荔枝核提取物对非酒精性脂肪性肝炎大鼠肝功能的保护作用

目的观察荔枝核提取物对实验性非酒精性脂肪性肝炎（NASH）大鼠肝功能的保护作用。方法 35只Wistar大鼠被随机分为对照组（5只）、模型组（10只）、小剂量（10只）和大剂量荔枝核提取物干预组（10只）。分别以250mg.kg-1和500mg.kg-1荔枝核提取物干预NASH大鼠6周。结果与对照组比,模型组大鼠血清GLU、ALT、AST、TG、TC和LDL水平均显著升高（P〈0.05）;与模型组比,小剂量荔枝核提取物干预组大鼠血清GLU、ALT、TG和LDL显著降低（P〈0.05）,而大剂量干预组动物效果更为明显。结论荔枝核提取物能改善NASH大鼠葡萄糖、脂质代谢和肝功能,具有较好的疗效。     

柴胡桂枝汤对大鼠胃粘膜保护作用的实验研究

采用3种剂量的柴胡桂枝汤（5g／kg，10g／kg，20g／kg）灌胃，观察其对利血平腹腔注射诱发的大鼠实验性胃溃疡的胃粘膜保护作用，并与病理组及正常组对照。结果表明3种剂量的柴胡桂枝汤均使大鼠溃疡指数降低（P＜0．05）；其对大鼠胃粘膜的生长抑素（SS）无明显影响；而中剂量的柴胡桂枝汤能显著抑制胃粘膜胃泌素（GAS）的分泌（P＜0．05）。提示中剂量柴胡桂枝汤抑制胃粘膜GAS的释放，减少胃酸分泌对胃粘膜的损害作用，可能是预防大鼠利血平胃溃疡形成的主要作用机制之一。     

柴胡桂枝汤对大鼠胃粘膜保护作用的实验研究

采用３种剂量的柴胡桂枝汤（５ｇ／ｋｇ，１０ｇ／ｋｇ，２０ｇ／ｋｇ）灌胃，观察其对利血平腹腔注射诱发的大鼠实验性胃溃疡的胃粘膜保护作用，并与病理组及正常组对照。结果表明３种剂量的柴胡桂枝汤均使大鼠溃疡指数降低（Ｐ〈０．０５）；其对大鼠胃粘膜的生长抑素（ＳＳ）无明显影响；而中剂量的柴胡桂枝汤能显著抑制胃粘膜胃泌素（ＧＡＳ）的分泌（Ｐ〈０．０５）。提示中剂量柴胡桂枝汤抑制胃粘膜ＧＡＳ的释放，减少胃酸分泌     

胃舒合剂对大鼠乙酸实验性胃溃疡的保护作用及其机理探讨

本实验发现大鼠乙酸实验性胃溃疡模型，存在着血液流变学的异常和自由基反应的失衡，其全血比粘度及全血还原粘度高于正常组（Ｐ＜０．０１），血浆超氧阴离子、红细胞超氧阴离子，血过氧化脂质（ＬＰＯ）也明显高于正常组（Ｐ＜０．０１），血过氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）则低于正常组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。中药胃舒合剂可明显地改善大鼠血液流变学的异常及氧自由基的失衡，对乙酸所致的大鼠实验性胃溃疡有显著的保护作用，且其作用优于三九胃泰（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

葛根素对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后神经细胞凋亡及Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达的影响

目的探讨葛根素对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法制作大鼠大脑中动脉缺血再灌注模型。40只SD雄性大鼠被随机分为假手术组、缺血组、小剂量葛根素治疗组（小剂量组）、大剂量葛根素治疗组（大剂量组）。应用TTC染色观察梗死体积,应用免疫组化染色及TUNEL染色检测Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达及凋亡细胞数。结果大、小剂量组梗死体积和凋亡细胞数明显少于缺血组（P〈0.01）,Bcl-2明显多于缺血组（P〈0.01）,小剂量组Bax少于缺血组（P〈0.05）,大剂量组Bax明显少于缺血组（P〈0.01）。大剂量组梗死体积和凋亡细胞数少于小剂量组（P〈0.05）,Bcl-2多于小剂量组（P〈0.05）。大、小剂量组Bax无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论葛根素可通过上调Bcl-2蛋白表达,下调Bax蛋白表达减少脑缺血再灌注后神经细胞凋亡,疗效与剂量有关。     

氨对实验性胃溃疡大鼠胃粘膜生长抑素受体表达的影响

氨对实验性胃溃疡大鼠胃粘膜生长抑素受体表达的影响王承党，萧树东，莫剑忠，张德中本文旨在研究氨对实验性胃溃疡大鼠胃部生长抑素（ＳＳＴ）受体表达的影响．以探讨胃内高氨对胃酸分泌影响的机制。对象和方法一、实验动物及处理ＳＤ大鼠３０只。雌雄不拘，由中科院上海...     

丙酮酸乙酯对D-氨基半乳糖诱导的急性肝损伤大鼠的保护作用

目的观察丙酮酸乙酯（EP）对D-氨基半乳糖盐酸盐诱导的急性肝损伤模型大鼠的保护作用,并探讨其作用机制。方法制备D-氨基半乳糖盐酸盐诱导的急性肝损伤大鼠模型48只,并随机分成正常组、模型组、小剂量EP提前干预组、大剂量EP提前干预组、小剂量EP治疗组和大剂量EP治疗组。在造模后24h时取血,采用ELISA法检测TNF-α、IFN-γ、IL-10和IL—18水平;采用RT—PCR法检测肝组织HMGB1mRNA水平变化。结果与正常组比较,模型组大鼠血清TNF-α、IFN-γ,IL-10和IL-18水平均无明显变化（P〉0．05）,而肝组织HMGB1mRNA水平明显升高（P〈0．01）;与模型组比较,EP提前干预组和EP治疗组动物血清TNF-α、IFN-γ,IL-10和IL-18水平均无明显变化,而EP提前干预则显著降低了肝组织HMGB1 mRNA水平（P〈0．01）,其中大剂量组最为显著（P〈0．01）;病理学检查显示,EP提前干预组大鼠肝组织学得到明显改善,尤其是在大剂量组,而且比EP治疗组更加显著。结论EP能有效保护D-氨基半乳糖盐酸盐诱导的大鼠急性肝损伤,保护效果与药物的干预剂量成正相关,并且提前干预的效果更明显。     

山楂黄酮对实验性大鼠急性心肌缺血保护作用的研究

目的 通过山楂黄酮对抗大鼠急性心肌缺血的试验研究，观察山楂黄酮是否对大鼠急性心肌缺血具有保护作用。方法 Wistar大鼠40只，随机分成4组．山揸黄酮组每天灌胃给药1次，低剂量组0．5g／kg，高剂量组1g／kg，连续7d，末次给药60min后，观察静脉注射垂体后叶素后心电图ST段上移和T波升高的幅度及出现心律失常的动物数。结果 不同剂量的山楂黄酮均可明显减轻实验性大鼠急性心肌缺血的心电图改变及减少大鼠心律失常的发生率。结论 山楂黄酮对实验性大鼠急性心肌缺血具有明显的保护作用。     

理肠汤灌胃结合溃疡灵灌肠治疗大鼠溃疡性结肠炎实验研究

[目的]观察理肠汤灌胃结合溃疡灵灌肠治疗大鼠实验性溃疡性结肠炎(UC)的疗效。[方法]将动物随机分为正常对照(正常)组、模型组、中药治疗小剂量(小剂量)组、中药治疗大剂量(大剂量)组、柳氮磺吡啶(SASP)组。其中除正常组外,其余4组均采用2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)溶液制作大鼠模型,成功后大、小剂量组分别予大、小剂量理肠汤灌胃及溃疡灵灌肠;SASP组予SASP溶液灌胃,各组灌药时间均为14 d。[结果]大剂量组肠黏膜组织学损伤评分显著低于模型组(P0.01);小剂量组、SASP组肠黏膜组织学损伤评分亦低于模型组(P0.05),但小剂量组和SASP组疗效相近(P0.05)。[结论]理肠汤灌胃结合溃疡灵灌肠治疗大鼠实验性UC有明显疗效。     

刺五加对大鼠脑出血病理变化及β-EP的影响

目的观察不同剂量的刺五加（AS）注射液对大鼠脑出血（ICH）病理变化及脑组织β-内啡肽（β-EP）含量的影响，为临床AS注射液治疗ICH提供一定的理论依据。方法采用胶原酶注入法建立大鼠ICH模型；干湿重法测定各组ICH大鼠脑组织含水量；电镜观察脑组织病理变化；放免法测定脑组织β-EP的含量。结果（1）脑含水量：用药第3、7天，大、中剂量组均显著低于对照组（P〈0．01）；第7天，大、中剂量组显著低于小剂量组（P〈0．01），小剂量组明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）。（2）电镜观察显示：第7天，对照组血肿旁脑组织普遍可见神经胶质细胞核染色质边集现象，神经细胞和神经胶质细胞线粒体显著肿胀、空泡样改变，线粒体嵴减少；中剂量组上述变化不明显。（3）脑组织β-EP含量：用药第1天，各治疗组显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）；第3、7天，大、中剂量组均显著低于对照组（P〈0．01），大剂量组显著低于小剂量组（P〈0．01）。结论（1）AS注射液能明显减轻ICH大鼠脑水肿并阻断ICH后脑细胞凋亡，对大鼠ICH有确切的治疗效果。在脑出血急性期即可开始应用AS注射液，在允许的范围内应用最大剂量能达到最佳治疗效果。（2）AS注射液可能具有β-EP受体阻断剂样作用。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.