颅后窝型三叉神经鞘瘤的诊断和治疗

目的:总结颅后窝型三叉神经鞘瘤诊断特点及各种手术入路优缺点。方法:将我院手术治疗的13例肿瘤分为A型:肿瘤局限在颅后窝;B型:肿瘤长入幕上但下部不超过内听道及岩下窦;C型:肿瘤长入幕上且侵犯到内听道及岩下窦以下。并进行回顾分析。结果:11例一期全切除,2例大部切除。结论:MRI及CT是诊断该病的重要手段,枕下入路适用于A型肿瘤,B型肿瘤宜用颞下经小脑幕入路,C型选用经颞下-乙状窦前入路。     

天幕脑膜瘤的显微外科治疗

目的进一步提高天幕脑膜瘤的治疗效果。方法1989～2003年经显微外科治疗天幕脑膜瘤患者53例,其中普通型天幕脑膜瘤42例(后外侧型32例、后内侧型10例);天幕游离缘脑膜瘤11例(前外侧型3例、后内侧型8例)。普通型天幕脑膜瘤经颞枕或枕部入路者9例,枕下正中入路6例,单侧枕下入路24例,幕上下联合入路3例;天幕游离缘脑膜瘤经枕-天幕入路7例,幕下小脑上入路2例,改良翼点入路2例。结果肿瘤全切除43例,次全切除7例,大部分切除3例;无一例手术死亡。手术后并发症主要有视野障碍(5例)、脑神经损害(7例)、偏瘫(3例)、癫痫发作(2例)、颅内感染(4例)以及手术区远隔部位硬膜外血肿(3例),均经对症治疗后痊愈。47例患者接受为期7个月～8年的随访,其中恢复正常生活学习者25例,改换工作11例,生活完全自理7例,部分自理4例。结论天幕脑膜瘤的临床表现多不典型,诊断主要依靠CT和MRI。显微手术是治疗该病的最佳方法。根据肿瘤的特点,选择适当的手术入路,合理地使用辅助器械以及熟练的手术技巧,可有效地提高天幕脑膜瘤的治疗效果。     

小脑幕脑膜瘤显微手术治疗及手术入路选择

目的 探讨小脑幕脑膜瘤的手术治疗和手术入路选择。方法 回顾性分析2008年6月至2017年3月手术治疗的92例小脑幕脑膜瘤的临床资料。内侧型和外侧型向幕上发展者,采用扩大翼点入路10例,颞下入路23例,颞枕部入路18例;肿瘤全部或主体在颅后窝21例,采用枕下或枕部幕上下联合入路;20例镰幕型采用枕部经小脑幕入路。结果 肿瘤全切除86例,部分切除6例。无手术死亡病例。83例术后随访1~8年,正常工作、生活71例,生活自理8例,生活需要照顾4例;肿瘤复发再次手术7例（次全切除5例,全切除2例）。结论 手术全切除小脑膜脑膜瘤可获得满意效果及良好预后;根据肿瘤特点设计合适的手术入路以及熟练掌握局部神经解剖和显微神经外科技术是手术成功的关键;术中深静脉系统及大静脉窦的保护具有重要意义。     

天幕脑膜瘤的显微外科治疗

目的 进一步提高天幕脑膜瘤的治疗效果。方法1989—2003年经显微外科治疗天幕脑膜瘤患53例，其中普通型天幕脑膜瘤42例(后外侧型32例、后内侧型10例)；天幕游离缘脑膜瘤11例(前外侧型3例、后内侧型8例)。普通型天幕脑膜瘤经颢枕或枕部入路9例，枕下正中入路6例，单侧枕下入路24例，幕上下联合入路3例；天幕游离缘脑膜瘤经枕-天幕入路7例，幕下小脑上入路2例，改良翼点入路2例。结果 肿瘤全切除43例，次全切除7例，大部分切除3例；无一例手术死亡。手术后并发症主要有视野障碍(5例)、脑神经损害(7例)、偏瘫(3例)、癫痫发作(2例)、颅内感染(4例)以及手术区远隔部位硬膜外血肿(3例)，均经对症治疗后痊愈。47例患接受为期7个月-8年的随访，其中恢复正常生活学习25例，改换工作11例，生活完全自理7例，部分自理4例。结论 天幕脑膜瘤的临床表现多不典型，诊断主要依靠CT和MRI。显微手术是治疗该病的最佳方法。根据肿瘤的特点，选择适当的手术入路，合理地使用辅助器械以及熟练的手术技巧，可有效地提高天幕脑膜瘤的治疗效果。     

镰幕交界处脑膜瘤

目的探讨镰幕交界处脑膜瘤的诊断及手术入路选择。方法回顾性分析9例镰幕交界处脑膜瘤病人的临床资料。本组症状均以头痛、眩晕为主。手术选择枕经天幕入路8例,幕下小脑上入路1例。结果本组肿瘤均获SimpsonⅠ或Ⅱ级切除。无手术死亡。术后出现皮质盲3例,1～3个月后恢复。随访6～44个月,平均21个月;复发1例,行2次手术。结论镰幕交界处脑膜瘤的手术入路需根据肿瘤起源及扩展方向进行选择;术中需注意保护直窦和Galen静脉系统。     

颞下经天幕入路显微手术治疗岩斜区脑膜瘤

目的探讨颞下经小脑幕入路切除岩斜区脑膜瘤的显微手术方法和结果。方法 25例岩斜区脑膜瘤病人,全部经CT、MRI明确诊断,其中大型(瘤径2.5~4.4 cm)18例、巨大型(4.5 cm)7例。均采用颞下经小脑幕入路显微手术切除肿瘤。结果镜下全切除肿瘤20例(80%),大部分切除5例,无死亡。术后新增颅神经损伤11例。术后随访1~24个月,全切病例有4例复发。结论颞下经小脑幕入路是切除中上斜坡以上尤其是侵及麦氏腔的岩斜区脑膜瘤实用的手术入路。     

三叉神经鞘瘤21例临床分析

目的探讨三叉神经鞘瘤的诊断和治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析21例三叉神经鞘瘤的临床资料。结果 三叉神经鞘瘤临床表现多为三叉神经损害症体和体征,主要依靠CT及MRI诊断,本组中颅窝型9例采用改良翼点入路切除,后颅窝型6例采用枕下乳突后入路切除,哑铃型6例分别采用颞下入路、枕下乳突后入路、或幕上、幕下联合入路切除。本组全切除19例,次全切除2例。结论三叉神经鞘瘤显微手术是最佳方法,正确选择手术入路是肿瘤全切除的前提条件。     

岩尖区肿瘤的显微外科治疗(附18例报告)

1 对象与方法 我科自2000年1月～2004年10月手术治疗岩尖区肿瘤18例．其中男7例．女11例；年龄19～60岁．平均40．1岁。病程2个月～6年。以头痛、头晕为首发症状10例；出现脑神经麻痹14例，其中三叉神经受累12例．多支脑神经受累7例；出现共济失调7例。均行CT、MRI平扫及强化检查．肿瘤直径2．5～7．5cm，主体位于岩尖区11例，侵犯海绵窦2例，延伸至斜坡2例．脑干移位引起非交通性脑积水3例。颞下经小脑幕入路3例．枕下乙状窦后入路3例．经岩骨乙状窦前入路1例．幕上下联合入路11例。     

颞枕经小脑幕入路显微手术切除岩斜区脑膜瘤

目的 探讨颞枕经小脑幕人路切除岩斜区脑膜瘤的可行性.方法 对18例经颞枕入路切除的岩斜区脑膜瘤患者进行回顾性研究.全部病例均在术前行MRI检查.结果 18例于术患者,肿瘤直径<3.0cm4例;3.0-4.5cm5例;>4.5 cm 9例,最大径可达到7.6 cm×7 cm X7 cm.全切8例,次全切9例,大部分切除1例.偏瘫2例,面瘫1例.听力减退1例,无脑脊液耳漏、失语.1例死亡.结论 颞枕经小腩幕入路切除岩斜区脑膜瘤具有可行性,可以使鞍旁海绵窦区、上中斜坡、岩骨背侧小脑脑桥角区暴露充分,利十该区域占位性病变的手术治疗.     

三叉神经鞘瘤21例临床分析

目的 探讨三叉神经鞘瘤的诊断和治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析21例三叉神经鞘瘤的临床资料。结果 三叉神经鞘瘤临床表现多为三叉神经损害症体和体征，主要依靠CT及MRI诊断，本组中颅窝型9例采用改良翼点入路切除，后颅窝型6例采用枕下乳突后入路切除，哑铃型6例分别采用颞下入路，枕下乳突后入路，或幕上，幕下联合入路切除。本组全切除19例，次全切除2例。结论 三叉神经鞘瘤显微手术是最佳方法，正确选择手术入路是肿瘤全切除的前提条件。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.