大鼠二次脑损伤后脑内c-fos基因表达和血浆β-内啡肽的变化及意义

目的 探讨脑内c-fos基因表达及血浆β-内啡肽的变化在二次脑损伤（SBI）中的作用。方法 125只雄性SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、假手术组、脑缺血组、颅脑损伤组和SBI组。分别采用免疫组化及放免分析测定大鼠脑内c-fos蛋白与血浆β-EP的含量，并对脑组织进行病理学观察。结果 SBI组c-fos基因表达分别于伤后3h、24h出现两个高峰．伤后3～48hc-fos基因表达均明显高于颅脑损伤组及脑缺血组（P〈0．05）。SBI组大鼠血浆β-EP水平在伤后1h达高峰，至伤后48h仍未恢复正常（P〈0．05），伤后各时间点均明显高于颅脑损伤组和脑缺血组（P〈0．05）。在伤后12hSBI组脑含水量达高峰；伤后3～48h明显高于颅脑损伤组及脑缺血组（P〈0．05）。伤后648hSBI组神经元损伤数目明显高于颅脑损伤组及脑缺血组（P〈0．05）。结论 伤后大鼠脑内c-fos基因表达增加、血浆β-EP水平明显升高参与了SBI后病理生理过程，提示两者同SBI发展密切相关。     

大鼠脑缺血区皮层XIAP表达的动态变化及其意义

目的观察大鼠脑缺血区皮层XIAP表达的动态变化,探讨其在缺血后抗神经元凋亡过程中的可能机制。方法采用RT-PCR,免疫组化和western blot等方法分别从mRNA和蛋白水平测定脑缺血区皮层不同时间点XIAP表达的变化。结果XIAP转录水平和蛋白表达的改变呈时间依赖性;RT-PCR显示模型组大鼠在脑缺血后3h就有XIAP mRNA转录水平的明显上调,持续至24h后逐渐下降;免疫组化和western blot显示在脑缺血后6h有XIAP蛋白表达的增加,12h时XIAP蛋白表达至高峰（P〈0．01）,48h基本恢复至缺血前水平。结论XIAP在脑缺血过程中可能具有抗凋亡作用。     

大鼠脑缺血再灌注后不同时间段中枢组织 ACTH样蛋白表达变化

目的采用免疫细胞化学技术,探讨大鼠脑缺血再灌注后不同时期中枢几个重要脑区促肾上腺皮质激素样阳性免疫物的表达变化。方法雄性Wistar大鼠70只,随机分成正常对照组、假手术对照组、脑缺血再灌注组。以颈动脉引流法行全脑缺血再灌注造模,术后分6h、24h、72h三个时间段取脑,脑组织恒冷箱连续冠状切片,免疫细胞化学ABC反应,图像分析系统行顶皮质1区、下丘脑室旁核、丘脑室旁核、海马CAl区促肾上腺皮质激素样阳性免疫面积、平均吸光度检测。结果镜下观察,促肾上腺皮质激素样阳性免疫物呈深棕色,深染胞核广泛分布于中枢皮质、海马、丘脑及下丘脑等各脑区,核仁清晰可辩。在丘脑及下丘脑区域散在分布有“串珠”状阳性纤维。图像分析结果显示,假手术对照组、脑缺血再灌注组两组阳性免疫面积和平均吸光度值呈同步变化。从术后6h开始,假手术对照组、脑缺血再灌注组两组均较正常对照组显著升高,术后24h达高峰(P<0.05),然后逐渐回落。在三个不同时间段,三组间均存在显著差异(P<0.05),术后6h及24h脑缺血再灌注组>假手术对照组>正常对照组;术后72h假手术对照组>正常对照组>脑缺血再灌注组。结论在脑缺血再灌注不同时间段,中枢神经元促肾上腺皮质激素样阳性免疫物表达呈现明显的时间规律;促肾上腺皮质激素可能在神经元功能调控、中枢内环境控制及脑缺血再灌注损伤过程中发挥重要作用。     

Effects of pentobarbital and ketamine on brain injury-induced anti-ischemic activity

Survival rates following incomplete brain ischemia induced during pentobarbital anesthesia were significantly higher in mice with a minor brain injury, inflicted one week before, than in those given a sham operation. Improvement of the survival rates in mice with brain injury, however, became insignificant when brain ischemia was imposed during ketamine anesthesia, suggesting that the actions of certain factors or protective mechanisms against brain ischemia, developed by brain injury, are antagonized by ketamine and/or potentiated by barbiturate anesthesia.     

高原大鼠颅脑损伤局部脑组织氧分压变化特点

目的建立模拟高原条件下大鼠开放性颅脑损伤的实验模型,探讨模拟高原颅脑战伤伤情特点,为高原颅脑战伤救治提供实验依据.方法通过民用射钉枪射击建立大鼠开放性颅脑损伤的模型;通过低压氧舱模拟高原条件,并与正常平原环境条件下对照,观察模型的伤情特点;应用LICOX CMP组织氧监测仪进行局部脑组织氧分压动态监测.结果本实验条件下所制备的大鼠开放性颅脑损伤模型,伤情稳定,可重复性好;局部脑组织氧分压于伤后1 h开始明显下降,在伤后24～48 h下降到最低,之后开始恢复;高原对照组与平原对照组相比,局部脑组织氧分压无明显差异,在伤后1 h仍无明显差异,在伤后6～72 h高原组则明显低于平原组.结论通过民用射钉枪射击致伤,并结合低压氧舱持续减压,可以成功建立模拟高原条件下大鼠低速低能投射物所致的开放性颅脑损伤模型;与平原对照组相比,高原缺氧对照组大鼠局部脑组织氧分压无明显变化,但模拟高原条件下开放性颅脑损伤伤后伤区局部脑组织缺氧下降更为严重、持续时间更长,表明局部脑组织氧分压监测能较好地反映颅脑损伤后缺血缺氧状态,尤其在高原缺氧环境下更具有特殊重要意义.     

吗啡预处理与脑缺血再灌注损伤后细胞凋亡：抑制效应的途径？

[摘要] 背景：大量研究已经证明凋亡是脑缺血再灌注损伤后神经元损伤的重要形式,且这一过程可以人为干预以改善预后。药物预处理对缺血再灌注损伤后神经元凋亡的影响是脑缺血研究的热点。吗啡是临床常用药,几项研究显示其对某种形式的脑损伤有保护作用,但吗啡预处理对脑缺血再灌注损伤后神经元凋亡的影响尚未见报道。 目的: 探讨吗啡预处理对大鼠全脑缺血再灌注损伤后神经元凋亡及相关基因表达的影响。 设计、时间及地点：2008年6月-2009年8月在青岛大学医学院脑血管病研究所完成分子生物学水平的随机对照实验。 材料：神经元凋亡及免疫组化检测试剂盒均由武汉博士德公司提供 方法: 健康雄性成年Wistar大鼠72只,随机分成4组：假手术组;脑缺血/再灌注组;吗啡预处理1mg/kg组;吗啡预处理7mg/kg组,18只/组。依再灌注时间不同,各组又分为再灌注1d、3d、7d 三个亚组,6只/亚组。以Pusinelli方法为标准建立四动脉阻断法全脑缺血模型,假手术组仅暴露第一颈椎双侧翼孔和双侧颈总动脉而不烧灼,不夹闭动脉;脑缺血组缺血前60min腹腔注射生理盐水2mg/kg;吗啡预处理1mg/kg组及吗啡预处理7mg/kg组分别在脑缺血前60min腹腔内注射吗啡1mg/kg及7mg/kg。在脑缺血8分钟后恢复血流,再灌注1d、3d、7d后断头取脑制作石蜡切片。 主要观察指标： HE染色观察海马CA1区组织病理学改变,TUNEL法检测海马CA1区神经元凋亡,免疫组化检测海马CA1区Casepase-3蛋白表达。 结果：HE染色：假手术组海马CA1区神经元结构正常;脑缺血组则出现大量的肿胀、核固缩及胞浆空泡样变异常细胞并神经元数量显著减少;吗啡预处理组细胞肿胀、核皱缩及细胞缺失的病理学改变显著轻于脑缺血再灌注组。凋亡细胞计数：与假手术组比较,缺血组和吗啡预处理组海马CA1区神经元凋亡数明显增加(P<0.01) ;与缺血再灌注组比较, 吗啡预处理组神经元的凋亡数明显减少(P<0.01);与吗啡预处理1mg/kg组比较,吗啡预处理7mg/kg组神经元凋亡数显著降低(P< 0.05 或P< 0.01)。Casepase-3蛋白表达：缺血组和吗啡预处理组Casepase-3表达明显高于假手术组(P<0.01);吗啡预处理组Casepase-3表达显著低于缺血再灌注组(P<0.01);吗啡预处理7mg/kg组Casepase-3表达明显低于吗啡预处理1mg/kg组(P< 0.05 )。应用吗啡后,在1d、3d、7d三个时点,神经元凋亡的减少趋势与Casepase-3降低的趋势一致。 结论： 吗啡预处理可减轻缺血性脑损伤,提高脑缺血耐受性,且大剂量吗啡效果优于小剂量;吗啡抗凋亡作用机制与Casepase-3密切有关。     

大鼠局灶性脑缺血后神经前体细胞增殖迁移的研究

目的研究成年大鼠内源性神经前体细胞在局灶性脑缺血后不同时间窗的增殖分化情况。方法用Longa线栓法制作大鼠脑缺血模型，用免疫组化的方法检测大鼠内源性神经前体细胞最佳增殖时间及最大增殖效果：j结果脑缺血半球室管膜下区、嗅球和头端迁徙渠道(rostral migratory stream，RMS)Brdu阳性细胞数在脑缺血后1d明显增多，3～7d达高峰，14d后开始下降；Brdu阳性细胞数在脑缺血半球室管膜下区和嗅球成止相关；脯缺血侧海马齿状回未见Brdu阳性细胞数明显增多；Brdu阳性细胞在脑缺血缸后第3周数量最大，从第4周开始下降。结论成年大鼠局灶性脑缺血后3～7d内源性神经前体细胞增殖达高峰，住该期进行外源性细胞移植治疗可能更有效。     

动员自体骨髓干细胞对大鼠脑缺血／再灌注损伤及细胞凋亡的影响

目的 探讨应用G-CSF动员自体骨髓干细胞对大鼠脑缺血／再灌注损伤及细胞凋亡的影响。方法 应用线栓法制备大鼠局灶性大脑中动脉栓塞／再灌注(MCAO／R)模型，应用粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-GSF)刺激自体骨髓干细胞分裂增殖，并用5-溴脱氧尿核苷(Brdu)标记。观察大鼠神经病学评分，HE染色和免疫组化检测脑缺血区病理改变及CD34和Brdu阳性细胞，原位末端标记法(TUNEL法)观察细胞凋亡。结果 模型动员组大鼠脑缺血／再灌注后24h，大量炎症细胞浸润。再灌注后48h，缺血区可见CD34和Brdu阳性细胞；72h后CD34阳性细胞消失，而Brdu阳性细胞持续存在；模型未动员组缺血区无CD34和很少Brdu阳性细胞表达。48h缺血区新生毛细血管密度明显高于对照组。再灌注后24h细胞凋亡显著，1周时达高峰；与模型非动员组比较，模型动员组48h后细胞凋亡改善明显。结论 自体骨髓干细胞经G-CSF动员后可向大鼠脑缺血区趋化并可分化为神经元前体细胞，显著促进脑缺血区血管再生，降低脑神经功能评分，降低细胞凋亡率。     

Constructing robust selves after brain injury: positive identity work among members of a female self-help group

Despite common experiences of identity damage, decline, and deterioration, many brain injury survivors succeed in reconstructing robust identities in the wake of injury. Yet, while this accomplishment greatly benefits survivors’ quality of life, little is known about how positive identity work might be facilitated or enhanced in therapeutic institutions. Drawing on data from a women’s self-help group, we argue that an egalitarian, reflective, strength-focused, and gender-segregated environment can provide female ABI (acquired brain injury) survivors with a fertile scene for identity enhancement and offer unique opportunities for collective identity development. Sociolinguistic interactional analysis revealed four types of positive identity work undertaken within the group: constructing competent selves; tempering the threat of loss and impairment; resisting infantilisation and delegitimisation; and asserting a collective gender identity. This identity work was facilitated by specific programme attributes and activities and contributed to the global project of decentring disability and destigmatising impairments and losses. We call for increased attention to identity issues in brain injury rehabilitation and argue that gender-segregated programming can provide a unique space for female survivors to construct empowering individual and collective identities after injury.     

Delayed post-treatment with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells is neurorestorative of striatal medium-spiny projection neurons and improves motor function after neonatal rat hypoxia–ischemia

Perinatal hypoxia–ischemia is a major cause of striatal injury and may lead to cerebral palsy. This study investigated whether delayed administration of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), at one week after neonatal rat hypoxia–ischemia, was neurorestorative of striatal medium-spiny projection neurons and improved motor function. The effect of a subcutaneous injection of a high-dose, or a low-dose, of MSCs was investigated in stereological studies. Postnatal day (PN) 7 pups were subjected to hypoxia–ischemia. At PN14, pups received treatment with either MSCs or diluent. A subset of high-dose pups, and their diluent control pups, were also injected intraperitoneally with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), every 24 h, on PN15, PN16 and PN17. This permitted tracking of the migration and survival of neuroblasts originating from the subventricular zone into the adjacent injured striatum. Pups were euthanized on PN21 and the absolute number of striatal medium-spiny projection neurons was measured after immunostaining for DARPP-32 (dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein-32), double immunostaining for BrdU and DARPP-32, and after cresyl violet staining alone. The absolute number of striatal immunostained calretinin interneurons was also measured. There was a statistically significant increase in the absolute number of DARPP-32-positive, BrdU/DARPP-32-positive, and cresyl violet-stained striatal medium-spiny projection neurons, and fewer striatal calretinin interneurons, in the high-dose mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) group compared to their diluent counterparts. A high-dose of MSCs restored the absolute number of these neurons to normal uninjured levels, when compared with previous stereological data on the absolute number of cresyl violet-stained striatal medium-spiny projection neurons in the normal uninjured brain. For the low-dose experiment, in which cresyl violet-stained striatal medium-spiny neurons alone were measured, there was a lower statistically significant increase in their absolute number in the MSC group compared to their diluent controls. Investigation of behavior in another cohort of animals showed that delayed administration of a high-dose of bone marrow-derived MSCs, at one week after neonatal rat hypoxia–ischemia, improved motor function on the cylinder test. Thus, delayed therapy with a high- or low-dose of adult MSCs, at one week after injury, is effective in restoring the loss of striatal medium-spiny projection neurons after neonatal rat hypoxia–ischemia and a high-dose of MSCs improved motor function.     

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression and blood brain barrier permeability in the rat brain after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury

BACKGROUND: The integrity of the blood brain barrier (BBB) plays an important role in the patho-physiological process of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. It has been recently observed that metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is closely related to cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injuryOBJECTIVE: This study was designed to observe MMP-9 expression in the rat brain after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury and to investigate its correlation to BBB permeability.DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: This study, a randomized controlled animal experiment, was performed at the Institute of Neurobiology, Central South University between September 2005 and March 2006.MATERIALS: Ninety healthy male SD rats, aged 3-4 months, weighing 200-280g, were used in the present study. Rabbit anti-rat MMP-9 polyclonal antibody (Boster, Wuhan, China) and Evans blue (Sigma, USA) were also used.METHODS: All rats were randomly divided into 9 groups with 10 rats in each group: normal control group, sham-operated group, and ischemia for 2 hours followed by reperfusion for 3,6,12 hours, 1,2,4 and 7 days groups. In the ischemia/reperfusion groups, rats were subjected to ischemia/reperfusion injury by suture occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery. In the sham-operated group, rats were merely subjected to vessel dissociation. In the normal control group, rats were not modeled.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: BBB permeability was assessed by determining the level of effusion of Evans blue. MMP-9 expression was detected by an immunohistochemical method.RESULTS: All 90 rats were included in the final analysis. BBB permeability alteration was closely correlated to ischemia/reperfusion time. BBB permeability began to increase at ischemia/reperfusion for 3 hours, then it gradually reached a peak level at ischemia/reperfusion for 1 day, and thereafter it gradually decreased. MMP-9 expression began to increase at ischemia/reperfusion for 3 hours, then gradually reached its peak level 2 days after perfusion, and thereafter it gradually decreased.CONCLUSION: MMP-9 expression increases in rat brain tissue after focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, which correlates with increased permeability of the BBB.     

Post-insult minocycline treatment attenuates hypoxia-ischemia-induced neuroinflammation and white matter injury in the neonatal rat: a comparison of two different dose regimens

An increase in the number of activated microglia in the brain is a key feature of neuroinflammation after a hypoxic–ischemic insult to the preterm neonate and can contribute to white matter injury in the brain. Minocycline is a potent inhibitor of microglia and may have a role as a neuroprotective agent that ameliorates brain injury after hypoxia–ischemia in neonatal animal models. However to date large doses, pre-insult administration and short periods of treatment after hypoxia–ischemia have mostly been investigated in animal models making it difficult to translate minocycline's potential applicability to protect the human preterm neonatal brain exposed to hypoxia–ischemia. We investigated whether repeated doses of minocycline can minimize white matter injury and neuroinflammation one week after hypoxia–ischemia (right carotid artery ligation and 30 min 6% O₂) in the post-natal day 3 rat pup. Two dosage regimens of minocycline were administered for one week; a high dose of 45 mg/kg 2 h after hypoxia–ischemia then 22.5 mg/kg daily or a low dose 22.5 mg/kg 2 h after hypoxia–ischemia then 10 mg/kg. Post-natal day 3 hypoxia–ischemia significantly reduced myelin content, numbers of O1- and O4-positive oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and increased activated microglia one week later on post-natal day 10. The low dose minocycline regimen was as effective as the high dose in ameliorating neuroinflammation after post-natal day 3 hypoxia–ischemia. However only the high dose regimen significantly attenuated reductions in O1- and O4-positive oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and myelin content. The low dose only significantly attenuated the reduction in O1-positive oligodendrocyte cell counts. Repeated, daily, post-insult treatment with minocycline abolished neuroinflammation and may provide neuroprotection to white matter for up to one week after hypoxia–ischemia in a rodent preterm model. The present findings suggest the potential clinical relevance of a repeated, daily minocycline treatment strategy, administered after a hypoxia–ischemia insult, as a therapeutic intervention for hypoxia–ischemia-affected preterm neonates.     

大鼠液压脑损伤后皮层微血管改变与脑水肿的关系

目的探讨大鼠液压脑损伤后皮层微血管损伤情况及其与伤后脑水肿的关系。方法成年SD大鼠30只,随机分为正常组（n=6）、假手术组（n：6）、损伤组（n=18）,其中损伤组分为伤后6h、24h、72h三亚组,每亚组6只。利用液压冲击法建立大鼠颅脑损伤模型,显微镜下观察直接损伤侧和非直接损伤侧皮层微血管损伤隋况,CD34标记血管内皮细胞评价血管密度改变,干湿重法检测脑组织含水量的变化。结果大鼠皮层微血管损伤后6h可见血管支行迂曲、扩张、充血,伤后24h可见少量血栓形成,损伤后72h可见有较多血栓形成。损伤组CD34阳性细胞数明显低于假手术组和对照组（P〈0．05）,而脑组织含水量明显高于假手术组和对照组（P〈0．05）,而后两组无统计学差异（P〉O．05）。损伤组直接损伤侧皮层微血管损伤较非直接损伤组严重,而且伤后24h较伤后6、72h严重。结论颅脑损伤后脑微血管损伤为全脑性血管损伤,这可能是伤后脑水肿形成的机制之一。     

急性局灶性脑挫裂伤后大鼠血脑屏障改变的实验研究

目的:研究急性局灶性脑挫裂伤后大鼠血脑屏障的改变及对脑水肿的影响。方法:采用Feeney's自由落体撞击法建立急性局灶性脑挫裂伤模型。每组6只测量伤侧脑组织伊文思蓝(Evans Blue,EB)含量、脑组织含水量。每组3只电镜观察微血管内皮细胞超微结构改变。结果:急性局灶性脑挫裂伤后24h脑组织含水量为(79.79±0.83)%,与正常对照组(78.68±0.63)%相比有明显差异(P<0.01),脑损伤后6h脑组织中EB含量为(362.12±28.16)ug/g,与正常对照组(11.89±2.28)ug/g相比有明显差异(P<0.01);脑损伤后30min,微血管内皮细胞有轻度受损迹象,伤后3h毛细血管腔内有微绒毛形成,伤后6h微绒毛增多,伤后24~72h毛细血管腔明显狭窄。结论:脑含水量的变化与脑组织中EB含量变化不同步,BBB的开放先于脑水肿的形成。BBB的开放与微血管的机械性损伤、内皮细胞吞饮小泡增加、内皮细胞紧密连接中断有关,也与早期缺血、缺氧关系密切。     

Neural systemic impairment from whole‐body vibration

Insidious brain microinjury from motor vehicle‐induced whole‐body vibration (WBV) has not yet been investigated. For a long time we have believed that WBV would cause cumulative brain microinjury and impair cerebral function, which suggests an important risk factor for motor vehicle accidents and secondary cerebral vascular diseases. Fifty‐six Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into seven groups (n = 8): 1) 2‐week normal control group, 2) 2‐week sham control group (restrained in the tube without vibration), 3) 2‐week vibration group (exposed to whole‐body vibration at 30 Hz and 0.5g acceleration for 4 hr/day, 5 days/week, for 2 weeks), 4) 4‐week sham control group, 5) 4‐week vibration group, 6) 8‐week sham control group, and 7) 8‐week vibration group. At the end point, all rats were evaluated in behavior, physiological, and brain histopathological studies. The cerebral injury from WBV is a cumulative process starting with vasospasm squeezing of the endothelial cells, followed by constriction of the cerebral arteries. After the 4‐week vibration, brain neuron apoptosis started. After the 8‐week vibration, vacuoles increased further in the brain arteries. Brain capillary walls thickened, mean neuron size was obviously reduced, neuron necrosis became prominent, and wide‐ranging chronic cerebral edema was seen. These pathological findings are strongly correlated with neural functional impairments. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The neuroprotective effect of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in fibrin glue against chronic focal cerebral ischemia in conscious rats

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a transforming growth factor-beta which has shown beneficial effects in rats after acute focal cerebral ischemia (FCI). To study the effects of GDNF on chronic FCI injury in conscious rats, we used fibrin glue (GDNF-fibrin glue) and fibrin glue free (GDNF-only)-GDNF topically applied to the ischemic brain after right middle cerebral artery (MCA) ligation. Infarct brain volume and functional motor deficits were measured before and after FCI injury. After FCI injury induced by right MCA ligation, rats were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: (a) sham, (b) control, (c) topically applied GDNF (1 mug)-only, and (d) topically applied GDNF (1 mug)-fibrin glue. The degree of ischemic brain injury was estimated by infarct volume of right MCA territory at 4 weeks after occlusion. The functional motor deficits were quantified with rotarod test and grasping power test once a week. Topically applied GDNF-fibrin glue at infarct brain tissue after 4 weeks FCI injury significantly reduced the total infarct volume by 44.3% and 36%, respectively, compared to that of control group and GDNF-only group. The mean latencies for rats to stay on the rotarod were 55.0%, 50.3%, and 92.2% (P < 0.05 vs. control group and GDNF-only group) of baseline, respectively, in the control, GDNF-only, and GDNF-fibrin glue groups at the end of the 1st week after FCI injury but 75.3%, 67.3%, and 106.6% (P < 0.05 vs. control group and GDNF-only group) of baseline at the end of the 4th week after FCI injury. The mean values of grasping power were 78.7%, 71.7%, and 101.2% (P < 0.05 vs. control group and GDNF-only group) of baseline, respectively, in the control, GDNF-only, and GDNF-fibrin glue groups at the end of 1st week after FCI injury but 89.6%, 97.6%, and 120.7% (P < 0.05 vs. control group) of baseline at the end of 4th week after FCI injury. These results indicate that GDNF-fibrin glue not only reduced the total infarct volume after FCI injury but can also improve motor deficits after FCI injury. We concluded GDNF-fibrin glue could facilitate delivery of GDNF to the damaged brain tissue with subsequent reduction of ischemic brain injury accompanied by enhancing functional recovery in rats with chronic FCI injury.     

脑缺血再灌注心肌损伤老龄大鼠神经肽的变化

目的 从内皮素（ET）,降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP）,神经肽Y（NPY）,神经降压素（NT（的变化方面研究老龄大鼠脑缺血再灌注心肌损伤的机制。方法 青年（5月龄）和老龄（20月龄以上（大鼠均为分为模型组和正常对照组,观察大鼠全脑缺血30min 再灌注60 min后心肌组织病理形态和血浆,脑组织中ET,CGRP,NPY含量。结果 脑缺血再灌注心肌组织出现明显的病理改变,老龄大鼠较青年大鼠严重,青年对照组和青年模型组,老龄对照组脑组织中NPY低于青年对照组和老龄西药组,结论 脑缺血再灌注心肌损伤与以ET占优势的CGRP与ET的平衡失调有关,由于老龄大鼠ET与CGRP间平衡失调和NPY的增龄变化使脑缺血再灌注后这些病理改变较青年大鼠更为明显。     

脑缺血再灌注后线粒体氧化应激损伤的动态变化

目的探讨脑缺血再灌注后线粒体氧化应激损伤的动态变化特点。方法利用线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉缺血模型,通过线粒体分离技术测定线粒体丙二醛、三磷酸腺苷、线粒体膜电位水平,应用Realtime PCR仪测定线粒体基因(线粒体DNA)拷贝数,分析脑缺血再灌注后不同时间点缺血周围皮质线粒体的氧化应激水平及线粒体失功能的动态变化特点。结果①缺血再灌注后线粒体丙二醛水平呈渐进性增高,6 h为(4.61±0.83)nmol·mg-1 prot,72 h达(6.94±0.96)nmol·mg-1 prot,均较对照组显著升高(P0.05);②缺血再灌注6 h后mtDNA拷贝数开始下降,24 h轻度回升,72 h显著下降水平为对照组的62%(P0.01);③脑缺血再灌注后6 h线粒体三磷酸腺苷水平即显著下降,24 h出现短暂升高,再灌后72 h下降水平为对照组的42%(P0.01);④荧光探针检测显示脑缺血再灌注后线粒体膜电位持续下降,再灌注后72h线粒体膜电位水平显著下降至对照组的43%(P0.01)。结论线粒体损伤随缺血再灌注时间延长而呈渐进性加重,氧化应激损伤是构成其损伤的主要因素。缺血后脑组织线粒体存在短暂的内源性代偿修复机制,但不足以逆转氧化应激对线粒体的持续损伤。     

Implications of Psychometric Measurement for Neuropsychological Interpretation

The present study sought to determine whether cognitive outcome and course of recovery in civilian penetrating brain injury due to gunshot can be distinguished from that of non-penetrating brain injury due to motor vehicle accident. Matched survivors of penetrating and non-penetrating brain injury were assessed with a brief neuropsychological test battery at inpatient rehabilitation, 1 year post-injury, and 2 years post-injury. The traumatic brain injury groups were found to have patterns of performance marked by reliably distinct differences in isolated areas, with different cognitive predictors of brain injury type present in early versus later recovery. The degree of recovery over the first 2 years appeared to be quite similar for penetrating and non-penetrating injuries.      

脑损伤大鼠血浆及海马内皮素—1、肿瘤坏死因子变化的实验研究

用RIA法测定脑损伤大鼠血浆及海马匀浆中ET-1、TNF-a含量变化,研究ET-1、TNF-a对海马神经原坏死的影响。结果:血浆及海马ET-1、TNF-a水平在脑损伤后各时间点均明显高于对照组,二者具有显著相关性;且ET-1、TNF-a含量变化与病程有关。结论:脑损伤后ET-1、TNF-a增高是引起海马缺血、神经原坏死的重要原因。