胸腔内主动脉修复术后并发症及处理

胸腔内主动脉修复术(TEVAR)在各种胸主动脉疾病中的应用越来越多.虽然TEVAR比传统的开放手术侵入性小,但手术操作仍然较为复杂.该文主要介绍TEVAR术后的并发症,如脊髓损伤、脑血管意外、肾功能不全等,并提出相应的预防或处理方法.     

预开窗胸腔血管内修复术治疗胸主动脉病变的临床疗效

目的探讨预开窗胸腔血管内修复术(PF-TEVAR)在近端锚定区不足时左锁骨下动脉(LSA)的处理方法及疗效。方法选择2017年4月至2018年11月深圳市孙逸仙心血管医院,心血管外科收治近端锚定区不足的51例胸主动脉病变患者,所有患者均采取PF-TEVAR技术进行治疗,观察脑及上肢缺血并发症发生情况。术后评价支架有无内漏、移位和3分支显影情况等。结果 51例患者,术中对位失败1例(2.0%),围手术期内漏6例(11.8%),死亡1例(2.0%)。术后随访1～20个月,随访期间失访6例(11.8%),死亡1例(2.0%)。患者复查CT血管成像,主动脉覆膜支架形态良好,无支架移位,支架内血流通畅。LSA狭窄或闭塞5例。结论胸主动脉病变近端锚定区不足时,PF-TEVAR技术可延长锚定区并保持LSA通畅,拓展了胸主动脉病变腔内治疗的适应证。     

Vascular endostapling: new concept for endovascular fixation of aortic stent-grafts

Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility of a new vascular endostapling system in treating infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms using commercially available endografts. Methods: Eight patients (6 men; mean age 71 years, range 59-82) underwent endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) using Talent or Zenith stent-grafts and the Anson Refix clip, which provides transmural aortic fixation of the endoprosthesis with high pullout force proportional to the number of the clips deployed. Results: Twenty (69%) of the 29 endostaples were successfully implanted and secured with the endostaple system; 9 clips that did not fully penetrate the graft and tissue due to severe calcification of the neck were retracted successfully into the delivery device. The delivery time from insertion of the Refix delivery catheter to its withdrawal was a mean 57 minutes (range 20-102) over and above the regular stent-graft procedure. Notably, the delivery time was reduced as the learning curve was passed: mean 89.75 minutes in the first 4 cases versus 27.5 minutes in the last 4. No endostaple migrated or was lost from the intended deployment site based on radiological imaging. No patients had evidence of perioperative endoleak based on computed tomography. No endograft-related complications have been documented during follow-up at 30 days. Conclusion: The initial experience established the safety and feasibility of EVAR using the Anson Refix endostapling system. However, further clinical evaluation is mandatory to draw robust conclusions about the utility of this new concept for fixation of aortic stent-grafts.     

“两段式”覆膜支架置入术个性化治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层的效果

目的 探讨应用“两段式”覆膜支架置入术个性化治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层的可行性及临床效果.方法 回顾性分析2012年1月至2013年5月在北京安贞医院应用“两段式”覆膜支架置入术治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层的56例患者的临床资料.其中,急性期11例(19.5％),亚急性期37例(66.1％),慢性期8例(14.4％);病变累及范围在肾动脉水平以近22例(39.3％),在肾动脉水平以远34例(60.7％);病变长度为(226±13) mm.术中常规胸、腹主动脉造影,测量近端锚定区主动脉直径、远端锚定区真腔直径及两者之间的长度;“第1段”以近端锚定区为标准,常规置入支架;“第2段”以选定的远端锚定区为标准,顺序置入自主研发的大锥度覆膜支架,两枚支架重叠不少于30 mm.术中和术后观察介入治疗的效果和并发症.结果 患者均完成手术,置入支架长度为(197.6 ±20.3)mm,锥形跨度为(7.5 ± 1.8)mm,近端扩大率为(12.8±3.4)％,远端扩大率为(11.2±4.1)％,支架远端与主动脉走行的夹角为(2.3±1.3)°.随访(10.0±4.0)个月,主动脉CT血管成像显示支架近、远端主动脉直径及支架远端与主动脉走行的夹角与术中测量值差异无统计学意义(P均＞0.05),总体假腔血栓形成比例为98.2％(55/56),支架段假腔血栓形成比例为82.1％(46/56).发生并发症2例(3.6％),其中截瘫1例,远端支架贴附不良1例.结论 “两段式”覆膜支架置入术能够针对不同Stanford B型主动脉夹层病变特点,以远端锚定区为标准,制定个性化腔内修复治疗方案,方法可行,近期疗效满意.     

JOTEC E-vita覆膜支架在胸主动脉腔内治疗中的应用

目的：总结JOTEC E-vita覆膜支架在胸主动脉疾病腔内治疗中的应用经验.方法：自2009年2月至2012年9月,共有70例患者采用JOTEC E-vita覆膜支架行胸主动脉腔内治疗,男性67例,女性3例,年龄32～ 82岁,平均（57.3±10.8）岁.39例为Standford B型主动脉夹层,25例为主动脉穿通性溃疡并壁间血肿,2例为主动脉假性动脉瘤,4例为胸主动脉瘤.65例采用外科切开股动脉置入,5例为完全穿刺下置入.11例因近端锚定区不足覆盖左锁骨下动脉,其中9例采用“烟囱”技术.30例覆膜支架覆盖主动脉的长度＜230mm,定义为A组;40例覆膜支架覆盖主动脉长度≥230mm,定义为B组.术后1,3,6及12个月,之后每年均行主动脉CTA复查,观察有无内漏、病变是否隔绝完全.比较两组围手术期及随访期病死率、内漏发生率及围手术期均无脊髓缺血发生.结果：所有患者均成功的置入覆膜支架,技术成功率100％.除5例置入2枚覆膜支架外,其余均仅置入1枚覆膜支架,共置入75枚覆膜支架.支架锥形头撤除困难2例;支架打折12例;术后即刻内漏17例,内漏发生率为24.3％（17/70）.A、B两组患者围手术期均无脊髓缺血发生.随访2～40个月,随访期间病死率为1.43％ （1/70）,死因为再发Standford A型主动脉夹层.结论：长段胸主动脉病变,尤其是主动脉穿通性溃疡伴（或不伴）壁间血肿,为应用JOTEC E-vita覆膜支架的最佳适应症,并不增加脊髓缺血的发生率.     

胸主动脉腔内治疗相关的主动脉弓形态研究

目的 通过对主动脉弓CTA资料的回顾性研究,了解正常主动脉弓的解剖形态学特点,为腔内治疗技术以及人工血管和新型支架的设计建立解剖形态学基础。方法 2009年1月至2012年10月年符合入组标准的正常型主动脉弓CTA资料共217例,使用GE公司AW4．5工作站测量升主、弓上分支的直径及分支之间距离,运用统计学软件进行分析。结果 冠状动脉开口上2cm处主动脉直径：34.56±4.72 mm,分支动脉开口直径：无名动脉12.50±1.95 mm,左颈总动脉8.28±1.51 mm,左锁骨下动脉10.41±2.20 mm。主动脉弓横断面上无名动脉与左锁骨下动脉连线与矢状面的成角50.30±13.79°。无名动脉-左颈总动脉距离为4.39±2.49 mm,左颈总动脉-左锁骨下动脉距离为6.43±3.98 mm。主动脉直径在不同年龄中的差异有统计学意义,61岁以上年龄组主动脉直径明显大于18-40岁和41-60岁年龄组。结论 1.在主动脉进行腔内修复术时,应充分考虑主动脉直径在61岁以上有明显增大趋势来进行支架的选择。2.由于近端锚定区距离过小,涉及左锁骨下动脉的主动脉病变大部分是不可能通过简单地扩展胸主动脉腔内支架来成功处理。     

Aortic dissections: recent endovascular therapeutic advances and current indications

Dissection is one of the most serious diseases of the aorta if only because of its potential for rupture, but also for other complications which may be fatal. Replacement with a prosthesis remains the treatment of reference as an emergency for proximal dissection and as an elective procedure for selected cases of distal dissection with complications. Despite steady progress in ancillary management (distal perfusion, circulatory arrest, cardiac, neurological and visceral protection) the operation remains a very invasive procedure. Aortic endoprostheses represent the therapeutic innovation of the decade for the treatment of aortic aneurysms and their use could be extended to dissections, at least for the most distal forms and to patients at very high surgical risk.     

Short term outcome of thoracic endovascular aortic repair in patients with thoracic aortic diseases

Aim and background

Open surgical repair for thoracic aortic diseases is associated with a high perioperative mortality and morbidity. Most of type B aortic dissections are uncomplicated and are medically treated which carries a high mortality rate. Thoracic endovascular aortic repair is the first-line therapy for isolated aneurysms of the descending aorta and complicated type B aortic dissection. The aim of this study is to test the safety of early thoracic endovascular aortic repair in patients with uncomplicated type B aortic dissection and patients with thoracic aortic aneurysms.

经皮穿刺主动脉腔内隔绝术的应用研究简

目的 评估经皮穿刺股动脉路径,实施主动脉腔内隔绝术的可行性及安全性.方法 回顾性分析广东省人民医院2006年1月至2013年1月间所有DeBakeyⅢ型主动脉夹层行主动脉腔内隔绝术的患者的临床资料,按照穿刺股动脉方法不同,分为两组：传统外科手术分离并直视下穿刺组（A组）共201例;经皮穿刺组（B组）共407例.比较两组手术成功率;手术部位伤口处理时间;术中及术后并发症及术后住院时间等.结果 与A组相比,B组手术时间由（106±21）min缩短至（78±19）min,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.001）;伤口处理时间由（31±9）min缩短至（13＋5）min,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.001）;住院时间由（7±3）d减少到（5±2）d,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.001）;伤口并发症由12.9％减少为1.7％,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.001）.结论 主动脉腔内隔绝术采用经皮穿刺方法是安全可行的,对比传统方法有明显优势,值得临床推广.     

Management of thoracic aortic lesions--the future is endovascular

Open surgical repair of lesions of the descending thoracic aorta, such as aneurysm, dissection and traumatic rupture, has been the "state-of-the-art" treatment for many decades. However, in specialized cardiovascular centers, thoracic endovascular aortic repair and hybrid aortic procedures have been implemented as novel treatment options. The current clinical results show that these procedures can be performed with low morbidity and mortality rates. However, due to a lack of randomized trials, the level of reliability of these new treatment modalities remains a matter of discussion. Clinical decision-making is generally based on the experience of the vascular center as well as on individual factors, such as life expectancy, comorbidity, aneurysm aetiology, aortic diameter and morphology. This article will review and discuss recent publications of open surgical, hybrid thoracic aortic (in case of aortic arch involvement) and endovascular repair in complex pathologies of the descending thoracic aorta.     

In vitro evaluation of current thoracic aortic stent-grafts for real-time MR-guided placement.

PURPOSE: To systematically evaluate the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of current thoracic aortic stent-graft devices before, during, and after in vitro deployment as a step toward real-time MRI-guided stent placement. METHODS: Six stent-graft devices used for thoracic aortic repair were examined in a dedicated phantom model using a 1.5-T MRI scanner. First, the delivery systems with the mounted stent-graft were examined using real-time fast imaging with steady-state precession (TrueFISP) with Cartesian and radial k-space filling. TrueFISP imaging was subsequently used for real-time monitoring of stent-graft expansion. The deployed stent-grafts were then examined in a water bath containing gadolinium (1:40) with high-resolution T1-weighted 3D fast low-angle shot (FLASH) sequences. The images were analyzed for artifacts, radiofrequency caging effects, and device visualization quality. RESULTS: Three delivery systems with mounted stent-grafts did not contain ferromagnetic elements and were well visualized. Imaging with radial k-space filling showed fewer artifacts than Cartesian imaging. Movement of the delivery system and stent-graft expansion of these devices were successfully demonstrated at a rate of up to 6 frames per second. Evaluation of the expanded stent-grafts revealed only minor susceptibility artifacts without relevant signal attenuation in the stent-graft lumen for 5 nitinol-based stent-grafts. Only a stainless steel-based stent-graft was associated with severe artifacts, thwarting visualization of its lumen or surroundings. CONCLUSION: The present study shows that 3 nitinol-based thoracic stent-graft devices are potentially suited for real-time MRI-guided placement with respect to both the delivery system and the stent-graft itself. These observations provide the basis for the evaluation of MRI-guided stent-graft placement in vivo.     

Intravascular iliac artery lithotripsy to enable transfemoral thoracic endovascular aortic repair

Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) is performed with large‐bore delivery systems. Small‐size access vessels may be a contraindication for TEVAR, particularly in case of severe calcifications. In this case report, we describe the first‐in‐man use of intravascular lithotripsy to enable transfemoral delivery of TEVAR stent grafts in a patient with severely calcified iliac arteries. A 69‐year‐old female with multiple sclerosis and thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) was referred for percutaneous TEVAR. Both common iliac arteries were severely calcified with circumferential calcifications and a minimum diameter below 5.5 mm. In order to enable percutaneous delivery of 20 French Valiant Navion stent grafts (Medtronic), the circumferential calcified plaques were treated by use of a Shockwave? Peripheral Intravascular Lithotripsy Balloon (Shockwave Medical Inc.). Subsequently, the aortic stent grafts were safely and successfully passed through the iliofemoral artery and the TAA was excluded by TEVAR. Final angiography showed normal flow in the iliofemoral artery without any signs of perforation or overt dissection. This case report demonstrates successful application of intravascular lithotripsy in calcified iliofemoral arteries enabling percutaneous transfemoral TEVAR. If confirmed in future cases and trials, indications for transfemoral TEVAR may further expand toward patients with severely calcified peripheral arterial disease.     

主动脉夹层覆膜支架腔内修复术围术期并发症分析

目的探讨主动脉夹层覆膜支架腔内修复术并发症的特点及预防处理措施。方法2001年6月至2005年5月,在我院行覆膜支架腔内修复治疗主动脉夹层78例。男性71例,女性7例,平均年龄52.7±12.3岁(31~80岁),DeBakeyⅢ型76例,DeBakeyⅠ型2例。分析术中及术后30 d内并发症的特点。结果78例患者共发生并发症15例,包括升主动脉夹层3例,发生率3.8%(3/78),分别在术中、术后第1天、第7天时发生,其中2例死于夹层破裂,心包填塞;急性肾衰2例,发生率2.6%(2/78),其中死亡1例;支架近端内漏5例,发生率6.4%(5/78);术中脑梗塞1例,发生率1.3%(1/78);术后脑出血1例,发生率1.3%(1/78),死亡;股动脉损伤1例,发生率1.3%(1/78);肱动脉假性动脉瘤、左上肢一过性缺血各1例。其中术后死亡4例,死亡率为5.1%(4/78)。结论主动脉夹层腔内修复术严重并发症发生率较高,应予以充分的重视。     

影响血管腔内隔绝术治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层预后的因素分析

目的 探讨影响血管腔内隔绝术治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层预后的危险因素.方法 2008年1月至2011年9月在我院行覆膜支架血管腔内隔绝治疗的Stanford B型主动脉夹层患者292例,按腔内隔绝术后1周内是否发生并发症分为并发症组（81例）及无并发症组（211例）,术后半年、1年、2年随访,观察患者近、中期全因死亡.结果 292例均获临床成功,院内总死亡率1.7％.并发症组院内死亡率为6.3％,无并发症组院内死亡率为0,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P=0.002）.平均随访23个月,失访4例,随访期内总死亡率为5.6％,并发症组与无并发症死亡率分别为10.3％和3.8％,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P=0.003）.在多变量COX回归模型中,术前升主动脉最大直径（HR=3.651,95％CI 1.304～10.220,P=0.014）和降主动脉最大直径（HR=1.528,95％ CI 1.237～1.886,P=0.001）为患者2年内全因死亡的独立危险因素.结论 血管腔内隔绝术治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层术后围手术期并发症可能导致患者近中期死亡风险增加.术前升主动脉最大直径及降主动脉直径是Stanford B型主动脉夹层腔内隔绝术后近中期死亡的独立危险因素.     

Underlying aortic pathology and clinical health status determine success of endovascular stent-grafting for descending thoracic aortic disease.

Despite advances in medical and surgical treatment, acute as well as chronic diseases of the thoracic aorta are still associated with a high mortality. For the descending thoracic aorta, endovascular stent-graft placement competes with surgical therapy for clinical outcome. From July 1999 till December 2004, a total of 84 patients (64 +/- 14 years) with aortic disease of the descending thoracic aorta were treated. Nine patients had acute (AAD) and 35 chronic aortic dissection (AD), 16 had thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAA), 21 had penetrating aortic ulcer (PAU), and 3 patients had traumatic dissection (trans). Initial clinical status was assessed using the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification. Fifty-three patients were in class 2, 16 in class 3, 8 in class 4, and 7 in class 5. Stent-graft placement was performed in the cardiac catheterization laboratory with the patient under general anesthesia. Technical success was obtained in 81/84 patients (96%). Within 30 days, seven patients (8%) died, four of them due to aortic rupture. In 14 patients, additional stent-grafts had to be implanted due to type I endovascular leakage (n = 5) or additional entry site adding up to a total of 107 implanted stent-grafts. During a follow-up period of 21 +/- 18 months, 17 additional patients died (22%). In 10 patients, death was disease- or procedure-related (13%). This long-term mortality depended on the underlying disease and was highest in the group with TAA (45%) followed by AAD (38%) and AD (18%). Patients in ASA class 4 and 5 had a significantly worse outcome. No aortic-related death occurred among patients with PAU or traumatic transsections. Overall, there was only one transient neurological deficit. Endovascular stent-graft placement has acceptable results in the treatment of patients with disease of the descending thoracic aorta. The outcome strongly depends on the underlying aortic pathology and the clinical health status of the patients. Randomized trials are necessary in order to establish the exact value of this new therapeutic option.     

Imaging of thoracic aortic disease

Computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and transesophageal echocardiography represent the relatively noninvasive techniques available for imaging thoracic aortic disease, especially in the evaluation of aneurysms and dissections. The article discusses the technique and application of these modalities in the evaluation of thoracic aorta. Imaging appearances of the commonly encountered pathologies of the thoracic aorta are presented and discussed, and potential pitfalls of technique and diagnosis are addressed.