输尿管镜气压弹导碎石术治疗儿童下尿路结石

目的：探讨儿童下尿路结石的治疗方法。方法：应用输尿管镜气压弹导碎石术经尿道或膀胱穿刺造瘘通道治疗儿童下尿路结石22例。结果：22例均一次成功击碎结石，治愈率100％。其中2例经膀胱穿刺造瘘通道碎石，术中即将结石取净。20例经尿道膀胱内碎石，术后结石均排净。无一例有并发症。结论：输尿管镜下气压弹导碎石治疗儿童下尿路结石，创伤小，成功率高，并发症少，为一种较理想的治疗方法。     

尿流改道术后尿路结石的治疗

目的 探讨尿流改道术后尿路结石的治疗方法.方法 选取20例既往因膀胱癌接受尿流改道的尿路结石患者(肾结石6例,输尿管结石5例,储尿囊结石9例),接受个性化的治疗:其中经皮肾取石术8例,经皮肾顺行输尿管软镜碎石术3例,储尿囊流出道入路手术5例,经皮膀胱穿刺人路手术3例,开放取石1例.结果 手术时间60～130min,平均104min;术后结石清除率90％(18/20);术后发热4例(20％o),其中l例经皮肾镜技术(PCNL)术后液胸,行胸腔闭式引流.结论 针对尿流改道术后的尿路结石患者,采取个性化治疗方案,能够有效的清除尿路结石.     

One year follow up of the outcomes of child patients with melamine-related kidney stones in Beijing and surrounding provinces in China

Aim: To evaluate their prognosis, the damage by melamine on children's kidney and other organs, and its influence on the children's development, was investigated. Methods: Nine hundred and sixty‐two Chinese children were divided into three groups: group A, 265 children diagnosed with melamine‐associated urolithiasis; group B, 197 children with a history of melamine‐contaminated milk powder consumption but without urolithiasis; and group C, 500 healthy children. They were examined at 0, 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. The factors influencing the prognosis were investigated. The stone discharge was monitored by ultrasonography. Overt renal and liver damage and underlying renal injury markers were analyzed. Results: The stone discharge rates 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after the diagnoses were 52.5%, 67.2%, 88.3% and 95.5%, respectively. Stone size was a stable influencing factor for the stone discharge rate. Additionally, the values of the potential renal injury markers in children with stones already discharged is equivalent to normal children. Conclusion: This 12 month follow up of early renal injury markers indicated that the damage to the kidney is temporary with no persistent negative outcomes being found till now. Additionally, the gross development of the children seemed not yet jeopardized by melamine. Longer‐term follow up will be conducted.     

Thermogravimetric analysis of urinary stones

Routine thermogravimetric (TG) analysis of 501 upper urinary calculi from the State of Jammu and Kashmir is described. The technique is simple, rapid and quantitative, and the equipment is easily maintained. The technique was found to be helpful in 95.4% of urinary stones and it is suggested that TG analysis may be employed as a technique of first choice in the routine quantitative analysis of all urinary calculi.     

Economic impact of urinary stones

Kidney stones have been rising in prevalence in the United States and worldwide, and represent a significant cost burden. Cost effectiveness research in this area may enable improvements in treatment efficiency that can benefit patients, providers and the healthcare system. There has been limited research in the cost effectiveness of surgical interventions for stone disease, despite the diverse treatment approaches that are available. Medical expulsive therapy (MET) has been shown to improve rates of stone passage for ureteral stones, and there is evidence that this practice should be liberalized from the standpoint of both clinical and cost effectiveness. While conservative treatment following a primary stone event appears to be cost effective, the economic impact of medical therapy for recurrent stone formers requires clarification despite its clinical efficacy. Future study regarding the cost effectiveness of prevention and interventions for stone disease are likely to improve both the quality and efficiency of care.     

Infrared spectroscopic analysis of urinary stones (including stones induced by melamine-contaminated milk powder) in 189 Chinese children

Aim

The aim of the study was to investigate the composition of the stones in Chinese children with urolithiasis, including peculiar stones induced by melamine-contaminated milk powder.

Materials and Methods

Between 1999 and 2009, 189 urinary stones from children of East China were received at our institution. Among them, 12 stones were received from pediatric stone formers with a history of consuming melamine-contaminated milk powder in 2008; and the remaining stones were defined as “natural” stones. All stones were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

Results

Among 177 “natural” stones, whewellite stone (49.72%) was observed most frequently followed by weddellite stone (15.25%), uric acid anhydrous stone (9.6%), carbapatite stone (9.04%), cystine stone (9.04%), ammonium acid urate stone (4.52%), struvite stone (2.26%), and sodium urate stone (0.56%). Twelve young children who consumed melamine-contaminated milk powder were younger than 3 years, and their stones were composed of a mixture of uric acid dihydrate and ammonium acid urate based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In addition, the stones were radiolucent and could be dissolved by urine alkalinization.

Conclusions

Our study emphasizes the relatively high rate of calcium oxalate stones and cystine stones, and the relatively low rate of struvite stones in Chinese children with urolithiasis. The stones caused by melamine-contaminated milk powder are composed of the mixture of uric acid dihydrate and ammonium acid urate.     

Increase in the prevalence of symptomatic upper urinary tract stones during the last ten years

PURPOSE: In industrialized countries the prevalence of upper urinary tract stones has continually increased during the 20th century, but there are considerable differences between countries and also within the same country. To study whether there is still an increase in the frequency of renal stones, an investigation was undertaken to determine the prevalence of stone formers in a village near Milan, Italy, during two time periods, with an interval of 12 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Questionnaires were administered in 1986 and 1998 to all adult (age >25 years) occupants of two random samples of households in the village. Participants were asked whether they had experienced a kidney stone during their lifetime. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of stone formers among males was 6.8% in 1986 and 10.1% in 1998; that among females was 4.9% in 1986 and 5.8% in 1998. In all age classes, the respondents in the 1998 survey more frequently reported a history of stones than in 1986, but the prevalence of renal stones was significantly higher in 1998 than in 1986 only among males aged 31-40 and 51-60 years. The yearly incidence was estimated at 0.4%, with 0.6 and 0.18% in men and women, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This marked increase in renal stones could be the result of environmental factors such as dietary habits and lifestyle, in particular the influence of an increased consumption of animal protein should be considered.     

输尿管镜下U100激光治疗小儿尿路结石23例临床分析

目的 探讨输尿管镜联合U100激光碎石治疗小儿泌尿系结石的方法和疗效.方法 15例患儿行经皮肾镜穿刺建立造瘘通道,5例患儿行经膀胱穿刺建市造瘘通道,3例患儿行输尿管镜直视下U100激光碎石.结果 23例患儿均获穿刺成功并采用U100激光碎石治疗.术后复查19例完全无石,成功率为82.6%,4例有残余结石,其中3例从原造瘘口二次U100激光碎石并取出,1例自行排出,手术时间平均为45 min,平均住院时间8 d.均无手术并发症产生.结论 输尿管镜联合U100激光碎石治疗小儿尿路结石具有快速、安全、有效、创伤小、操作简单等特点,治疗效果理想     

Prediction of calcium level in melamine-related urinary calculi with helical CT: diagnostic performance evaluation and clinical significance

The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between CT-attenuation and stone calcium level in melamine-related urinary calculi (MRUC). A total of 25 MRUC with known composition and calcium level were included (11 uric acid stones, 2 calcium oxalate stones and 12 mixture stones of uric acid and calcium oxalate). Of all, 18 renal stones accepted alkalization therapy except for 5 lower urinary tract stones and 2 stones of unknown position. With well-matched composition, 61 adult urinary stones were included as controls. Every stone was scanned by helical CT (80 kV/120 kV, 300 mA, pitch 0.625 mm) and the highest CT-attenuation value measured. CT-attenuation values of MRUC increased gradually from uric acid stones, mixture stones to calcium oxalate stones, but were always lower than the values of controls. Furthermore, a strong positive correlation was found between stone CT-attenuation value and stone calcium level (n = 25, r (80kV) = 0.883, p = 0.000; r (120kV) = 0.855, p = 0.000). Compared with alkalization-therapy-alone group, stone CT-attenuation values and stone calcium level in the comprehensive-therapy group were significantly greater (CT(80kV) 1,057 ± 639 vs. 172 ± 61 HU, p = 0.001; CT(120kV) 783 ± 476 vs. 162 ± 60 HU, p = 0.001; Ca 19.83 ± 7.48% vs. 1.30 ± 1.51%, p = 0.000). Fisher's exact test suggested that the stones with higher CT-attenuation values tended to resist alkalization when 400 HU served as the cutoff value (P (80kV) = 0.002, P (120kV) = 0.000). In conclusion, the study was the first to illustrate that the CT-attenuation value could reflect calcium level in MRUC and found that stones with higher CT-attenuation value were not amenable to alkalization because they probably contained greater calcium. For those patients, we believe that comprehensive therapy will be the best choice.     

泌尿系结石成分分析及意义

目的：分析赤峰地区泌尿系结石成分特点,对预防泌尿系结石的复发提供帮助。方法：对89例泌尿系结石标本进行成分分析,并对结果进行比较。结果：泌尿系结石男性发病多于女性,男、女患者比为1．7：1,上尿路结石明显多于下尿路结石,上、下尿路结石例数比为8．9：1。本地区泌尿系结石成分以混合结石为主,共56例,占62．92％,其中碳酸磷灰石与草酸钙混合结石所占比例最大。单纯成分结石共33例,所占比例为37．08％,其中以草酸钙结石为主。结论：根据结石成分分析得到的结石成分特点,对患者饮食、生活习惯等方面进行指导,以预防泌尿系结石的复发。     

Bacteriology of upper urinary tract stones

Extensive cultures of stones and urine were performed in 215 patients who underwent an operation for upper urinary tract calculi. Microorganisms could be cultured from the stone in 1 of every 3 patients. Despite the extended culture technique urease-producing microorganisms could be cultured from the stone in only 48% of the patients with calculi that contained magnesium ammonium phosphate. This finding suggests that an infection with urease-producing microorganisms is not obligatory for the formation of this type of stone. Of the patients with calcium oxalate phosphate stones 32% had positive stone cultures, which distinguished them from patients with pure calcium oxalate stones, only 8% of whom had a positive stone culture (p less than 0.001).     

Radio-contrast enhancement of urinary tract stones

Most urologists treating stone disease with any method (ESWL, PCL, URS) have encountered problems of poor stone visualization with fluoroscopy. This difficulty to localize urinary tract (UT) stones or fragments may result in incomplete stone extraction, prolonged surgery and increased risk of recurrence and post-operative complications. We have sought and found means to increase the radioopacity of mineral UT stones by a simple pre-operative perfusion technique. The capacity of radioopacification has first been demonstrated in in vitro incubations of fragments of human mineral stones with aqueous solutions of barium, of the lanthanides and of the two natural actinides. Most of the incubations led to considerable radio-contrast enhancement and heavy metal incorporation, measured by X-ray fluorescence analysis. Dogs with implanted human stone fragments were used as an in vivo model. The UT were perfused through a retrograde pyelic catheter with heavy metal salts solutions, the ensuing radioopacification of the implanted UT-stones was estimated by abdominal radiographies and the metal incorporation was measured on the retrieved stones. Considerable radioopacity enhancement together with heavy metal incorporation was observed for the following elements: Sr, Ba and the lanthanides Gd and Yb. The pathological evaluation of the urothelial linings from animals treated with lanthanide salt showed no toxic effects.     

泌尿系结石诊治现状与展望

泌尿系结石是泌尿系统最常见的疾病之一,在我国一般人群中发病率高达1％～10％。其中约25％的患者需住院治疗,其比例居泌尿外科住院患者首位。而且结石治疗后易复发,5年复发率达40％～50％,10年复发率高达50％～60％。我国是世界上三大结石高发区之一,目前泌尿系结石的发病率仍有继续升高的趋势。     

上尿路结石合并尿脓毒血症的治疗

目的探讨上尿路结石合并尿脓毒血症的治疗方案。方法回顾2014年7月~2018年5月在我院确诊收治的43例上尿路结石合并尿脓毒血症患者的临床资料,43例患者均行积极抗感染治疗,同时,一期行经输尿管镜下逆行插管术或经皮肾穿刺造瘘术,以解除梗阻,待患者感染控制后,二期行经输尿管镜或经皮肾镜碎石术。结果一期行经输尿管镜下逆行插管术29例,单侧结石23例,双侧结石6例,均成功置入导管。不宜行经输尿管镜下逆行插管术或逆行插管术失败者,在B超定位下行经皮肾穿刺造瘘术,共14例。待感染控制、病情稳定后出院,出院1个月后,再二期行腔内微创手术处理结石,碎石成功41例,碎石率95.35%(41/43),2例患者术后行体外冲击波碎石治疗,出院后3个月随访,42例患者结石排净,结石排净率为97.67%(42/43),肾功能及肾积水程度明显改善,43例患者在整个治疗过程中未出现严重并发症。结论经输尿管镜下逆行插管术或经皮肾穿刺造瘘术联合腔内微创手术是治疗上尿路结石合并尿脓毒血症的一种安全、有效的方法。