济宁市2—39岁健康人群百日咳、白喉、破伤风抗体水平监测

目的：为摸清济宁市健康人群百日咳、白喉、破伤风抗体水平。方法：随机选取济宁市2－39岁健康人群中的540人作为本次调查对象。结果：百日咳抗体阳性率为60．2％,37．0％达到保护水平,抗体几何平均滴度例数（GMRT）为120;白喉抗毒素阳性率为82．0％,GMRT为109,抗毒素平均含量（ATC）0．107IU／ml;破伤风抗毒素阳性率为77．2％,GMRT为18,ATC为0．066IU／ml。25－39岁人群白喉、破伤风ATC低于其他年龄组,但均在保护水平以上。结论：本市的白喉、破伤风免疫水平较高,提示本市近期不会有白喉、破伤风流行;但百日咳免疫水平较低,提醒我们应做好其监测工作。     

深圳市健康人群白喉百日咳破伤风抗体水平监测

目的了解深圳市健康人群白喉、百日咳、破伤风抗体水平和百日咳-白喉-破伤风联合疫苗（Diphtheria,Tetanus,Pertussis Combined Vaccine：DPT）的免疫效果,为制订DPT免疫策略提供依据。方法百日咳抗体检测采用微量凝集试验法,白喉、破伤风抗体检测均采用间接血凝试验法。结果检测的650人中,白喉抗体阳性率为88．31％,保护率为87．38％,几何平均浓度（Geometric Mean Concentration,GMC）为0．2595IU／ml（国际单位／毫升）;破伤风抗体阳性率为71．54％,保护率为64．15％,GMC为0．5607IU／ml;百日咳抗体阳性率为92．77％,保护率为37．23％,几何平均滴度为1：156．87。结论儿童完成DPT基础免疫后,1．5-2岁DPT加强免疫和小学一年级学生白喉．破伤风联合疫苗（Diphtheria,Tetanus Combined Vaccine;DT）加强免疫收到了良好的效果。因抗体水平随着年龄的增长呈下降的趋势,〉10岁以后抗体明显下降,故需对初中一年级学生、高中三年级学生或大学新生、成人接种降低抗原含量的DT进行加强免疫。     

2008年费县部分健康人群百日咳、白喉、破伤风抗体水平调查

[目的]了解费县健康人群百日咳、白喉、破伤风抗体水平,评价百白破三联制剂免疫效果,为制定免疫策略提供科学依据。[方法]2008年随机抽取费县446名健康人群进行血清百日咳、白喉、破伤风抗体水平检测。[结果]检测446人,百日咳抗体保护率为68．39％,抗体几何平均滴度为1：306．56;白喉抗毒索均值为0．11IU／ml,保护率为77．13％;破伤风抗毒素均值为0．12IU／ml,保护率为76．01％。百日咳、白喉、破伤风抗体保护率,〈15岁组分别为76．53％、84．24％、83．42％。[结论]费县15岁以下健康人群对百日咳、白喉、破伤风均有较高的免疫水平,但15岁以上人群的抗体水平明显降低。     

2006年潍坊市健康人群百日咳、白喉、破伤风抗体水平调查

目的了解潍坊市健康人群百日咳、白喉、破伤风免疫状况。方法2006年抽取部分县、市、区不同年龄组健康人群进行血清百日咳、白喉、破伤风免疫水平检测。结果百日咳抗体保护率为69.62％，抗体几何平均滴度（GMT）为1：398；白喉抗体保护率为87.97％，抗体几何均值为0.262U/ml；伤风抗体保护率为90.94％，抗体几何均值为0.261U/ml。免疫成功率百日咳为55％，免疫后抗体滴度GMT为1：577；白喉为76.67％，免疫后抗体滴度GMT为0.372U/ml；伤风为75％，免疫后抗体滴度GMT为0.670U/ml。结论百日咳保护率较低，破伤风保护率高，20岁以上抗体水平随年龄的增长逐渐降低。     

嘉兴市健康人群百日咳、白喉、破伤风抗体水平监测

目的了解嘉兴市健康人群百日咳、白喉、破伤风抗体水平状况。方法采用分层随机抽样方法，抽取4个年龄组健康人群220名，用试管凝集试验检测百日咳凝集抗体，用间接血凝试验检测白喉、破伤风抗毒素。结果百日咳抗体保护率为91．10％，GMT 1：887．13；白喉抗毒素保护率为97．60％，GMT 0．4283 U／ml；破伤风抗毒素保护率为95．70％，GMT 0．3097 U／ml。结论嘉兴市健康人群对百日咳、白喉、破伤风已形成了良好的免疫屏障。     

温州市瓯海区健康人群免疫针对性疾病免疫水平监测分析

目的了解温州市瓯海区常住和流动人群免疫针对性疾病免疫水平，评价免疫规划工作的成效，为制定免疫策略提供依据。方法采取分层整群随机抽样法，在3个调查点的常住和流动人群中随机调查〈1岁、1～2岁、3～4岁、5～6岁、7～14岁、15～19岁、≥20岁7个年龄组各15～20人，共719人。结果抗-HBs和HBsAg阳性率分别为68．71％、3．20％。麻疹H1抗体阳性率为87．90％，几何平均滴度（GMT）为1：9．007。白喉抗毒素阳性率为61．75％，几何平均浓度（GMC）为0．0627IU／ml。破伤风抗毒素阳性率为67．45％，GMC为0．7611IU／ml。百日咳凝集抗体保护率30．60％，GMT为1：67．04。乙脑IgG抗体阳性率为57．58％。甲肝IgG抗体阳性率为30．60％。结论麻疹抗体人群中和乙肝抗体在小年龄组人群中达到一定水平，已形成有效的免疫屏障。流动人群抗体水平普遍比常住人群低。另外白喉、百日咳、破伤风、乙脑、甲肝等人群抗体水平比较低，存在疾病流行的潜在危险。     

深圳市南山区健康人群百日咳、白喉、破伤风抗体水平监测

目的了解健康人群百日咳、白喉和破伤风的免疫状况。方法随机抽查部分1～40岁健康人群进行百日咳、白喉和破伤风的抗体水平监测。结果百日咳抗体几何平均滴度1:77.63,抗体保护率21.97%;白喉、破伤风抗毒素平均滴度1.33IU/ml和0.73IU/ml,阳性率99.08%和81.92%。结论对百日咳、白喉和破伤风已经形成了较好的免疫屏障,但人群百日咳抗体水平偏低,应大力推广百白破联合疫苗。     

2003年潍坊市部分健康人群百日咳、白喉、破伤风抗体水平调查

[目的 ]了解潍坊市健康人群百日咳、白喉、破伤风免疫状况。 [方法 ] 2 0 0 3年抽取部分县 (市、区 ) ,对不同年龄组部分健康人群进行血清百日咳、白喉、破伤风免疫水平检测。 [结果 ]百日咳抗体保护率为 3 9 74% ,几何平均滴度(GMT)为 1∶60 5 3 ;白喉抗体保护率为 81 17% ,抗体几何均值为 0 43 6IU/ml;破伤风抗体保护率为 71 46% ,抗体几何均值为 0 13 9IU/ml。 [结论 ]百日咳保护率较低 ,15岁以上白喉、破伤风抗体水平随年龄的增长逐渐降低。     

杭州市1995—2000年部分居民百日咳、白喉、破伤风免疫状况分析

[目的]了解杭州市正常人群百日咳、白喉、破伤风免疫状况，[方法]分析1995—2000年城乡4个年龄组的居民百日咳、白喉、破伤风抗体水平监测资料。[结果]白喉抗体保护率为92．15％，抗体均值为o．2690IU／m1；百日咳抗体保护率为94．22％，GMT为1：99261；破伤风抗体保护率为67.64％，抗体均值为0．0695IU／m1。[结论]百日咳、破伤风抗体水平较低，应加强计划免疫管理工作及人群的免疫预防。     

杭州市1995--2006年健康人群百日咳白喉破伤风抗体水平监测分析

目的了解杭州市健康人群百日咳、白喉、破伤风抗体水平。方法1995～2006年,在不同区（县、市）,分2～4岁、6～8岁、13～15岁、25～39岁4个年龄组开展百日咳、白喉、破伤风抗体监测。结果百日咳抗体共监测1942人,保护率为93．87％,几何平均摘度为1：1037．36。其中农村2～4岁保护率低于其它三个年龄组,与6～8岁、13～15岁组保护率差异有非常显著的统计学意义（χ^2=8．80、6．13;P均〈0．01）。白喉抗体监测2141人,阳性率91．59％,几何平均浓度（GMC）为0．291国际单位／毫升（IU／m1）。破伤风抗体监测2141人,阳性率72．35％,GMC为0．095IU／ml。结论应加强农村地区的免疫规划管理及预防接种工作。     

NICU新生儿血清磷镁钙铁锌铜检测结果分析

目的:分析NICU新生儿静脉血清部分电解质、微量元素的特点。方法:出生24h内采集济南市妇幼保健院302例新生儿静脉血,采用Bayer ADVIA CHEMISTRY SYSTEM测定血清磷、镁、钙、铁、锌、铜,并对结果进行分析,根据不同胎龄、体重、性别、分娩方式等进行比较,总结其特点。结果:302例新生儿静脉血清部分电解质、微量元素(mmol/L)为磷:2·21±0·45、镁:1·07±0·26、钙:2·06±0·31、铁:10·49±7·28、锌:12·87±4·00、铜:8·37±3·39。不同胎龄新生儿静脉血清电解质、微量元素比较,镁、钙、锌、铁有统计学意义,磷、铜无统计学意义。不同体重新生儿静脉血清电解质、微量元素比较,镁、钙、锌有统计学意义,磷、铁、铜无统计学意义,尤其是锌在早产儿、低出生体重儿反而高。除镁在不同分娩方式新生儿有显著差异外,不同性别、分娩方式新生儿静脉血清电解质、微量元素比较,均无统计学意义。结论:电解质、微量元素对新生儿的生长发育很重要,不同胎龄、体重新生儿静脉血清电解质、微量元素各有特点,应注意检测和分析。     

Detection of Helicobacter pylori in bovine, buffalo, camel, ovine, and caprine milk in Iran

Helicobacter pylori infection in humans is one of the most common infections worldwide. However, the origin and transmission of this bacterium has not been clearly explained. One of the suggested theories is transmission via raw milk from animals to human beings. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence rate of H. pylori in bulk milk samples from dairy bovine, buffalo, camel, ovine, and caprine herds in Iran. In the present study, 447 bulk milk samples from 230 dairy bovine, buffalo, camel, ovine, and caprine herds were collected in four provinces and tested for H. pylori by cultural method and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of the ureC (glmM) gene. The animals whose milk samples collected for this study were clinically healthy. Using the cultural method, three of 447 milk samples (0.67%), including two sheep (2.2%) and one buffalo (1.6%) milk samples, were found to be contaminated with H. pylori. H. pylori ureC gene was detected in 56 (12.5%) of milk samples, including 19 cow (14.1%), 11 sheep (12.2%), nine goat (8.7%), two camel (3.6%), and 15 buffalo (23.4%) milk samples. Using PCR method, there were significant differences (p<0.05) in the level of contamination with H. pylori between milk samples collected from different species. The present study is the first report of the isolation of H. pylori from raw sheep and buffalo milk in Iran and the first demonstration of H. pylori DNA in camel and buffalo milk.     

Effects of Mumps Outbreak in Hospital,Chicago, Illinois,USA, 2006

In 2006, nearly 6,000 mumps cases were reported in the United States, 795 of which occurred in Illinois. In Chicago, 1 healthcare institution experienced ongoing transmission for 4 weeks. This study examines the outbreak epidemiology and quantifies the financial affect on this organization. This retrospective cohort study was conducted through case and exposure identification, interviews, medical record reviews, and immunologic testing of blood specimens. Nine mumps cases resulted in 339 exposures, 325 (98%) among employees. During initial investigation, 186 (57%) of the exposed employees had evidence of mumps immunity. Physicians made up the largest group of noncompliers (55%) with mumps immunity testing. The cost to the institution was $262,788 or $29,199 per mumps case. The outbreak resulted in substantial staffing and financial challenges for the institution that may have been minimized with readily accessible electronic employee vaccination records and adherence to infection control recommendations.     

Concentrations of Metals in Water,Sediment, Biofilm,Benthic Macroinvertebrates,and Fish in the Boulder River Watershed,Montana, and the Role of Colloids in Metal Uptake

To characterize the partitioning of metals in a stream ecosystem, concentrations of trace metals including As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were measured in water, colloids, sediment, biofilm (also referred to as aufwuchs), macroinvertebrates, and fish collected from the Boulder River watershed, Montana. Median concentrations of Cd, Cu, and Zn in water throughout the watershed exceeded the U.S. EPA acute and chronic criteria for protection of aquatic life. Concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in sediment were sufficient in the tributaries to cause invertebrate toxicity. The concentrations of As, Cu, Cd, Pb, and Zn in invertebrates from lower Cataract Creek (63, 339, 59, 34, and 2,410 μg/g dry wt, respectively) were greater than the concentrations in invertebrates from the Clark Fork River watershed, Montana (19, 174, 2.3, 15, and 648 μg/g, respectively), that were associated with reduced survival, growth, and health of cutthroat trout fed diets composed of those invertebrates. Colloids and biofilm seem to play a critical role in the pathway of metals into the food chain and concentrations of As, Cu, Pb, and Zn in these two components are significantly correlated. We suggest that transfer of metals associated with Fe colloids to biological components of biofilm is an important pathway where metals associated with abiotic components are first available to biotic components. The significant correlations suggest that Cd, Cu, and Zn may move independently to biota (biofilm, invertebrates, or fish tissues) from water and sediment. The possibility exists that Cd, Cu, and Zn concentrations increase in fish tissues as a result of direct contact with water and sediment and indirect exposure through the food chain. However, uptake through the food chain to fish may be more important for As. Although As concentrations in colloids and biofilm were significantly correlated with As water concentrations, As concentrations in fish tissues were not correlated with water. The pathway for Pb into biological components seems to begin with sediment because concentrations of Pb in water were not significantly correlated with any other component and because concentrations of Pb in the water were often below detection limits.     

Reference intervals of cadmium,lead, and mercury in blood,urine, hair,and nails among residents in Mansoura city,Nile delta,Egypt

A random sample of 68 males and 25 females who reside in Mansoura city, Egypt, was examined for concentrations of cadmium, lead, and mercury in blood, urine, hair, and nails. The effect of gender and smoking on such levels was studied. The influence of dental amalgam on the levels of mercury in these biological samples was also examined. The results obtained show that only blood lead, which increased among males, was affected by gender. Blood levels of cadmium and lead as well as hair lead appeared to increase with smoking habit. Mercury levels in blood and urine were related to the presence of dental amalgam fillings. International comparisons between our results and the corresponding levels in other localities in the world showed that there were environmentally related variations in terms of cadmium levels in hair, lead levels in blood, urine, hair, and nails, and mercury levels in blood, hair, and nails. In conclusion, reference intervals of cadmium, lead, and mercury in the biological samples are environmentally related parameters. Some factors, such as gender, smoking habit, and the presence of dental amalgam fillings, may affect such levels and therefore should be considered.