medial sural flap. These free flaps were safely raised and showed excellent functional and cosmetic results, with a mean follow‐up of 31.7 months (range, 7–50 months). Conclusion: Chronic tophaceous gout can cause severe skin infection and necrosis, even resulting in deformity or sepsis if left untreated. Surgical debridement is inevitable in patients with extensive wounds. We reconstructed the large, ulcerative skin and soft‐tissue defects on the dorsum of the foot by performing free‐flap reconstruction after adequate debridement and achieved good functional and cosmetic results. © C 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2011.     

Gout affecting the hand and wrist

Tophaceous gout in the hand and wrist often presents de novo as the first sign of the disease process in the elderly. Tophaceous material may present in a liquid, pasty, or chalky/granular state. Treatment may be as simple as aspirating the liquid or squeezing out pasty tophaceous material. Other nonsurgical treatment options include lifestyle and dietary modifications and drug therapy. Surgery is often indicated for the patient with significant tendon and joint compromise as well as skin breakdown and for decompression of compressive peripheral neuropathy.     

Computed tomography of the hand and wrist

CT plays a limited but distinct role in the evaluation of the hand and wrist. It is most useful in assessing bone and joint anatomy and has only a secondary role in soft tissue abnormalities. The clearest value of CT is in assessing trauma and post-traumatic complications, such as malunion, nonunion, or avascular necrosis, where careful attention to position and technique can yield important information not otherwise obtainable.     

Malignant tumors of the hand and wrist

Malignant tumors in the hand and wrist compose a wide variety of lesions involving skin, soft tissues, and bone. Although these lesions are found elsewhere in the body, many have unique characteristics at this anatomic location. Skin tumors predominate; the most common are squamous cell carcinomas, followed in frequency by basal cell carcinomas and malignant melanomas. Other soft-tissue malignancies are less common but may present more difficult diagnostic problems. They often appear as painless masses that sometimes have been present for months or even years and deceptively appear to be benign. A missed or delayed diagnosis of these tumors can have devastating consequences. Bone malignancies involve both primary lesions, of which chondrosarcomas are the most common, and metastatic lesions. Regardless of cell type, treatment of malignant tumors in the hand and wrist requires special considerations because of the important function of these structures. Orthopaedic surgeons should be familiar with the spectrum of these tumors, the work-up necessary to arrive at a precise diagnosis, and the treatment that will achieve the most favorable outcome.     

Surgical exposures of the wrist and hand

The neurovascular anatomy of the carpus and hand is complex. Therefore, precise exposures are required to avoid iatrogenic injury. In general, dorsal exposures are more forgiving than volar exposures because major neurovascular structures lie on the volar aspect of the hand and fingers; however, volar, ulnar, and radial approaches to the carpal bones are also commonly used. Exposure of the metacarpals and phalanges is relatively straightforward by comparison. Exposure of the carpus and hand is also complicated by the dense and often superficial innervation network. Therefore, a thorough knowledge of the pertinent anatomy is required for safe surgical approaches to the wrist and hand.     

Normal variants of the hand and wrist

There are many normal anatomic variations in the hand and wrist that simulate pathologic processes. Recognition of these entities is extremely important in avoiding errors of commission and diagnosing diseases that do not exist. Many of these entities are not bilaterally symmetrical. This article illustrates many of these troublesome variants.     

Infected fractures of the hand and wrist

Infected fractures of the hand and wrist are uncommon, occurring most often after open crushing injury in a contaminated environment. Fundamental principles of treatment include thorough debridement of necrotic material, appropriate antibiotic selection, and adequate stabilization of bone. Delayed reconstruction of bone and soft tissue is at times aided by the use of free tissue transfer.